Natural Product Communications 2013

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Natural Product Communications

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF DR. PAWAN K AGRAWAL Natural Product Inc. 7963, Anderson Park Lane, Westerville, Ohio 43081, USA

[email protected] EDITORS PROFESSOR ALEJANDRO F. BARRERO Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain [email protected] PROFESSOR ALESSANDRA BRACA Dipartimento di Chimica Bioorganicae Biofarmacia, Universita di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy [email protected] PROFESSOR DEAN GUO State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China [email protected] PROFESSOR YOSHIHIRO MIMAKI School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi 1432-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan [email protected] PROFESSOR STEPHEN G. PYNE Department of Chemistry University of Wollongong Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia [email protected] PROFESSOR MANFRED G. REINECKE Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Forts Worth, TX 76129, USA [email protected] PROFESSOR WILLIAM N. SETZER Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, AL 35809, USA [email protected] PROFESSOR YASUHIRO TEZUKA Institute of Natural Medicine Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan [email protected] PROFESSOR DAVID E. THURSTON Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK [email protected]

HONORARY EDITOR PROFESSOR GERALD BLUNDEN The School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT U.K. [email protected]

ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Berhanu M. Abegaz Gaborone, Botswana Prof. Viqar Uddin Ahmad Karachi, Pakistan Prof. Øyvind M. Andersen Bergen, Norway Prof. Giovanni Appendino Novara, Italy Prof. Yoshinori Asakawa Tokushima, Japan Prof. Lee Banting Portsmouth, U.K. Prof. Julie Banerji Kolkata, India Prof. Anna R. Bilia Florence, Italy Prof. Maurizio Bruno Palermo, Italy Prof. César A. N. Catalán Tucumán, Argentina Prof. Josep Coll Barcelona, Spain Prof. Geoffrey Cordell Chicago, IL, USA Prof. Ana Cristina Figueiredo Lisbon, Portugal Prof. Cristina Gracia-Viguera Murcia, Spain Prof. Duvvuru Gunasekar Tirupati, India Prof. Kurt Hostettmann Lausanne, Switzerland Prof. Martin A. Iglesias Arteaga Mexico, D. F, Mexico Prof. Leopold Jirovetz Vienna, Austria Prof. Vladimir I Kalinin Vladivostok, Russia Prof. Niel A. Koorbanally Durban, South Africa

Prof. Karsten Krohn Paderborn, Germany Prof. Chiaki Kuroda Tokyo, Japan Prof. Hartmut Laatsch Gottingen, Germany Prof. Marie Lacaille-Dubois Dijon, France Prof. Shoei-Sheng Lee Taipei, Taiwan Prof. Francisco Macias Cadiz, Spain Prof. Imre Mathe Szeged, Hungary Prof. Ermino Murano Trieste, Italy Prof. M. Soledade C. Pedras Saskatoon, Canada Prof. Luc Pieters Antwerp, Belgium Prof. Peter Proksch Düsseldorf, Germany Prof. Phila Raharivelomanana Tahiti, French Polynesia Prof. Luca Rastrelli Fisciano, Italy Prof. Monique Simmonds Richmond, UK Dr. Bikram Singh Palampur, India Prof. John L. Sorensen Manitoba, Canada Prof. Valentin Stonik Vladivostok, Russia Prof. Winston F. Tinto Barbados, West Indies Prof. Sylvia Urban Melbourne, Australia Prof. Karen Valant-Vetschera Vienna, Austria

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Natural Product Communications

Meeting Report: First National Meeting on Aloe, April 20-21, 2013, Isernia, Italy

2013 Vol. 8 No. 9 1333 - 1334

New Perspectives in Aloe Research: from Basic Science to Clinical Application Raffaele Capassoa*, Massimiliano Laudatoa,b and Francesca Borrellia a

Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy Farmacia S. Anna, Pozzuoli, Italy

b

[email protected] Received: May 28th, 2013; Accepted: July 10th, 2013

Aloe preparations have maintaining their popularity over the of course time. Aloe latex is used for its laxative effects; aloe gel is used topically for skin ailments and internally for variety of disturbances; aloe extract is potentially useful for cancer. Keywords: Aloe species, Aloe gel, Aloe extract.

Aloe species (family Aloaceae) are tropical, succulent and xerophyte plants adapted to living in areas of Africa, Asia and southern Europe (especially Mediterranean regions) with hot and dry climates. Generally, Aloe species possess large water storage tissue in their leaves, the part of the plant which is used for its therapeutic properties [1a]. There are at least four species of the over 400 known ones that have medicinal properties: Aloe arborescens Miller, A. barbadensis Miller (A. vera Linn., A. vulgaris Lamark), A. ferox Miller (A. capensis), and A. perryi Baker. However, the most used in medicine are A. arborescens and A. barbadensis.

Aloes as a beauty aid. Aloe was mentioned in the herbal of Dioscorides and used by Pliny the Elder, Celsus, Galen and other famous physicians to treat wounds and gastrointestinal disturbances. Aloe was prescribed by Arabian physicians and was recommended to Alfred the Great by Elias, the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Aloe’s use was first discovered on a Mesopotamian clay tablet dating from 2100 B.C. In 1862 George Ebers, a German Egyptologist, discovered that a papyrus found in a sarcophagus near Thebes mentioned at least twelve preparations of aloe to treat external and internal ailments. The drug was included as a laxative in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in 1820 and in the Italian Pharmacopeia in 1892.

The Meeting was opened with the Session by Dr Raffaele Capasso (University of Naples Federico II), who illustrated some general concepts and definitions such as medicinal plant, herbal drug and its standardization. A plant is said to be medicinal when “at least one part of the plant possesses therapeutic properties”. Herbal drug is “the part of the plant which contains more active constituents” but also “starting materials from which pharmacists and industries prepare medications”. Standardization is “the body of information and controls that are necessary to guarantee the constancy of composition, and consequently the constancy of activity, of an herbal drug”. Lastly, a herbal drug contains a variety of pharmacologically active agents that, like in aloe, are not related chemically or therapeutically. Therefore, herbal drugs represent a synergic complex of active constituents whose actions and applications can be difficult to reproduce [1b]. In the following presentation, Dr Massimiliano Laudato emphasized the presence of herbal drugs in pharmacy in the form of powders manufactured in capsule or tablet form or other formulations classified as teas and tinctures. Apart from the traditional pharmaceutical extracts prepared with water, water/ethanol or ethanol, many extracts are also made with glycerin or a combination of glycerin with other solvents. On the other hand, the finding of morphine, in the 19th century, followed by strychnine, cocaine and so on, and then, the introduction of aspirin, a derivative of a plant-based drug, and other synthetic drugs have led to revitalization of plant products as a source of new drugs. The introduction into pharmacy of herbals in the form of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements are also changing the plant-based drug market. Aloe is an example.

Professor Arturo Alvino (University of Molise) showed that the genus Aloe includes trees (A. ferox) of variable height, shrubs and herbs (A. barbadensis). They are succulent plants with strong and fibrous perennial roots and numerous large fleshly leaves. In some species the leaves form a rosette at ground level. The flowers are grouped in erect, terminal spikes, and are borne by a floral stalk which is either unique or ramified. Aloe leaves in section show, from outer to inner, a cuticularized epidermis, a parenchyma containing chlorophyll, starch and bundles of needles of calcium oxalate, large peryciclic cells and central region (3/5 of the diameter of the leaf) consisting of large parenchymatous cells [1c].

The history of Aloe was depicted by Professor Rita De Pasquale (University of Messina), President of the Italian Society of Pharmacognosy. Aloes have been used as medicinal plants since ancient times. Nefertiti and Cleopatra, two Egyptian queens, used

In the second part of the Meeting, Dr Giuseppe De Rosa (University of Naples Federico II) exemplified how the leaves of Aloe species are the source of two preparations that are quite different in their chemical composition and their therapeutic properties, i.e. aloe latex and aloe gel. The two preparations are obtained from two different specialized cells, namely latex from pericyclic cells and gel from parenchymatous cells. A third preparation is obtained from the whole leaf (total extract), which contains all the components present in the leaves [2a]. The chemical composition of Aloe was illustrated by Professor Maria Iorizzi (University of Isernia). When the leaves of Aloes are cut, a copious yellow exudate appears that rapidly darkens to brown. Most of the exudate compounds are chromone, anthraquinone or anthrone derivatives, as well as flavones. These phenolic compounds do not occur in the parenchyma cells within the leaf where oligosaccharides and glycoproteins are characteristic. Anthraquinone derivatives possess laxative properties, while polysaccharides and glycoproteins are immunostimulants and antitumor agents. Aloes also contain other healing components, such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents (for example, aloctins, cholesterol, campesterol, and salicylates) and antiseptic agents (for example, lupeol, salicylic acid, and sulfur).

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The benefits of Aloe are, however, due to synergism between compounds [2b]. Professor Gabriella Mazzanti (University of Rome, La Sapienza, coordinator of the Pharmacognosy Group within the Italian Society of Pharmacology) and Professor Alessandra Russo (University of Catania) mentioned the wellknown topical anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of Aloe, which justify its use for curing wounds and burns, as well as its effects on the immune system [2c]. Aloe components accelerate the growth and renovation of damaged tissue, especially that affecting the epidermis. Aloe gel could also act as a protective barrier and increase capillary perfusion after local application. It may also influence the wound healing process by enhancing collagen turnover in the wound tissue and inhibiting the production of kinins and prostanoids. Aloe gel also has impressive topical demulcent properties when applied directly to skin. Aloe gel may also directly stimulate the immune system through its active ingredient acemannan. This polysaccharide increases lymphocyte response to alloantigen; it activates macrophages to produce nitric oxide and cytokines; it enhances phagocytosis and increases the number of circulating monocytes and macrophages. Aloe also causes a local activation of complement at the level of C3. In the third session, Professor Giuseppina Autore (University of Salerno) illustrated the gastrointestinal effects of Aloe. The oral intake of Aloe latex is still of some interest in the treatment of constipation, while Aloe gel has been satisfactorily used in the treatment of peptic ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease [2d-2f]. The preventive effect against peptic ulcers is associated with pepsin and hydrochloric acid secretion inhibition, as well as general detoxifying effect. It has been demonstrated that Aloe has antiinflammatory effects, which favor the anti-ulcer activity. Dr Francesca Borrelli (University of Naples Federico II) reported preclinical antineoplastic studies on Aloe extracts and their active ingredients. Overall, all studies suggested that Aloe (from A. barbadensis and A. arborescens) possesses potent anticancer properties, which are due to several different mechanisms including antiproliferative, proapoptotic, immunostimulatory and antioxidant effects [3a,3b]. The antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects are due to anthraquinones, such as aloe-emodin and aloin, while the immunostimulatory and antioxidant activities are mainly due to the presence of acemannan or aloemannan (which are mucopolysaccharides) and polyphenols, respectively. Aloe-emodin has been reported to exert antineoplastic effects on hepatic, gastric, pulmonary, prostate, skin, colorectal, tongue and bladder cancer, as well as on leukemia and neuroblastoma. Aloin has shown antitumor effects on breast and uterine cancer, while acemannan has been reported to be able to increase the survival and reduce the growth of tumors in spontaneous canine and feline fibrosarcomas. Clinical

Capasso et al.

studies in the treatment of cancer were illustrated by Professor Francesco Capasso. A wide study on lung cancer and smoking performed in Japan suggests that oral ingestion of Aloe juice prevents pulmonary carcinogenesis and gastrointestinal cancer. Aloe extract, derived from A. arborescens, has also been reported to increase the effects of melatonin and chemotherapy in terms of both tumor regression rate and survival time [3c]. Dr Sonia Laneri (University of Naples Federico II) reported that today Aloe is used as an ingredient in a myriad of health and cosmetic products. In fact it is available in skin moisturizers, face and hand creams, cleansers, soaps, suntan lotions, shampoos and hair tonics, shaving preparations, bath aids, makeup and fragrance preparations, baby lotions and wipes, and anti-aging creams [3d]. Topical Aloe products are particularly effective because the active substances penetrate into the skin, owing to the lignin component, rather than, remaining on the surface. The mechanisms are: (i) an increase in collagen and elastin deposition due to the stimulation of dermal fibroblasts. Cosmetically, this reduces the tendency of ageing to wrinkle skin; (ii) a reduction in pigment formation because of Aloe’s anti-tyrosinase activity. This has the effect of reducing the formation of liver or age spots; (iii) an enhancement of the skin’s immune system due to the long-chain polysaccharides. An ideal Aloe cosmetic product should contain 20-40% polysaccharides [4]. The conclusions of the meeting were dealt with by Professor Giuliano Grandolini. Growing evidence suggests that topical use of Aloe produces multiple beneficial effects. However, apart from this, numerous studies have demonstrated diverse therapeutic effects after oral consumption of Aloe preparations. Hypoglycemic effects, treatment of peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, immunologic, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects have been attributed to the oral use of Aloe. Nevertheless, there are some discrepancies about its therapeutic properties, and clinical studies have not always found it to be effective. Thus, it is very important to carry out wider and more rigorous clinical trials to confirm some of its therapeutic properties or discover new medical applications. So also, it is important to clarify which component or components, acting alone or together, are responsible for the different therapeutic effects. In summary Aloe represents a promising approach to the treatment of some ailments. However, more well-designed studies are needed before introducing Aloe preparations into the therapy of serious pathologies. Finally, Prof. F. Capasso expressed gratitude to all the speakers for their important contributions and thanked the participants for their enthusiasm and goodwill, and Eva De Rita and Aloe Foundation (Galenia A. arborescens Frei R. Zago, Isernia) for making the meeting possible.

References [1] [2]

[3]

[4]

(a) Capasso F, Borrelli F, Capasso R, Di Carlo G, Izzo AA, Pinto L, Mascolo N, Castaldo S, Longo R. (1998) Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytotherapy Research, 12, S124–S127; (b) Capasso F, Gaginella TS, Grandolini G, Izzo AA (2003) Phytotherapy. A quick reference to herbal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1-424; (c) Reynolds T. (2004). Aloes. The genus Aloe. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1-408. (a) Ahlawat KS, Khatkar BS. (2011) Processing, food applications and safety of Aloe vera products: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 525-533; (b) Capasso R, Laudato M, Grandolini G, Capasso F. (2013) Aloe. Aspetti botanici, chimici, farmacologici e clinici. Springer-Verlag, Milan, Italy, 1-112; (c) Williamson G, Coppens P, Serra-Majem L, Dew T. (2011) Review of the efficacy of green tea, isoflavones and Aloe vera supplements based on randomized controlled trials. Food & Function, 2, 753-759; (d) Izzo AA, Gaginella TS, Mascolo N, Capasso F. (1998) Recent findings on the mode of action of laxatives: the role of platelet activating factor and nitric oxide. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 403-405; (e) Park CH, Nam DY, Son HU, Lee SR, Lee HJ, Heo JC, Cha TY, Baek JH, Lee SH. (2011) Polymer fraction of Aloe vera exhibits a protective activity on ethanol-induced gastric lesions. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 27, 511-518; (f) Ke F, Yadav PK, Ju LZ. (2012) Herbal medicine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 18, 3-10. (a) Harlev E, Nevo E, Lansky EP, Ofir R, Bishayee A. (2012) Anticancer potential of aloes: antioxidant, antiproliferative, and immunostimulatory attributes. Planta Medica, 78, 843-52; (b) Yuan YF, Hu XY, He Y, Deng JG. (2012) Synthesis and anti-tumor activity evaluation of rhein-aloe emodin hybrid molecule. Natural Product Communications, 7, 207-210; (c) Lissoni P, Rovelli F, Brivio F, Zago R, Colciago M, Messina G, Mora A, Porro G. (2009) A randomized study of chemotherapy versus biochemotherapy with chemotherapy plus Aloe arborescens in patients with metastatic cancer. In Vivo, 23, 171–175; (d) Dangarembizi R, Chivandi E, Erlwanger K. (2013) Aloe ferox seed: a potential source of oil for cosmetic and pharmaceutical use. Natural Product Communications, 8, 411-414. Morelli V, Calmet E, Jhingade V. (2010) Alternative therapies for common dermatologic disorders, part 2. Primary Care, 37, 285-296.

Natural Product Communications Vol. 8 (9) 2013 Published online (www.naturalproduct.us)

In vitro Anti-diabetic Activity of Sclerocarya birrea and Ziziphus mucronata Nuno M.H. Da Costa Mousinho, Jacob J. van Tonder and Vanessa Steenkamp Secondary Metabolites from the Fungus Emericella nidulans Amer H. Tarawneh, Francisco Leόn, Mohamed M. Radwan, Luiz H. Rosa and Stephen J. Cutler A New Glucuronolactone Glycoside Phoenixoside B from the Seeds of Phoenix dactylifera Sumbul Azmat, Rehana Ifzal, Faryal Vali Mohammad, Viqar Uddin Ahmad and Aqib Zahoor Cancer-Suppressive Potential of Extracts of Endemic Plant Helichrysum zivojinii: Effects on Cell Migration, Invasion and Angiogenesis Ivana Z. Matić, Ivana Aljančić, Vlatka Vajs, Milka Jadranin, Nevenka Gligorijević, Slobodan Milosavljević and Zorica D. Juranić Analysis of Volatile Components, Fatty Acids, and Phytosterols of Abies koreana growing in Poland Anna Wajs-Bonikowska, Karol Olejnik, Radosław Bonikowski and Piotr Banaszczak Cytotoxic Effects of Air Freshener Biocides in Lung Epithelial Cells Jung-Taek Kwon, Mimi Lee, Gun-Baek Seo, Hyun-Mi Kim, Ilseob Shim, Doo-Hee Lee, Taksoo Kim, Jung Kwan Seo, Pilje Kim and Kyunghee Choi GC/GC-MS Analysis, Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Essential Oil Components from the Bhutanese Medicinal Plant, Pleurospermum amabile Phurpa Wangchuk, Paul A. Keller, Stephen G. Pyne, Malai Taweechotipatr and Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Heracleum sibiricum Dragoljub L. Miladinović, Budimir S. Ilić, Tatjana M. Mihajilov-Krstev, Dejan M. Nikolić, Olga G. Cvetković, Marija S. Marković and Ljiljana C. Miladinović Assessment of the Chemical Composition and in vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Extracts of the Liverwort Scapania aspera Danka R. Bukvicki, Amit K. Tyagi, Davide G. Gottardi, Milan M. Veljic, Snezana M. Jankovic, Maria E. Guerzoni and Petar D. Marin Essential Oils of Alpinia rafflesiana and Their Antimicrobial Activities Shariha Jusoh, Hasnah Mohd. Sirat and Farediah Ahmad Chemical Composition and Synergistic Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Atractylodes macrocephala and Astragalus membranaceus Jinkui Li, Feng Li, Yan Xu, Wenjian Yang, Lili Qu, Qian Xiang, Cong Liu and Dapeng Li Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oils of Three Piperaceae Species Growing in the Central Region of Cuba Elisa Jorge Rodríguez, Yanelis Saucedo-Hernández, Yvan Vander Heyden, Ernesto F. Simó-Alfonso, Guillermo Ramis-Ramos, María Jesús Lerma-García, Urbano Monteagudo, Luis Bravo, Mildred Medinilla, Yuriam de Armas and José Manuel Herrero-Martínez The Composition, Anti-mildew and Anti-wood-decay Fungal Activities of the Leaf and Fruit Oils of Juniperus formosana from Taiwan Yu-Chang Su, Kuan-Ping Hsu, Eugene I-Chen Wang and Chen-Lung Ho

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Meeting/Report Meeting Report: First National Meeting on Aloe, April 20-21, 2013, Isernia, Italy New Perspectives in Aloe Research: from Basic Science to Clinical Application Raffaele Capasso, Massimiliano Laudato and Francesca Borrelli

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Review/Account Alkaloids of the South African Amaryllidaceae: a Review Jerald J. Nair, Jaume Bastida, Carles Codina, Francesc Viladomat and Johannes van Staden

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Natural Product Communications 2013 Volume 8, Number 9 Contents Original Paper

Page

Alternate Biosynthesis of Valerenadiene and Related Sesquiterpenes Shashikumar K. Paknikar, Shahuraj H. Kadam, April L. Ehrlich and Robert B. Bates A Facile Synthesis of (±)-Heliannuol-D Tao Zhang, Liang-Zhu Huang, You-Qiang Li, Yimg-Meng Xu and Zhen-Ting Du A New Bioactive Diterpene Glycoside from Molinaea retusa from the Madagascar Dry Forest Alexander L. Eaton, Liva Harinantenaina, Peggy J. Brodie, Maria B. Cassera, Jessica D. Bowman, Martin W. Callmander, Richard Randrianaivo, Roland Rakotondrajaona, Etienne Rakotobe, Vincent E. Rasamison and David G. I. Kingston Nitric Oxide and Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha Inhibitory Substances from the Rhizomes of Kaempferia marginata Kanidta Kaewkroek, Chatchai Wattanapiromsakul, Palangpon Kongsaeree and Supinya Tewtrakul Biscembranoids from the Marine Sponge Petrosia nigricans Nguyen Xuan Nhiem, Ngo Van Quang, Chau Van Minh, Dan Thi Thuy Hang, Hoang Le Tuan Anh, Bui Huu Tai, Pham Hai Yen, Nguyen Thi Hoai, Do Cong Thung and Phan Van Kiem Isolation of Cycloeucalenol from Boophone disticha and Evaluation of its Cytotoxicity Emmanuel Adekanmi Adewusi, Paul Steenkamp, Gerda Fouche and Vanessa Steenkamp Chemical Constituents from an Endophytic Fungus Chaetomium globosum Z1 Chun-Yan Zhang, Xiao Ji, Xuan Gui and Bao-Kang Huang Determination of C-23 Configuration in (20R)-23-Hydroxycholestane Side Chain of Steroid Compounds by 1H and 13 C NMR Spectroscopy Alla A. Kicha, Anatoly I. Kalinovsky, Alexander S. Antonov, Oleg S. Radchenko, Natalia V. Ivanchina, Timofey V. Malyarenko, Alexander M. Savchenko and Valentin A. Stonik Oxasetin from Lophiostoma sp. of the Baltic Sea: Identification, in silico Binding Mode Prediction and Antibacterial Evaluation against Fish Pathogenic Bacteria Muftah Ali M. Shushni, Faizul Azam and Ulrike Lindequist Chemical Constituents from the Fruit Body of Chlorophyllum molybdites Zushang Su, Ping Wang, Wei Yuan, and Shiyou Li Pulchranins B and C, New Acyclic Guanidine Alkaloids from the Far-Eastern Marine Sponge Monanchora pulchra Tatyana N. Makarieva, Ekaterina K. Ogurtsova, Yuliya V. Korolkova, Yaroslav A. Andreev, Irina V. Mosharova, Ksenya M. Tabakmakher, Alla G. Guzii, Vladimir A. Denisenko, Pavel S. Dmitrenok, Hyi-Seung Lee, Eugene V. Grishin and Valentin A. Stonik Cloning and Characterization of a cDNA Encoding Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Glutamate Decarboxylase from Scutellaria baicalensis Yeon Bok Kim, Md Romij Uddin, Do Yeon Kwon, Min-Ki Lee, Sun-Ju Kim, Chanhui Lee and Sang Un Park Biflavonoids, Main Constituents from Garcinia bakeriana Leaves Ahmed Al-Shagdari, Adonis Bello Alarcón, Osmany Cuesta-Rubio, Anna Lisa Piccinelli and Luca Rastrelli Analysis of Flavonoids and Iridoids in Vitex negundo by HPLC-PDA and Method Validation Somendu K. Roy, Khemraj Bairwa, Jagdeep Grover, Amit Srivastava and Sanjay M. Jachak Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Triumfetta semitriloba Alejandra Barraza-Morales, Deisy Medrano-Nahuat, Sergio R. Peraza-Sánchez Phytochemical Evaluation of Lythrum salicaria Extracts and Their Effects on Guinea-pig Ileum Tímea Bencsik, Loránd Barthó, Viktor Sándor, Nóra Papp, Rita Benkó, Attila Felinger, Ferenc Kilár and Györgyi Horváth New Flavonol Glycosides from the Leaves of Triantha japonica and Tofieldia nuda Tsukasa Iwashina, Minoru N. Tamura, Yoshinori Murai and Junichi Kitajima Cytotoxic Activity of Dihydrochalcones Isolated from Corema album Leaves against HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells Antonio J. León-González, Miguel López-Lázaro, José L. Espartero and Carmen Martín-Cordero Immunomodulatory Activities of α-Mangostin on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Pimolkan Kasemwattanaroj, Primchanien Moongkarndi, Kovit Pattanapanyasat, Supachoke Mangmool, Ekkarat Rodpai, Jutima Samer, Julaporn Konlata and Kasama Sukapirom Antiplasmodial Quinones from the Rhizomes of Kniphofia foliosa Martha Induli, Meron Gebru, Negera Abdissa, Hosea Akala, Ingrid Wekesa, Robert Byamukama, Matthias Heydenreich, Sylvia Murunga, Ermias Dagne and Abiy Yenesew Biphenyl Derivatives from Garcinia schomburgkiana and the Cytotoxicity of the Isolated Compounds Chihiro Ito, Takuya Matsui, Eri Noda, Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Masataka Itoigawa Anticarcinogenic Effect and Carcinogenic Potential of the Dietary Phenolic Acid: o-Coumaric Acid Alaattin Sen, Pelin Atmaca, Gulsum Terzioglu and Sevki Arslan Bioproduction and Optimization of Rosmarinic Acid Production in Solenostemon scutellarioides through Media Manipulation and Conservation of High Yielding Clone via Encapsulation Ranabir Sahu, Saikat Dewanjee and Moumita Gangopadhyay Continued inside backcover

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