Nechama Tec's Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the ...

Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust, Nechama Tec (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 448 pp., cloth $35.00, pbk. $20.00.

Nechama Tec’s Resilience and Courage: Women, Men, and the Holocaust, winner of the 2003 National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust Studies category, is a welcome addition to the small but growing collection of analyses of gender and women’s experiences during the Holocaust. Women’s studies and Holocaust studies both became “legitimate” but unconnected scholarly subjects in the 1960s, but the Holocaust generally continued to be studied from the point of view of men. The special gendered experiences of women during the Holocaust have received less scholarly attention. Now Tec combines the two by comparatively investigating how women and men coped and survived. The first public event on record that addressed women, gender, and the Holocaust did not take place until March 1983, when Esther Katz and Joan Ringelheim organized the groundbreaking “Conference on Women Surviving the Holocaust” at Stern College in New York. Ten years later, Carol Rittner and John Roth published the anthology Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (1993).1 Then, for the first time in twenty-nine years, the Annual Scholars’ Conference on the Holocaust presented in 1999 a plenary on women and the Holocaust. As co-chairs of this session, Myrna Goldenberg and I featured recent scholarly books on the subject and titled the plenary “Women’s Holocaust History: Books in Print.” The occasion was historic not only because the subject was deemed important enough for a plenary, but also because a core number of books made such a session possible. Since 1999 there have been workshops, plenaries, and panels at the Scholars’ Conference, Lessons and Legacies conferences, educators’ conferences at Yad Vashem, annual meetings of the Association of Holocaust Organizations, and elsewhere. Drawing on personal narratives as well as archival material, Resilience and Courage addresses the specific gender-related questions that made the female Holocaust experience different from that of the male. It explores how gender affected women’s and men’s ability to struggle against deprivation, terror, and even death, and how being female or male generated benefits and liabilities. Tec’s skillful interview techniques and ability to smoothly interweave narratives and historical background result in a book with both human warmth and contextual accuracy. An important difference between men and women that the author discusses was women’s homemaking and nurturing skills, which equipped them to form surrogate families, take care of each other, and keep themselves and their living space as clean and hygienic as possible under the circumstances. Tec also discusses women’s difficulty in overcoming inbred modesty and submissiveness, as well as men’s humiliation when they lost their employment and positions as heads of household. Tec points out that other variables, such as the socioeconomic, political, and national backgrounds of women and men also played a role in survival. In addition,

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Holocaust and Genocide Studies

she discusses the impact of biological differences between men and women, such as women’s reproductive systems and their vulnerability to rape and sexual abuse. This material includes testimony from women in the resistance movement about rape and the need for a male protector, as well as narratives about menstruation, pregnancy, and abortion. After an introductory chapter, “Voices from the Past,” Tec organizes her book according to general circumstances during the Holocaust: “In the Beginning,” “Life in the Ghetto,” “Leaving the Ghetto,” “The Concentration Camps,” “Hiding and Passing in the Forbidden Christian World,” and “Resistance.” Tec discerned from most survivor reports that during the Holocaust, adult women and men, to a greater extent than the very old and very young, traveled on different roads toward the single destination planned for them by the Germans. Men were seen as humiliated, broken by their inability to provide for their families. The horrendous circumstances they had to face left them depressed and apathetic. Mothers or female relatives were generally viewed with admiration for their selfless aid to their families and others. When husbands and fathers were unable to fulfill their roles, adult women and their teenaged children of both sexes rose to the challenge, aiding their families, friends, and communities. (p. 345)

Differing from most American scientific researchers, Tec has two distinct advantages that helped her gather significant data and interviews for this book. First, she is not only a sociologist, but also a survivor. Born in Lublin in 1931, she survived the war by hiding and passing as a non-Jew. Second, her fluency in Polish, German, Hebrew, and Yiddish enabled her to speak with survivors in the language with which they were most comfortable. Thus, Tec’s writing combines the analytical skills of a trained sociologist with her personal experience of living through the Holocaust. Tec’s latest book grew out of her other works, especially her research on Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (1993). “I realized through Defiance that women in the forest had a special role and situation,” she has explained at lectures about her book. “So I looked at women in different contexts, and realized that I also had to look at men as well as women.” The result is Resilience and Courage, a comparative analysis of men and women in ghettos, camps, forests, resistance movements, and a variety of other settings. Notes 1. Although some women’s diaries and firsthand accounts had been available in English since the 1950s, the year 1998 produced an unprecedented richness of more analytical publications, and even more began to appear after that. Two out of the three finalists for the 1998 National Jewish Book Award in the Holocaust Studies category were about women and gender: Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany, by Marion A. Kaplan, and Women in the Holocaust, edited by Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weitzman. Other important books on women and the Holocaust published in 1998 include Brana Gurewitsch’s Mothers,

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Sisters, Resisters: Oral Histories of Women Who Survived the Holocaust and Judith Tydor Baumel’s Double Jeopardy: Gender and the Holocaust.

Rochelle G. Saidel Remember the Women Institute, New York

DOI: 10.1093/hgs/dci006

Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization, Elizabeth Harvey (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 408 pp., $40.00.

While much has been written about Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler’s blueprint for colonizing the East (the Generalplan Ost) and recent scholarship has demonstrated the interrelationship between Nazi ethnic German policies and the Holocaust, little is known about the thousands of Nazi functionaries, particularly women, who tried to develop “model” ethnic German settlements in the East. Historian Elizabeth Harvey’s new study explores the actions, perceptions, and memories of women from the Altreich who were mobilized between 1939 and 1945 to “Germanize” Poland. Idealized as courageous frontierswomen as well as traditional homemakers, Nazi settlement advisers, teachers, and welfare workers were called up to do the “constructive” work of Nazi colonization, which entailed forcing ethnic German resettlers from Volhynia, Bessarabia, and elsewhere to adopt “modern” Nazi methods of housekeeping and farming. In the annexed areas of Poland, these women concentrated their effort in the Warthegau. In the General Government, they were active around Lublin at Zamouc as well as in District Galicia. Some went farther east to the Ukraine and the Baltics, but the geographic focus of Harvey’s study is the territory of interwar Poland. In her groundbreaking book, Harvey “seeks to shed light on the implementation of Germanization policies at the grass roots, particularly in the countryside, exploring the relationship between Reich Germans and ethnic Germans, and the devastating impact of Germanization on the non-German population” (p. 19). She occasionally sketches the fate of individual Poles who bore the brunt of Nazi colonization schemes, but there is little material about Polish Jews’ experiences. Instead, Harvey paints vivid portraits of an array of female colonial activists and field workers: German settlement advisers employed by the Nazi women’s organization (NSFrauenschaft), the social workers and teachers sent by the Nazi People’s Welfare Society, and state-employed teachers. These women ran canteens in the transit camps, distributed goods to resettlers, set up schools, and transmitted Nazi ideals into ethnic German homes and communities. They strove to make the kindergarten and elementary school the center of village life. In the Warthegau, for example, the number of German schools jumped during the war from fifty-nine to 2,032. Most of these were rural one-room schoolhouses run single-handedly by young, inexperienced teachers (the youngest one in Galicia was fifteen years old). Often the only Reich Germans present and by far the ones most involved in the daily life of the

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Holocaust and Genocide Studies