Neurolinguistic programming in health - Claudio Pensieri

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UMJ 2003 Apr 19;326(7394):SJ33. No abstract available. PMID: 12702636. 2. Walter J, Bayat A. Neurolinguistic programming: verbal communication BMJ 2003 ...
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REVlSIONT DELLA LETTER ATURA LITTER A R Y REVIEWS

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Neurolinguistic programming in health: an analysis of the literature - --------- ----------------------------- ----------Programmazione neurolinguistica nella sanità: analisi della letteratura CI.AUDI, PENSIERI

FAST, Istituto di Filosofia dell'Agire Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università Campus Bio-Medico dì Roma

La Programmazione Neuro Linguistica (NLP) nasce negli anni 70 in Cali fomia, studia in particolare le tre componen ti della produzione mentale e comportamentale dell'esperienza umana, la neurologia, il linguaggio e la programmazione. Obiettivo: abbiamo rilevato la letteratura internazionale, esclusivamente in campo sanitario, relativa alla NLP. Metodo: abbiamo cercato queste parole chiave: NLP, PNL (acronin1o italiano for NLP), LEM (Latera! Eyc Movements), Eye M ovement, Eye Neuro Linguistic a nd VAKO che in NLP, significa Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Olfactory-Gustatory) sui motori di ricerca e su: PubMed, Web of Knowledgc and Scopus Risultati: per la parola "Neuro Li.nguistic Programming" abbiamo identificato 112 articoli in PubMed, ma di q uesti, solo 61 riguardavano effettivamente la NLP. In base alle altre parole chiave abbiamo identificato 7 ambiti della letteratura NLP Thcse are: Communication (20 articles), Training (4 articles), Personal Weli-Being (4 articles), Food and nutrition (l artide), Eye movements (8 articles), Psychotherapy (21 articles). revicws and studies on its efficacy (3 arliclcs). Conclusioni: la lelleratura scientifica internazionale è divisa sulla NLP Da una parte troviamo articoli a sfavore, in alcuni dei quali sono stati commessi errori metodologici o semplicemente dovuti alla non-conoscenza della disciplina N LP, altri sono a favore ma hanno campioni troppo bassi o sono studi q ualitativi. Rimane quindi un campo affascinante da studiare e da verificare. Parole chiave: Reprcsentational systems and predicates, latera! eyc movements (LEM), mirroring, sleight of mou th, truism s, metamodcl, linguistic prccision N euro Linguistic Programming ( NLP) 1vas createci in the 70s in California. / t studies in particular three compone111s of menta! and hehavioral production f?f human experience: neurology, fanguage and programming. Ol?jective of the artide is a review of internatiana/ literature, exclusive!y in the fie/d of health related to N LP. M etlwtl: we search the Joll01ving keyword~: N LP, P N L ( ltalian acronym .for NLP) , LEM (Latera/ Eye M ovements), Eye Movement, Eye Neuro Linguistic and VAKO (which, in N LP, stand\for Visual, AuditOJy, Kineslhetic, Oljàctmy -Custat01y) on various search engines and in PubMed, Web of Knowledge anel S copus. Results: .for the lllord "Neuro Linguistic Programming" we identified 112 artides in PubMed, lmt o.f these, only 61 actually related to the N LP. According to the ke)IIVOrds, we ident{fied 7 jields of NLP literature. These are: Communication (20 artide.1-}, Training ( 4 articles), Personal We/1-Being ( 4 articles), ròod and nutrition ( l artide), Eye movements (8 artide.1·), Psychotherapy (21 articles), reviews and stttdies on its efficacy (3 articles) . Conc/usions: lnternational scientific literature is divided on N LP. We jìnd articfes against NLP, some contain methodological errors in some cases simply due to the little kn01vledge o.f NLP discipline; othe1:5 are injàvor o.f NLP but samples are too smafl or they are qua!itative studies. It therefore remains afascinating.fìe!d to study and monito1: Key 1voNls: Representational .1ystems and predica/es, latera/ eye movements ( LEM) , mirroring, sleight of mouth, truisms, metamodel, linguistic precision

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Tntroduction N LP stands for Neuro-Linguistic Programming, a name that eneompasses the three most infl uential components involved in producing hum an experience: ne urology, language and programming. T he neurological system regulates how human bodies function , languagc determines how we interfacc and communicate with other people and our programming det ermines the kinds of models of the world we create. Ne uro-L inguistic Programming describes thc fundamental dynamics betwccn mind (neuro) and language (linguistic) and how their intcrplay affects our body a nd behavior (programming). NLP is also defined as the study of the structure of subjective experience and what can be calculated from that and is predicated upon the belief that alt behavior has structure. NLP is not a diagnostic tool. NLP was born during the Scventies, in the Santa Cruz U niversity of Califo rnia. Tts fo unders were Richard Bandler a nd John Grinder. Later on, they werc supported by Judith Delozier, Lesly Cameron and Robert D ilts, in these years N LP has achieved considerable popu larity as an approach to communication, learning and personal devclopment (Tosey and Mathison, 20 l 0). Bandler was interested in information technology and studied psychology (with Fritz Perls), while G rinder studied Linguistics and wrote several books on Chomsky's works; Delozier studied Anthropology and Cameron was a psychotherapist. T he originai models from which NLP originates are based on the works of: M il ton Erickson (father of modern hypnotherapy, a degrcc in Medicine and Psychology at Wisconsin University and profcssor of Psychiatry at Waync State University. He was presidcnt and fou nder of Thc American Society of Clinical Psychology and member of thc Amcrican Psychiat ric Association, of the America n Psychology Association and of the American Psychopathology Association), Virginia Satir (mother of the Systemic Family Therapy) and Fritz Perls (rcpresentative of the Gesta]t Therapy). Other a uthors that ha d a relevant influence o n N LP a re: Gregory Bateson and Noam Chomsky. Even books by CarJos Castaneda havc inspired some reccnt neuro-linguistic programmers. In particular, tbc fi rst book on NLP, The Structure of Magie (Bandler and G rindcr, 1975a) considers thc concepts of surface structure and deep structure developed by Cbomsky in his "Transformational grammar". Duri ng its first years, NLP was mainly used to comprehend tbc strategies used by many successful communicators, and E rikson's modelling had, throughout this deveJopmenl, a crucial role. G rinder and Bandlcr, through the Eigbties, while being inspired by what both linguistics and mathematicians had fou nd, decided to create models of in te rvention that could be used in psychotherapy (Miller et al. 1986) and personal growth (Bandlcr and Grinder, 1976).

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T his challenge was particularly daring since, from a typical pragmatic and America n point of view, it was strongly recommended to create eflèctive models, ratber than elaborate an additional theory (Pensieri, 2009). Band ler and Grinder had found the basis of tbc NLP modell ing in the "T.O.T.E. Model" developed by psychologists Galanter, Miller and Pribram (Galanter et al. 1960). TOTE is the acronym for test, operate, test and exit. It is a behavioral model in cognitive psychology developed on stimulus-response mode!, a representative pattern for behaviorism. This mode! stands fora pattern tracing or designing the basic path for individuals while they try to contro! their actions or to sct the goals for actions. TOT E modcl bas been developed due to feedback reactions, which reshape the inilial pian of action. TOTE mode] is characterized by logica! and methodological approaches and connects the spccifie goals to ou tcomes thro ugh iterative actions, which resets the entire process in order lo achieve thc main purpose. Any simplc activity that we might think is performed automatically, in fact fo llows TOTE pattern. l. Test (T): The very first action sets the stratcgy and implicitly tbc goal. The test has two answers (yes or no). A positive answer mcans that the process no longer continues while "no" initializcs tbc second stage-Operate. Tn the NLP model the fìrst Test is a cuc or trigger that begins the strategy. lt establishes the critcria "fed forwa rd" and used as a standard for the second test. 2. Operate (0): The second stcp, operation makes use of information, interprets and resets the path towards the initial purpose. Ali necessary changcs and adjustments are includcd in operation stage. T he Opcration accesses data by remcmbering, creating, o r gathcring the informati on requircd by the strategy from the internai or external world. 3. Test (T): The second test vcrifies if improvements bave been made as the strategy was reshaped. Similarly, to tbc initial test, the second checks whether the outcome matched the initial goal. 'Yes' leads to the next pasha in TOTE mode]- Ex it. A ' no' generally mcans that new trials are required in order to attain what has becn projectcd. The second Test is a comparison of some aspect of the accessed data with the criteria established by thc first test. T he two things comparcd must be represented in the sa me rcpresentation system. 4. Exit (E): Exit coincides with tbc desired outcome and as the name suggests, puts an end to TOTE model. In the NLP TOTE M odel The Ex it, or Decision Poi n t, or Choice Poi nt is a representation of the results of thc test. lf there is a match, the strategy exits. If there is a mismatcb, the strategy recycles. Tbc strategy may recycle by: changing the outcome or redirecting the strategy; adjusting the critcria, chunking laterally or rcorienting; refining or further spccifying the outcome; accessing more data. T he TOTE mode] gives a flowchart, which consists of

CLAUDIO PENSIERI

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"Operating" on tbc stimul us of thc internai map a nd altcring it, "Testing" for congruence or incongruence, and "Exiting" if desirable result is attained. T his flowchart usually executes below the threshold of conscio usness. N LP authors took cues from their expertise fields: psychology, lingu istics, cybernetics. N LP does not, therefore, base its cfficacy on a va riety of hypothesis o r scientific researches that validate its theories, but on the pragmatic and empiric expcrience of its operators. The basis of NLP is a method referrcd to modelling, which Bandler and Grinder used to uncover how Erickson, Pcrls and Satir used to behave, whilc working with their patients.

NLP and Communication One of the axioms of N LP is that "T he mcaning of yo ur communication is thc response you get a nd it is not in your intention" . This axiom is espccially true whcn we com municate with patients and we are sure that we have been totally clear with them. But later, during the follow up we found that the other person had understood something else from what we bave intended to say him. One way to dea! with that is to blame: "it's their fault. They d id n't gct it". Another way is to take responsibility: "That's interesting, T wonder how else l can say it so they' ll get it instead" . By adopting the belief that the meaning of your communication is the response you get instead of the comm unication you delivered rcgardless of their response, we becomc more rcal-world by bcing responsive to feedback and flexible by adapting to changc. Anytimc we blame someone else for not getting what we wan ted to say and don't t ake responsibility fori t though, and think our communication was perfect and they wcre " not so intelligen t" for not getling it, it's as good as saying the meaning of our commun ication is the response we wished we go t. Some schools of communication say that both parties in a communication have 50% responsibility each for the communication. In N LP we ta kc 100'%. This is what sets great communicators, teachers, mentors, coaches, co unscllors and speakers. Instead of labelling their a udience as 'slow', 'stupid', ' resistant', 'sleepy', and so on, they take responsibility a nd go, "how can l communicatc to them in a way that they'd get what I want to say?". N LP bas lots of techniques fora good communication, we lists some or them: Mirroring: is the behavio ur in which onc person copies another person usually whilc in social interaction wi th them. l t may include miming gestures, movcments, body languagc, muscle tcnsions, expressions, toncs, eye movements, breathing, choice of words and it is oftcn observed among couples or closc friends.

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Rcpresentational systems and predicates: our senses are thc doorways or our perception. Ali we know of tbe world we know through our scnses. We havc five main sensory moda lities, or representation systems: Visual (V), Auditory (A), Kinaesthetic (K), Olfactory (0 ), Gustatory (G). Our inner subjectivc experience is structured in terms of these scnses. When we tbink, or process information internaily, we "rc-present" tbe infonnation in terms of the sensory systems that are our only contact witb the "outside world". Part of the la nguage wc use comes from one of tbese main systems. These sensory based words are called predica/es. Use of rich sensory based language enables you to ensure that you are including ali your listeners, regardless or their prin1ary sensory system, in full communication. lt enables you to create a scnsory rich description to whicb everyone can rclate more effcctively. If you are to gain conunitment to an idea, then the more richly it is dcscribed the more effectively it will be communicated. A person's choice of language indicates which sensory system thcy are using at any one time. Adapting yo ur own choice of language so that it matches that of tbe other pcrson will increasc rapport and assist them in tmderstanding what you wish to communicatc. The information slides cornfortably into their brain proccsses instead of having to be cbanged around or translated in arder to be understood. Latera) Eye Movements (LEM): they are related to internai representations. Automatic, unconscious cye movements, or "eye accessing cues", often accompany particui::Jr th ought processes, and indicate the access and use of particula r representationa l systems. [n early 1976, Richard Band ler, John G rinder and thcir students began to explore thc relationship between eye movements and the different senses as well as the different cognitive processcs associated with the bra in hernispheres. Tn 1977 Robert Dilts cond ucted a study, at thc Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric lnstitute in San Francisco, attempting to correlate eye movements to particular cognitive and neurophysiological processes. D ilts used electrodcs to track both the eye movemcnts and brain wave cha ractcristics of subjccts who were askcd q uestions related to using the various senses of sight, hearing and feeling fo r tasks involving both mcmory ("right brain" processing) and menta) construction ("left brain" processi ng). As a result of thesc studies, and many hours of observations of people from different eu !tures and racial backgrounds from ali over the world, the fo llowi ng eye movement patterns werc identified (Di lts, 1980; Gri n de1~ et al. 1977; Kinsbourne, 1972; Kocel, 1972; Galin and Ornstein, 1974; Buckner and Rccse, 1987): Eyes Up ami Lejt: Non-d ominant hemisphere visualization - i.e., remem bercd i.magery (Vr). Eyes Up and R ight: Dominant hemispbcre visualization - i.e., constructed imagery and visual fantasy (Ve). Eyes Latera/ L eft: Non-dominant hemisphcre auditory processing - i.c., remem bered sounds, words, and " tape loops" (Ar) and tonai discrimination. Eyes La-

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teral Right: Dominant hemisphere auditory proccssing i.e., constructed sounds and words (Ac). Hyes DoiVn and Left: Internai dia loguc, or inner self-talk (Ad). Eyes Do!Vn ami Right: Feelings, both tactile and visceral (K). Sleight of mouth: this is a persuasion skill, a vehicle fo r the reframing or beliefs. lt is a system of 14 difTeren t pattcrns of response to a stated belief. A system that, once mastcred, can allow us to a lways have a response that will effectively elucidate our position and help us to persuade rathcr than be persuaded. Jt will help us win an argument, be verbally powerful and powcrfully verbal. There are 14 different patterns: Reality strategy, Mode! of the world, Counter example, lntent, Redefì nc, Chunking up, Chunking down, M etaphor or analogy, Another outcome, Consequence, Higherachy of Criteria, Apply to self, Changing frame sizc and Meta frame. Truisms: A Truism is a statement of the o bvious. In the Milton Mode! (conversational hypnosis) truisms are used in sets to produce a spurious cause and efTect. The client listens to the fìrst truism statement, and agrees wi th it. The client listens to the nex t truism, and agrees wi th that too. The next suggestion is then made while the agreement with the truism is stili in mind, so it too will be aceepted as true, even if it has nothing to do with the fìrst statements (i.e. " Most people ean remember being completely and absolutely relaxed"). Metamodel (linguistic precision): it is thc NLP's fì rst formai mode!, was published in 1975 by Bandler and Grinder in The Structure of Magie, Vol. 1. It extended features of generai semantics (Korzybski) and transformational grammar (Chomsky), and developed via modeling the successful therapeutic language interven tions of psychiatrists Fritz Perls and Milton Erickson, and family therapist Virginia Sa ti r. The Meta Mode! formal ized thcsc dcvelopments into a riehly defined set of linguistic patterns that ca n eithcr facilitate change o r create obstacles in a person's menta] maps of himself and tbe world. lt is important to know how patients use language in order t o Delete, Distort and Generalize informations and their communication.

inductions (Bandler and Grinder, 1975b; Erickson, 1991), as well as a varicty of tools useful to managc a doctor's emotiona l relationship with patients, such as: anchors (Pensieri, 20 12), calibrations (Bonocore, 1994), submodali ties (Bandlcr and McDona ld, 1989), management or "roles" or "uniforms" with spatial anchoring etc. To thcsc purely communicative instruments, N LP has then combined a series of techn iques necessary to P ublic Speaking (James and Shephard, 2001), since many spccialists a re valuable researchcrs and scientists, wbo therefore attend conferences and seminars, bu t a re a Iso awful commu nicators. Moreover, some techn iques are now being in troduccd, such as the "extrapolation of Vision and Mission" (Dilts, 1990) from terminai and chronic patients, alignment of neurologica! levcls (Bonocore, 2000), wcll formed objectives, to detcrmine an efficient therapeutic pian and to ensure sanitary alliance. Some techniqucs, on t he contrary, have not been introduced, such as selling and negotiating (Granchi and Pi rovano, 2008), nor leadership strategics or leadership an d management (Pennacchini et al., 2012) techniques, like "Fifth Discipline" (Senge, 2006). At prcscnt, there are no studics on as to "why" NLP works, but severa] exis t on qualitative analysis and its cffectiveness (Pensieri, 2005); in fac t, Band ler and Grinder have ;nainly focused on NLP pragmatic aspects, rather then on an explicativc theory (Norris, 1997).

Results In 8-9 November 2012, a guery on important search engi nes, such as PubMed, Web of Kn owledge and Scopus, offcred severa! results, listed in the table below. The terms searched were: "Neuro L inguistic Programming", NLP, PN L (ltalian acronym fo r N LP), LEM (Latera! Eye Movcmcnts), Eye Movement, Eye Neuro Linguistic and VAKO (which, in N LP, stands for Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Olfactory-Gustatory).

NLP and healthcare In the spccific field of heal thcarc, NLP can be put into practice through severa] and interesting applications. T he fìrst one rcgards "interpersonal communication", in which NLP is rathcr prolifìc and implics a series o r contents such as synch ronization (Bidot and Morat, 1994; Pensieri and Pennacchini , 2011), Mirroring and Matching (Bandler and Grinder 1989), the use of meta-programs (Bandler, 1988), linguistic precision (Schreiber, 2005), slcight of mouth (Dil ts, 2004), Representationa.l systems (Bandlcr and Grinder, 1981), eye movements (Pensieri, 2009), meta-mode] (Bandler and Grinder, 1975a), truisms and light hypnotic

Tablc l. Keywords Results.

PubMed

Webof Knowledge

11 2 652

3,206

95 4,446

LEM

1,405 649

819 1,709

7,602 1,963

Eye Movement

51 ,785

75,807

66,654

o

l

8

7

8 IO

Neuro Linguistic Programming NLP PNL

VAKO Eye neuro linguistic

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Scopus

ClAUDIO P1:r1s r>J

Neurolinguistic Jlrogramming in health: an ana lysis of the literaturc

lt is interesting to notice how 112 a rticlcs, in PubM ed, werc found on "Ncuro Linguistic P rogram ming", but o r thcse, while read ing thc abstract a nd the title, only 6 1 act ua lly examined N LP. Based on the articles resea rched, we can identify 7 fields of N L P lite raturc. T hese are: Comm unica-

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tion (20 articles), Trainin g (4 a rticles), Personal Wcll-13eing (4 articles), Food and nutrition (l article), Eye movemcnts (8 articles), Psycotherapy (21 articles), revicws and studics on its efficacy (3 articles).

Table ll. NLP & Communicmion.

Communication

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. IO. I l. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Walter J, Bayat A . Neurolinguistic progmmming: temperamenr and charactertypes. UMJ 2003 Apr 19;326(7394):SJ33. No abstract available. PMID: 12702636 Walter J, Bayat A . Neurolinguistic programming: verbal communication BMJ 2003 Ma r 15;326(7389):S83. No abstract available. PMID: 1263742 1 Kap1owitz G J. Conummicating 1vith patients. Gcn Den t 1999 Ju i-Aug;47(4):399-403 Turnbull J. Jntuition in nursing relatiomhips: t h e result of'skill.~' or 'qualities'? Br J N urs 1999 M ar 11-24;8(5):302-6. Review. PM ID: l 0362932 Gri!( U. Neuro/inguistic pmgramming in physician-patie/11 COIIIIIJtillication Basic principles of the procedure--examplesforapplicaliml in surgeIJI. Fortsclrr Med 1995 Sep 20;1 13(26):368-7 1. German . PMID:7498856 Scott-PhjlJips T C, Kirby S. Language e1'olution in the laboratOIJ'· Trcnds Cogn Sci 2010 Scp;14(9):41 1-7. Epub 2010 Aug 2. Rcview E.ffective inleraction. l nterview by M a ry-Ciaire Mason. T homson G, Menzies S. N urs Stand 201O A pr 7-1 3;24(31):25 Knapp HP, C arina D P. A lruman mirm r new·on ~ys tem jòr lang11age: Per~JJectives from signed languages u.f rhe deaf Bra in La ng 20 1O Jan; l1 2( 1):36-43. Epub 2009 Jul 2 Ellis C. Neurolinguisic programm ing in the medica/ cons11ltation. S Afr M cd J 2004 Sep;94(9):748-9 Rcvicw. No abstract available. PMID: 15487837 Wilhelm J. 5 modelsfor ejjéclive comm11nication. Krankcnpfl Soins l nfìrm 2003;96(7): 12-3. German. No abstract available. PMID: 14619890 Vianna LA, Bo mfun 01:-: Chicone G. Self-esteem of nursing 1111dergraduate sludems. Rev Bras Enferm2002 Scp-Oct;55(5):503-8. Porluguese. PM ID : I281 7532 Uichler J. NL P communicarion llwdel (neum linguislic progmmm ing)--praclical applicatio11. Opening up inner power sources ami helping olhers with it. Krankenpfl Soins Tnfì rm 199 1 Feb;84(2):74-6. German. No abstract availablc. PMID:200575 l Schneebergcr S, Rohr E. NLP communicalionmodel (neurolinguistic programming) an inlroduction Grea/er darily in communicating cmd observing. Krankenpfl Soins Tnfìrm 199 1 Feb;84(2):70-3. German. No abstract availablc. P MID:2005750 Pesut DJ. 1/1e an, science, and leclmiques ofreframing in psyclrimric melllal heal!lr nursing. lssues Mcnt Health Nurs 1991 Jan-Mar; 12(1):9- 18. PM ID: 1988384 Christensen JF, Lcvinson W, G rindcr M . Applications of neurolinguistic p rogramming lo m edicine. J Gen Intem Me d 1990 Nov-Dec;5(6):522-7. No abstract ava ilable. P M ID:2266436 Seunkc W, Keukens R , von Pernis H . Neurolinguisric programming. A communicalion ree/mie. TVZ 1988 Jan 7;42( 1):21-5. D ulch. No abstract availablc. Erratum in: Tijdschr Ziekcnverpl 1988 F eb 4;42(3):84. PM TD:3!27930 K nowlcs RD, Brockopp DY. Building rapport; tlrrough neurolinguisric progmmming. Kango Gij utsu 1984 Oct;30( 13): 1829-34. Japanese. No abst ract availablc. PM l 0:6567712 Know1cs RD. Building rapportllrrouglr neumlinguislic progranm1Ù1g. Taeh a n Kanho 1983 D cc 30;22(5):45-7. K orean. No abstract available. PMID:6560 11 3 Pennacchiru M , Pensieri C. fs non-direclil'e comm11nicalion in gene tic COII/Iseling possihle?. C lin Tcr 20 I l; 162(5):cl41-4 . D owd ET, H ingst AG. Malching rhempists' predicate.\·: an in 1•ivo test of ejfectii•eness. Percept Mot Skills 1983 Aug;57( 1):207- 10. PM ID :6622159

Table III. NLP & Training.

Tmin ing

l. 2. 3. 4.

Schaefer J, Schaj o r S. Leaming 1rith al/ one's semes. Neurolinguistic programming in 1he reacliing of pedimric nursing. Kinderkra nkcnschwestcr 1999 Jul; 18(7):289-9 1. German. No abst ract available. PMID: l 0514683 C labby J, O'Connor R. Teaching leamers ro use mirroring: rappol'l lessomfromneurolinguistic programming. Fa m M ed 2004 Sep;36(8):5413. No abstract available. PMID : 15343412 Pensicd C. La Sincronizza:: ione in Ambiro Sanitario. MED IC 2005; 14(3):84-9 1. D uncan RC, Koncfal J, Spechlcr MM. E.fjécl of neurolinguistic progranuning lraining on seiFaclualization as measured by rhe Personal Orientaliun Jnve/1/0IJ~ P sycho1 Re p 1990 Jun;66(3 P t 2): 1323-30. PM l 0 :238572 1

T able IV. NLP & Personal We/1 Being

Personal )l!e/1-being

l. 2.

3. 4.

Thrner J. Neurolinguisric programming and health. Soins 1999 Jul-Aug;(637):33-6. Frcnch . No abst ract available. P M ID: 10615173 Wa lter J, Bayat A. Neurolinguislic programming: the keys ro success. BM J 2003 M ay 17;326(7398):sl65-6. No abst ract available. PMID:12750228 Suthers M. Our personal space. A nn R Australas Coli D e n t Surg 2000 Oct; 15:280-3. P M I D :II709956 Roe h o n R . Neurolinguislic power and progmmming. I nfirm Q ue 1995 Jan-F cb;2(3):36-7. F rench. No abstract ava ilable. PM I D:7849839

102

MEDIC 2013; 21(2): 97- 105

Table V. NLP & Nwririon. Food nnd Nutrition

l.

S0rensen LB, Greve T, Kreutzcr M et al. Weighr maintenance 1hrough behaviour modificalion wi1h progrwnmi11g. Ca n J Dict Pract Res 2011 Winter;72(4): 181-5. do i: 10.3148/72.4.2011.181

11

cooking course or neurolinguislic

Tab1e V l. NLP & Eye Mo1•ement. Eye Atfovement

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Doo ley KO, Farmer A. Comparison for aphasic cmd contro/ subjects of eye m ovements hyporhesized ili neurolinguislic progmmming Percept Mot Skills 1988 Aug;67(1):233-4. PMID:3211676 Wertheim EH, H abib C, Cumming G. Test of t/re neurolinguistic programming !Jypothesis t hai eye-movement.1· re/ate lo processing imagery . Perccpt M ot Skills 1986 Apr;62(2):523-9 . PMlD:350326 1 PofTel SA, C ross HJ. Neuro/inguisric programming: a test of rhe eye-movement !Jypothesis. Pcrcept M ot Skills 1985 Dec;61(3 Pt 2): 1262. No abstract available. PMID:4094868 Farmcr A, Rooney R , Cunningham JR. Hypothesized eye m ovemenls of neurolinguisric programming: a statistica/ artifacr. Percept Mot Skills 1985 Dec;61(3 Pt 1):7 17-8. PM ID:4088761 Thomason TC, Arbuckle T, Cady D. Test of the eye-movement hypothesis of neurolinguistic programming. Percept Mot Skills 1980 Aug;5 1(1 ):230. N o abstract available. PMID:7432961 Wiseman R , Watt C, ten Brinke L , et al. The eyesdon't fiave il: lie detection a11d Neuro-L inguislic Programming. PLoS Onc 2012;7(7):e40259. Epub 2012 Jul I l Coe WC, ScharcofT JA. An empirica/ evaluation of th e neurolinguistic programming n rode/. l n l J Clin Exp H ypn l 985 Oct;33(4):3 l 0-8. No abstract availab1e. PMID:4030158 Burke DT, Meleger A, Sch neider JC. Eye-m ovements an d ongoing /Cisk processing. Percept Mot Skills 2003 Jun;96(3 P t 2): 1330-8

Table Vll . N LP & Psycotlrerapy. Psycotherapy

l.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. lO. Il . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Rcinl1ard J, PeifTcr S, Siinger N, et al. 111e Effects o.f Clinica! llypnosis versus Neurolinguistic Programming ( NLP) before External Ceplra/ic Version ( ECV): A Pro~pecti1•e Off-Cèntre Rcmdomised, Doub/e-8/ind, Contro/led Trial. Evid Based Cornplement Alternai Med 2012:626740. Epub 20 12 Jun 21 Piova n C. T/re language disorders in sdrizophrenia inneuro/inguistic an d psycholinguistic perspectives. R iv Psichialr 2012 Mar-A pr;47(2):96-l 05. doi: 10.1708/1069.117 14. Rcview. Ttalian Middleton J Ne1 11 era. J lr Dent Assoc. 2011 Jun-Jul;57(3): 127; autho r rep1y 127 Kirenskaya AV, Novototsky-VIasov VY, Chistyakov AN, et al. T/re relationship between lrypnolizability, ùr1ernal imagery, and ejjiciency of neurolinguistic programming. In t J Cl in Exp Hypn 20 I l Apr;59(2):225-41. Karunaratne M. Neuro-linguistic programming an d applicarion in treatment of phobias. Complemcnt T ber Clin Pract 20 l ONov; 16(4):203-7. Epub 2010 Mar 29. Revicw Bigley .1, Griffiths PD, Prydderch /\, et aL Neurolinguistic programming used ro reduce rhe need fo r anaesthesia in clauslroplrobic patients undergoing MRJ. Br J Radiol 20 10 Fcb;83(986): 11 3-7. Bull L. Sw!flower therap y for children with :,pec[fic /earning dijjiculties (dysle..~:ia): a randomised, contro/led 11·ial. Complement T hcr Clin Pract 2007 Feb; 13(1):15-24. Epub 2006 Dee 15 G ra ndkc B, Pflege Z. Logopedics inneurologic rehahilitation: properly supporring patienls in "home work". 2005 Apr;58(4):222-3. G enn an. No abstract available. PM ID: l 5887912 Gora EP. Altereds1a1es of consciou.mess. Usp F iziol Nauk 2005 Jan-Mar;36( 1):97-109. Review. Russia n Woodard E Phenomenological comributions to understanding hypnosis: review of the literature. Psychol Rep 2003 D ec;93(3 Pt 1):829-47. Rcview. PMID :14723451 Acosta JK, Levenson RL Jr. Obsenations.fi·om Ground Zero at t/re World Trae/e Center in Ne1 v York City, Part ii: Theoretical and clinica/ consideraliom: Int J Emerg Mcnt Health 2002 Spring;4(2): 11 9-26 Sumin AN, Kha®rcdinova OP, Sumina Llu, et al. Psyclwtherapy impact on effectil•eness of in-/rospital plrysicaf relrabilitarion in patients with acute coronmy syndrome. Klin M ed (Mosk) 2000;78(6): 16-20. Russian G6recka D, Borak J, Goljan A. et a L Treatment aut come in tabacco dependence qfier nicotine replacement 1/rerapy ami group therapy. Pncumonol Alergol Poi 1999;67(3-4):95-102. Polish. PMID: 10497441 de Miranda Cf, de Pau la CS, Palma D, et aL lmpact of t/re applicmion ofneurolinguistic progmmming lo mo1hers of children enrolled in a day care center of a shanty lown. Sao Pau1o Med J 1999 Mar 4;117(2):63-71. PM ID: 10488603 Konefa l J, D uncan RC. Socia/ anxiely and training inneurolinguistic programmùrg. Psychol Rcp 1998 Dec;83(3 Pt l): I l l 5-22. PMlD:9923190 Starker S, Pankratz L. Soundness of treatment: a sun•ey of psyclwlogists' opinions. Psychol Rep 1996 Feb;78( 1):288-90. PMID:88393 19 Hossaclc A, Standidge K. Using an imagincuy scrapbook .for neuro/inguistic programming in t/re aftermath of a clinica/ depression: a case history. G crontologisl 1993 Apr;33(2):265-8. PMID:8468020 Konefal J, Duncan RC, Reese MA Neuro/inguistic programming training, trait anxiety, and focus of contro/. Psychol Rep 1992 Jun;70(3 Pt 1):819-32. PMID:1620774 Jepsen C H. Neuro/inguistic programming in denristry. J Calif Dcnt Assoc 1992 Mar;20(3):28-32. No abstract available. PM ID: 1383450 Ficld ES. Neurolingrtistic p rogramming as an adjunct to other psyclrotherapewic/lrypnotherapeutic interventions. Am J Clin H ypn 1990 Jan;32(3): 174-82. PMID:2296919 Yapko MD. lmplicatiom of the Ericksonian ami Neurolinguislic programming approaches for re.1ponsibility of therapeutic outcomes. Am J Clin Hypn 1984 Oct;27(2):137-43. No abstract availab1c

CLAUDIO PENSIERI

Neurolinguistic programming in health: an analysis of tbc litcrature

103

Table Vill.NLP & Review l

Review aml1•erijy studies l. 2. 3.

Li m SC. Criticism o,[article onneuro/inguisticprogramming. Ca n Fa m Physician 1984 J un;30: 1247. No abstract available. PMID:21278934 Steinbach AM. Neurolinguistic progrwnming: a systematic approach to change. Ca n Fam Physician 1984 Jan;30: 147-50. PM ID:21283502 Brockopp DY. Wh at is NLP (neuro/inguistic programming) ?. Taehan Kanho 1983 D ee 30;22(5):48-9. Korean. No abstract available. PMID:6560ll4

In an articlc published in 1985 (Einspruch and Forman, 1985) Einspruch stated that, unti! then, severa! methodo logical crrors were made in reviewing NLP researches. The categories in which thcse crrors were found included: Unfamiliarity with NLP as a therapeutic approach; Inadequate definition of relationships; Insufficient contro! of context; Logica! errors. Severa! supporters of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (Einspruch and Forman 1985; Robbins, 1995; Dilts, 1983) state that the procedures and thc interventions generated by NLP have to be used within the premiscs contained inside the model. Previous researches had tried to evaluate the cfficacy of the therapeutic techniqucs used in N LP by isolating a piece or a portion of the mode! , whilc examining it as an independent mode!. Dil ts suggests: "The various techniques which are part of NLP's body have been isolated and explicated, as separated parts, so be easily learnt. l