Molecular Quantification of Response to Therapy ...

[CANCER RESEARCH 61, 2517–2522, March 15, 2001]

Molecular Quantification of Response to Therapy and Remission Status in TEL-AML1-Positive Childhood ALL by Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction1 Karlheinz Seeger,2 Karl-Anton Kreuzer, Ulrich Lass, Tillmann Taube, Dirk Buchwald, Cornelia Eckert, Gabriele Ko¨rner, Christian-A Schmidt, and Gu¨nter Henze Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Otto-Heubner-Centrum [K. S., T. T., D. B., C. E., G. K., G. H.], and Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology [K-A. K., U. L., C-A. S.], Charite´ Medical Center, Campus Virchow, Humboldt-University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany 13353

ABSTRACT Although TEL-AML1 positivity [translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22)], detected in 20 –25% of initial childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has been associated with an excellent prognosis, its positive predictive value is insufficient for appropriate treatment stratification considering reported prevalence in relapsed ALL (3–28%). Molecular quantification of response to therapy by PCR-based methods has been shown to improve risk assessment. Here, we report on the sensitive quantification of leukemia-specific TEL-AML1 fusion transcript levels normalized to ␤-actin expression (sensitivity threshholds, 10ⴚ5) by a novel real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RQ-RT-PCR) based on fluorescent TaqMan technique providing early and rapid evidence on the treatment efficacy of children with initial or relapsed TEL-AML1ⴙ ALL enrolled in frontline or relapse trials of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Mu¨nster (BFM)-Study Group. In initial ALL, TEL-AML1/␤-actin decrease was >105-fold in 50% of patients after induction therapy (day 33) and stayed TEL-AML1-negative throughout therapy, which suggested high sensitivity of leukemic cells to antineoplastic therapy. The remaining patients were still TEL-AML1ⴙ before reintensification (ratios, 0.7 ⴛ 10ⴚ2:10ⴚ4). In relapsed ALL, TELAML1/␤-actin decrease was generally less pronounced at corresponding time points, and conversion to TEL-AML1 negativity was observed in 40% of patients. Most notably, subsequent relapses occurred only among molecular poor responders, whereas all early responders remain in their second complete remission. In conclusion, real-time quantification of TELAML1/␤-actin kinetics distinguishes distinct molecular response groups, and provides indications capable of directing therapeutic interventions for patients with TEL-AML1ⴙ ALL. Before considering modification of therapy, results should be interpreted cautiously taking into account the long duration of remission associated with TEL-AML1ⴙ ALL.

INTRODUCTION In recently published molecular and flow-cytometric studies, prognosis and risk of relapse of children with ALL3 have been shown to be predicted more reliably by sensitive quantification of response to induction therapy and of MRD in follow-up samples (1– 4). Most molecular studies use clonal rearrangements of the TCR and immunoglobulin gene loci as unique clone-specific markers for MRD monitoring (1, 2, 4). Unfortunately, this DNA-based approach is burdened both with high costs and with intensity of time and labor. Timely modification of treatment to optimize outcome and to minimize toxicity of patients with ALL requires rapid and objective Received 7/20/00; accepted 1/11/01. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 Supported by “Deutsche Jose´ Carreras Leuka¨miestiftung” and “Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung.” 2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, OHC, Charite´ Medical Center, Campus Virchow, HumboldtUniversity at Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany 13353. Phone: 49-30-45059568; Fax: 49-30-450-66906; E-mail: [email protected]. 3 The abbreviations used are: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; MRD, minimal residual disease; TCR, T-cell receptor; BCP, B-cell precursor; CR, complete remission; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR; RQ, real time quantitative; BM, bone marrow; BFM, Berlin-Frankfurt-Mu¨nster (group).

evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness. In a large proportion of childhood ALL, recurrent chromosomal translocations (35– 40%) lead to the formation of fusion genes and the expression of their chimeric transcripts and proteins (5–7). These genetic aberrations are of relevance for leukemogenesis and of prognostic and therapeutic importance for risk-assessment in current multiagent chemotherapy regimens, and also serve for sensitive discrimination of responsiveness to treatment and MRD detection. The most frequent genetic rearrangement in initial childhood BCP ALL (20 –25%) is the cryptic translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), which leads to the juxtaposition of AML1 sequences from chromosome 21 to the TEL gene on chromosome 12 (8 –11). Both of the transcription factors, TEL and AML1, are essential for normal hematopoiesis (12–14), and their gene loci are independently involved in several other translocations in acute and chronic leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes (15–17). Despite the association of TEL-AML1 positivity with a favorable treatment outcome in initial ALL a substantial proportion of children with initial TEL-AML1⫹ ALL eventually suffer a relapse. The communicated prevalence of TEL-AML1 positivity in relapsed ALL vary strongly (3–28%; Refs. 18 –23). It remains to be elucidated as to whether these variations reflect differences in the efficacies of frontline trials for this ALL subgroup or are attributable to retrospective study design, analysis of low patient numbers, and the lack of consideration of the long duration of first CR inherent in TEL-AML1⫹ ALL. Nevertheless, additional means allowing better discrimination among the TEL-AML1⫹s are required for a more appropriate stratification of patients to treatment arms according to their individual relapse risk. In this study, we show that initial and relapsed TELAML1⫹ ALL display distinct molecular response profiles, residual disease kinetics, and relapse risk as assessed by sensitive fluorescence RQ-RT-PCR quantification of TEL-AML1 fusion transcripts in relation to endogenous ␤-actin expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and Treatment BM samples from 33 children with TEL-AML1⫹ BCP-ALL were analyzed by RQ-RT-PCR at time point of ALL diagnosis (13 initial ALL, 20 relapses). Sequential BM samples from 12 children with initial TEL-AML1⫹ ALL and 10 children with relapsed TEL-AML1⫹ ALL were obtained at diagnosis and at regimen-defined diagnostic time points during therapy (34 and 22 follow-up samples, respectively). All of the patients were treated according to frontline trial ALL BFM 95 (24) or relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM 96 (25) of the BFM study group. The majority of analyses was performed prospectively. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients or guardians. The studies ALL BFM and ALL-REZ BFM were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Medical School Hannover and the Humboldt-University at Berlin, respectively. Molecular Detection of the TEL-AML1 Fusion mRNA

Standard Preparation. The TEL-AML1 fusion transcript was amplified by RT-PCR from the BCP-ALL cell line REH known to carry the respective 2517

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RQ-RT-PCR IN TEL-AML1⫹ ALL

Fig. 1. Amplification curves of zero to 107 copies of TEL-AML1 DNA.

translocation, was ligated into the pCR2.1 vector (TOPO TA Cloning kit; Invitrogen, Leek, the Netherlands), and was sequenced. Plasmids were digested with HindIII and XbaI (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany), extracted from 3% agarose gel, and reamplified. Finally, these fragments were purified (PCR Purification kit; Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and measured in a photometer, and molecule concentrations were calculated. Sensitivity of the assay was assessed in serial dilutions ranging from 107 to 10⫺2 molecules per 100 ng DNA [in herring sperm DNA and TE buffer (pH 8.0)]. Samples. BM samples were collected into sterile heparin-containing tubes, and mononuclear cells were obtained after centrifugation on a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. All of the patient samples at diagnosis contained more than 94% leukemic cells. Total RNA isolation and reverse transcription into cDNA have been described elsewhere (19, 20, 26). The quality of RNA was visualized on an ethidium bromide-stained 1% agarose gel. RQ-RT-PCR. Because of the occurrence of variant TEL-AML1 fusion transcripts (8, 20, 27, 28), the fluorogenic probe was designed to hybridize to the coding strand of TEL segment (5⬘-TCTCCCCgCCTgAAgAgCACgCCA; exon 5) consistently present in the fusion event. TaqMan PCR for TEL-AML1 was performed using primers corresponding to the TEL cDNA sequence (5⬘-TggCTTACATgAACCACATCATgg; exon 5) and to the AML1 part of the fusion (5⬘-ggAAggCggCgTgAAgC; exon 3), which enabled the detection of both variants. The probe was labeled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein phosphoramidite (FAM) at the 5⬘ end and as quencher 6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine (TAMRA) was incorporated at nucleotide 24 of the probe sequence (TIB Molbiol, Berlin, Germany). The 50-␮l PCR reaction mix contained 5 ␮l of 10⫻ PCR buffer [4.5 mM MgCl2, 0.8 mM dNTP (Life Technologies, Inc., Karlsruhe, Germany), 1 ␮M 5,6-carboxy-x-rhodamine (ROX), 0.5 ␮M of each primer, 0.1 ␮M probe, 1.25 units of a temperature release Taq DNA polymerase (Platinum DNA polymerase; Life Technologies, Inc.) and 100 of ng sample cDNA]. As reference, ␤-actin transcripts were quantified as previously described by Kreuzer et al. (29). PCR amplification consisted of 5 min of denaturation at 94°C followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s and annealing/extension at 65°C (TEL-AML1) or 67°C (␤-actin) for 60-s PCR reactions. Fluorescence measurements were made on the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection system (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City,). All measurements were performed in triplicates. RNA stability assay. The degradation rates of the TEL-AML1 and ␤-actin transcripts were evaluated in the REH cell line and in patient samples. One part of the cells was directly subjected to Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation, then frozen immediately at ⫺80°C; the other two were incubated at room temperature for 1 or 2 days before centrifugation and freezing.

tors and the calibration curve generated by the Sequence Detector computer software are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Regarding sensitivity, the assay was able to detect 10 TEL-AML1 or 10 ␤-actin copies per 100 ng of cDNA. Each measurement was performed in triplicate. The intra-assay CV was ⬍5%, whereas the interassay CV was ⬍10%, as calculated by the variation of the mean (29, 30). Furthermore, although cDNA of the REH cell line and peripheral blood of donors exhibited 5.1 ⫾ 2.1 ⫻ 106 ␤-actin copies/100 ng cDNA, the respective DNA samples remained stably negative over 45 cycles of PCR (29). Pseudogenes and genomic DNA of ␤-actin were not amplified, which demonstrated the specificity of this technique (29). Degradation Rates for TEL-AML1 and ␤-actin Transcripts. RQ-RT-PCR demonstrated that the stability and degradation rates of TEL-AML1 and ␤-actin transcripts were similar (0.25 and 0.27 log after 24 h; 0.64 and 0.66 log after 48 h, respectively). The TEL-AML1: ␤-actin copy ratio remained stable during the same time period. Clinical Samples at Diagnosis of Initial and Relapsed TELAML1ⴙ ALL. The quantity of TEL-AML1 was normalized to the absolute quantity of ␤-actin transcript, and the result was expressed as the ratio of TEL-AML1 copies:␤-actin copies. At presentation, the median level of TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio in BM samples of 13 children with initial ALL was 0.21 (range, 0.34- 0.12; see also Table 1) and did not differ from the ratio in 20 relapsed ALL (median, 0.19; range, 0.95– 0.15; Table 2). The clinical characteristics are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Therapy Response and Follow-Up Examinations. Children with initial TEL-AML1⫹ ALL were stratified to BFM standard or medium risk groups (31). All of the patients were good responders to prednisone (⬍1000 blasts/␮l, day 8), and went into morphological CR after induction. The reduction of TEL-AML1 expression in BM samples from 12 patients with initial ALL was monitored during early induction (days 0, 15, and 33) and before reintensification (day 148) of protocol ALL BFM 95 (Fig. 3A). For serial analyses, the TEL-AML1: ␤-actin ratios obtained at diagnoses were set to one, and the follow-up levels were calculated in relation to this ratio. Serial RQ-RT-PCR analysis during induction disclosed three different molecular responder groups. Both the very rapid (three patients) and the rapid responders (three patients) reached TEL-AML1 negativity on day 15 and day 33 (⬎5 log TEL-AML1 reduction), respectively, and BM samples remained negative throughout further therapy. The remaining 6 (50%) of 12 patients showed a slower response to therapy (TEL-AML1 reduction ⱕ 4 logs), and were TEL-AML1⫹ before reintensification (TEL-AML1I:␤-actin ratio, 10⫺2 to 10⫺4). There were no differences in clinical characteristics between patient groups. At a median observation time of 21 months (range, 12–56 months), all of the patients were in first CR (Table 1). The relapse trial, ALL-REZ BFM 96, consists of alternating

RESULTS Real-Time PCR for Detection of TEL-AML1 Fusion. For quantification of cDNA by real-time fluorescence PCR, a calibration curve was generated by analysis of serial standard dilutions of TEL-AML1 and ␤-actin. For this purpose, each calibrator was correlated with its threshold cycle (Ct), i.e., the cycle number when a given sample becomes positive, defined as a measured fluorescence ⬎10 SD above the background fluorescence. The amplification curves of the calibra-

Fig. 2. TEL-AML1 standard curve: log copy number versus threshold cycle (Ct).

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Table 1 Characteristics of children with initial TEL-AML1-positive ALL, TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio at diagnosis, and treatment outcome

a

Patient

Sex

Age (months)

ALL subtype

BM blasts (%)

TEL-AML1: ␤-actin

3 4 6 8 10 11 12 13 14 16 20 23

F F M F M F F F M M M M

29 54 58 70 22 66 32 40 94 114 83 62

Commona Common Pre-B Common Pre-B Pre-B Pre-B Common Pro-B Common Pre-B Common

98 97 97 95 98 91 97 93 99 92 97 97

0.139 0.249 0.327 0.186 0.338 0.123 0.284 0.118 0.246 0.190 0.243 0.312

Frontline trial ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM BFM

95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95

Observation time (months) 12 47 17 50 20 21 23 42 21 17 39 56

Present clinical status First First First First First First First First First First First First

CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR

pro-B, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫺; common, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫹; pre-B, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫹, CyIgM⫹.

courses of polychemotherapy given in ⬃3-week intervals (20, 25). Sequential quantification of TEL-AML1 expression was performed at diagnosis and before courses 2–5 (day 21, 42, 63, and 84, respectively) in BM samples from 10 patients with a late combined relapse of ALL (ALL-REZ BFM 96, strategy group S2; Ref. 20; Fig. 3B). The median of first remission duration was 43 months (range, 31–109 months). In comparison with patients with initial ALL, the reduction of TEL-AML1 transcripts was generally slower despite more intensive chemotherapy. Before the second course of polychemotherapy (day 21), one group (four patients) demonstrated a reduction of 3 to 4 logs and had ⱕ10⫺4 TEL-AML1 fusion transcripts before the third course (day 42). No relevant reduction of TEL-AML1 transcript values was detected in the other group (six patients) before the second and third courses of polychemotherapy (⬍1 log) and decreased only very gradually in most cases during further therapy. Most significantly, at a median observation time of 21.5 months (range, 9 –39 months), relapses have occurred only among the molecular poor responders. Three of six patients with a TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio higher than 10⫺3 before the second and third courses suffered a relapse at 9 months (patient 2), 23 months (patient 1), and 38 months (patient 15), in contrast to none among the rapid responders (19 –34.5 months; Fig. 3 and Table 2). DISCUSSION The TEL-AML1 fusion not only characterizes the most frequent genetic rearrangement in initial childhood ALL (20 –25%) but its presence has also been associated with a favorable prognosis (9 –11, 28, 32). In clinical studies on initial ALL, probability of event-free survival (EFS) at 4 years was as high as 90 –100% for TEL-AML1⫹ patients (9, 10, 32). These results certainly do not represent final outcome considering that, regardless of the different prevalence of TEL-AML1 positivity at relapse of BCP-ALL (range, 3- 28%), TEL-AML1⫹ leukemia is biologically characterized by a long duration of first CR and that the majority of relapses (80%)

occur off-therapy (median, 46 months; range, 13–125 months; Refs. 18 –23, 33). The prevalence of TEL-AML1 positivity in our ongoing prospective study on first relapse of BCP-ALL is ⬃17% (31 of 178 children;33). Obviously, the predictive value of TEL-AML1 positivity alone is insufficient to stratify patients to appropriate treatment arms. This is of particular importance for the decision on high-risk BM transplantation procedures. In this study, we have shown that quantitative real-time PCR technique allows rapid and sensitive analysis of absolute TEL-AML1 template amounts without any post-PCR steps to assess response to therapy and to monitor the course of disease reliably. RQ-RT-PCR could clearly distinguish between early and late molecular responders in initial TEL-AML1⫹ ALL. One-half of these patients achieved molecular remission after induction therapy (day 33). In the other half, the decline of TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio was less pronounced (1 to 4 logs), and TEL-AML1 fusion transcripts were permanently detectable during therapy. The critical TEL-AML1:␤actin threshold in ALL after induction or before reintensification therapy associated with an increased risk of relapse needs to be defined in a larger study cohort. Moreover, correlation of RQ-RTPCR analysis results with final outcome of patients with TEL-AML1⫹ ALL requires longer observation times because of the known long periods of remission associated with TEL-AML1 positivity. In DNA-based MRD studies, patients with a low degree of MRD (ⱕ10⫺3) at the end of induction have a lower risk of relapse than those with MRD levels ⱖ10⫺2 (1, 2). Moreover, ALL patients demonstrating an early molecular response to therapy (20% of all initial ALL; MRD, ⱕ10⫺4 on day 15) have a significantly better outcome than those with a higher MRD degree (4). Consistent with this report, 25% of initial TEL-AML1⫹ ALL were early responders. In relapsed TEL-AML1⫹ ALL, although all of the patients were stratified to the same risk-group of the relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM (S2), real-time PCR could discriminate between early, late, and nonresponders. The subset converting to molecular TEL-AML1 negativity

Table 2 Characteristics of children with relapsed TEL-AML1-positive ALL, TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio at relapse, and treatment outcome

Patient

Sex

Age (months)

1 2 7 9 15 17 18 19 21 22

M M M M M M F F M M

87 234 150 162 98 64 96 192 137 176

a

ALL subtype

BM blasts (%)

TEL-AML1: ␤-actin

Relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM

First remission (duration [months])

Observation time (months)

Present clinical status

Pre-Ba Common Pro-B Common Pre-B Common Common Common Common Common

94 95 96 95 93 94 98 93 95 92

0.194 0.165 0.397 0.542 0.306 0.404 0.190 0.152 0.155 0.181

96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96

34 17 44 66 30 30 70 109 102 42

23 9 35 19 38 34 17 25 30 22

Relapse Relapse Second CR Second CR Relapse Second CR Second CR Second CR Second CR Second CR

pro-B, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫺; common, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫹; pre-B, TdT⫹, HLA-DR⫹, CD19⫹, CD24⫹, CD10⫹, CyIgM⫹.

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Fig. 3. Sequential assessment of individual TELAML1 kinetics in BM samples from children with initial ALL (A) or relapsed ALL (B) by RQ-RTPCR. The TEL-AML1 values were normalized to ␤-actin housekeeping gene expression. Values obtained at diagnosis were set to 1, and follow-up levels during chemotherapy were calculated in relation to this. Clinical data are listed in Tables 1 and 2. ®, relapse.

during the first three courses are in second continuous CR between 17 and 34 months. The remaining patients showed only a gradual decrease in TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio. Most noteworthy, despite the limited observation time at present, subsequent relapses have occurred only in the group of molecular nonresponders (at 9, 23, and 38 months). Thus, the kinetics of TEL-AML1:␤-actin decrease during the first few courses of relapse therapy seems to provide invaluable information and measurable evidence enabling clinicians to assign patients more appropriately to therapeutic alternatives at relapse, i.e., chemotherapy or higher-risk transplantation procedures. No comparison of molecular response to therapy and MRD between initial and relapsed ALL has been reported. The comparatively slower reduction of TEL-AML1:␤-actin ratio in relapsed ALL detected in this study might reflect either differences in the time point of BM analysis based on the design of the polychemotherapy regimen or a higher resistance of leukemic cells. Whereas treatment in standardand medium-risk groups of frontline trial ALL BFM 95 is applied more continuously and molecular evaluation of response during in-

duction is performed at time points without any therapeutic intervals, relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM consists of alternating courses of polychemotherapy in 3-week intervals. Assessment of molecular and morphological remission before the next course might thus influence MRD monitoring by allowing a stronger increase of leukemic cells during hematological recovery and resulting in higher TEL-AML1 transcript levels at similar diagnostic time points. The expression of the chimeric TEL-AML1 transcript in leukemic cells was normalized by using the ␤-actin housekeeping gene product as endogenous reference (29, 30). Both TEL-AML1 and ␤-actin showed similar expression levels in leukemic cells at diagnosis and the same degradation rates within 36 – 48 h permitting final quantification of TEL-AML1 transcripts in relation to ␤-actin expression. To ensure optimal conditions for multicentric trials, sampling and RNA processing of leukemic cells should be guaranteed within 36 – 48 h. The choice of the endogenous control is crucial for standardization and comparison of results generated by different investigators (34, 35).

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The kinetics of leukemic cell reduction in childhood ALL by real-time PCR can alternatively be measured on the DNA level (36 –38). Clonal TCR and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements constitute unique clone-specific markers and can be detected in nearly every ALL. To its disadvantage, this approach is cost-, time-, and labor-intensive, involving the sequencing of each clonal rearrangement, the individual design of clone-specific primers, and the optimization of each real-time PCR. Furthermore, oligoclonality and clonal evolution of immunoglobulin/TCR rearrangement require the use of at least two DNA markers to avoid false RQ-PCR results. Fusion transcript (RNA-) based detection of MRD has the advantage of stability of clonal marker at different stages of disease and of higher sensitivity because of multiple copies per cell but instead has to cope with the disadvantage of RNA stability, the additional step of reverse transcription before PCR, and the fact that recurrent leukemia-specific fusion transcripts are detected only in 30 – 40% of childhood ALL (5–7). The presented RQ-RT-PCR method is an appropriate tool to quantify TEL-AML1 transcript levels in relation to an endogenous control both for sensitive assessment of response to cytotoxic treatment and for MRD monitoring in 20% of childhood ALL. Individual TELAML1 kinetics can be rapidly obtained making this technique most suitable for routine diagnostic procedures and beneficial for clinical decisions. Whether this approach addresses the crucial issue of risk of relapse and early relapse detection correctly is presently handicapped by the long duration of remission inherent to TEL-AML1⫹ ALL requiring longer follow-up times. Generally, all of the clinical studies addressing the prognostic value of detection of MRD should consider the duration of remission when addressing therapeutic decisions concerning reduction, intensification, or prolongation of therapy for this molecular-defined ALL subset. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank W-D. Ludwig, Department of Medical Oncology/Molecular Biology, Max-Delbru¨ck-Center, Humboldt-University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany for the immunophenotyping. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Claudia Hanel and Lucia Badiali, the help of Andrea Kretschmann with data preparation of the ALL-REZ Berlin-Frankfurt-Mu¨nster (BFM) study group relapse studies, and the support of the physician and nursing staffs of the participating BFM centers in providing bone marrow samples.

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Molecular Quantification of Response to Therapy and Remission Status in TEL-AML1-Positive Childhood ALL by Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Karlheinz Seeger, Karl-Anton Kreuzer, Ulrich Lass, et al. Cancer Res 2001;61:2517-2522.

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