Paula-Souza • Neotypifications in Hybanthus
TAXON 60 (3) • June 2011: 896–897
Neotypifications of Linnaean names in Hybanthus (Violaceae) Juliana de Paula-Souza Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, travessa 14, 321, 05508-900, São Paulo/SP, Brazil;
[email protected] Abstract Current studies in South American Violaceae detected the necessity of neotypes for Viola calceolaria L. (≡ Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Oken) and Viola oppositifolia L. (≡ Hybanthus oppositifolius (L.) Taub.), names of species originally described in Loefling’s Iter Hispanicum, but without validly published names. Keywords Hybanthus ; Linnaeus; Loefling; Neotropics; neotypus; Violaceae
Introduction Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Oken and H. oppositifolius (L.) Taub. are widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region, and are probably the most commonly found species of the genus in South America. Despite the fact that each one has a large list of synonyms reflecting their morphological variability, they are very distinctive species within Hybanthus, and there has never been any doubt in the literature concerning the identity of these two taxa. However, recent studies on Neotropical Violaceae (Souza, 2002) detected problems related to the typification of the basionyms of these names, the Linnaean Viola calceolaria and V. oppositifolia.
Discussion The first references to Viola calceolaria and V. oppositifolia were provided by Linnaeus’s pupil Loefling in Iter Hispanicum (Loefling, 1758), although this author did not provide valid binomials for the new species. The names were validly published in the second edition of Species Plantarum (Linnaeus, 1763), and by including Loefling’s references in his own descriptions for the species, Linnaeus suggests that his species concept was the same as his pupil’s, who had died prematurely two years before the publication of Iter Hispanicum. In fact, this book was edited and published by Linnaeus based on Loefling’s notes and personal letters to him, but it remains unclear whether or not Linnaeus ever saw any of the specimens (plant collections or illustrations) used by his pupil in his first descriptions of the new species and consequently in his later valid publication of the names in Species Plantarum. This same problem concerning Loefling’s types was found by several researchers, and the authorship of the species has been rather controversial. Although article 46.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill & al. 2006) indicates that the authorship of these validly published binomials must be attributed to Linnaeus alone, it has also been credited either to Loefling (e.g., Simpson, 1989) or to both Loefling and his mentor (e.g., Borsini, 1962). The names originally described in Iter Hispanicum are usually typified by means of neotypes, as the specimens 896
Loefling collected in South America have been lost (Jarvis, 2007). Unsuccessful searches for Loefling’s original materials of any kind in LINN, BM, H, MA, S, SBT, and the main European herbaria lead to the necessity of selection of neotypes for Viola calceolaria L. and Viola oppositifolia L., which are presented below. The selection of the following specimens was driven by the fact that they perfectly fit the species concept that was proposed by Loefling and Linnaeus, which agrees to what is currently accepted in herbaria and literature. Furthermore, the specimens were collected in northern Venezuela, near the region where the original lost specimens were purportedly collected in Cumana, as referred by Linnaeus (1763).
Typifications Viola calceolaria L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 1327. 1763 – Neotypus (hic designatus). Venezuela. Edo. Bolivar, Mpio. Gran Sabana. Sabana, al Norte de Uriman. Orilla del rio Ambituir; 05°29′ N, 62°36′ W, alt. 460 m. March 1986, A. Fernández 2545 (PORT; isoneotypus: CTES!). Linnaeus’s publication of V. calceolaria based on Loef ling’s Calceolaria caule simplici hirsuto, floribus axillaribus solitariis, Iter Hispanicum, p. 184: 22. VIOLA caule simplici hirsuto herbaceo, foliis lan ceolatis pilosis, floribus solitariis. Calceolaria caule simplici hirsuto, floribus axillaribus solitariis. Loefl. it. 184 *. Habitat in Cumana. Viola oppositifolia L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 1327. 1763 – Neotypus (hic designatus). Venezuela. Edo. Bolivar, Mpio. Sucre. Hato Las Mercedes. Entre los ríos Pao y Quebradón, 8km al S del Río Orinoco; 07°40′49.8″ S, 64°36′42.1″ W. 13 July 2000, A. Fernández & al. 16622 (PORT; isoneotypi: ESA!, GUYN). Linnaeus’s publication of V. oppositifolia, based on Loefling’s Calceolatia caule brachiato glabro, floribus racemosis, Iter Hispanicum, p. 183:
Paula-Souza • Neotypifications in Hybanthus
TAXON 60 (3) • June 2011: 896–897
23. VIOLA caule suffruticoso brachiato, foliis opposi tis, floribus racemosis. Calceolaria Caule brachiato glabro, floribus racemosis. Loefl. it. 183 *. Habitat in Cumana.
Acknowledgements The author is grateful to FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), Myndel Botanica Foundation and Universidade de São Paulo for financial support on visits to European herbaria. Thanks also to Dr. Viviane R. Scalon (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brazil) for going over the manuscript critically, and to Dr. Angel Fernandez for the information concerning the Hybanthus specimens in PORT and GUYN.
Literature cited Borsini, O.E. 1962. Revisión de las Valerianaceas de Brasil. Lilloa 31: 149–170. Jarvis, C. 2007. Order out of chaos: Linnaean plant names and their types. London: The Linnean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum, London. Linnaeus, C. 1763. Species plantarum, 2nd ed., vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. Loefling, P. 1758. Iter hispanicum. Stockholm: Tryckt på direct. Lars Salvii Kostnad. McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Burdet, H.M., Demoulin, V., Hawksworth, D.L., Marhold, K., Nicolson, D.H., Prado, J., Silva, P.C., Skog, J.E., Wiersema, J.H. & Turland N.J. 2006. International code
of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code): Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Regnum Vegetabile 146. Ruggel, Liechtenstein: Gantner. Simpson, B.B. 1989. Krameriaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 49. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. Souza, J.P. 2002. Levantamento das espécies brasileiras de Hybanthus Jacq. (Violaceae) do Brasil. Unpub. M.Sc. thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, Brazil.
Erratum The two names for which neotypifications are proposed in this paper have been previously neotypified and consequently the ostensible neotypifications above are ineffective. The neotypifications were published while the current paper was in press. The correct neotypes are: Viola calceolaria L. (Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1327. 1763) ≡ Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Oken – Neotype (designated by Dorr & Wiesema in Taxon 59: 1576. 2010): Venezuela. Guárico: between El Sombrero and Palenque, 20 Jul 1940, C.E. Chardon 115 (US!). Viola oppositifolia L. (Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1327. 1763) ≡ Hybanthus oppositifolius (L.) Taub. – Neotype (designated by Dorr & Wiesema in Taxon 59: 1576. 2010): Venezuela. Nueva Esparta: Island of Margarita, El Valle, 7 Jun 1901, O.O. Miller & J.O. Johnston 124 (US!).
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