New and rare tropical and subtropical fishes from ...

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4 Mounted skin of Etelis carbunculus, August 1984, Three Kings Islands (Photo A. Duckworth). Fig. 5 Platax ... Easter Island, lacks the yellow colour (Allen 1991).
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33: 571-586 0028-8330/99/3304-0571 $7.00 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 1999

571

New and rare tropical and subtropical fishes from northern New Zealand

MALCOLM P. FRANCIS National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd P.O.Box 14 901 Wellington, New Zealand email: [email protected] CRAIG J. WORTHINGTON 14 Pomare Rd, Russell Bay of Islands, New Zealand PETER SAUL Blue Water Marine Research R D 3, Whangarei, New Zealand KENDALL D. CLEMENTS School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92 019 Auckland, New Zealand

when sea surface temperature (SST) was higher than average. Major influxes of tropical and subtropical fishes apparently occur during warm summers, although some warm periods were not accompanied by influxes, and a few tropical and subtropical fishes arrived when SST was average or below average. The most likely upstream source of reef fish larvae is Norfolk Island, and the principal transport mechanism is probably the East Auckland Current. The discovery in north-eastern New Zealand of single individuals of Parma kermadecensis and the yellow form of Chrysiptera rapanui, both previously regarded as Kermadec Islands endemics, provides evidence for occasional larval transport from the Kermadecs to north-eastern New Zealand. Keywords new records; New Zealand; tropical fish, East Auckland Current

INTRODUCTION Abstract Five fish species (Platax teira, Abudefdufvaigiensis, Chromisflavomaculata, Coris dorsomacula, and Aluterus scriptus) are recorded from New Zealand for the first time, and five species (Forcipiger flavissimus, Chromis vanderbilti, Chrysiptera rapanui, Parma kermadecensis, and Thalassoma lutescens) are newly recorded from mainland New Zealand. Five other species that have been reported previously in the popular press, or by name only, are confirmed as members of the New Zealand fauna (Carcharhinus longimanus, Etelis carbunculus, Istiophorus platypterus, Acanthocybium solandri, and Aseraggodes bahamondei). New observations of 20 previously reported tropical and subtropical species are also presented. Many of the fishes were observed in autumn 1996, 1998, and 1999, indicating recruitment or immigration

M99007 Received 8 February 1999; accepted 20 April 1999

Despite its geographical isolation from tropical regions, the north-eastern coast of New Zealand supports a diverse array of tropical and subtropical fish species. These range from large, highly mobile, pelagic species such as tunas and marlins, which may be seasonally present in large numbers, to small, rare reef fishes (Ayling & Cox 1982; Francis 1996a,b). The pelagic species migrate into New Zealand waters during summer and autumn, whereas the reef fishes probably arrive as larvae carried by ocean currents from islands to the north (Francis & Evans 1993). During the last 30 years, many tropical and subtropical fishes have been newly recorded from north-eastern North Island as a result of increased SCUBA diving, game fishing, and commercial tuna purse-seining and longlining (Stephenson 1970; Doak 1972; Moreland 1975; Russell & Ayling 1976; Paulin et al. 1982; Choat et al. 1988; Francis 1988; Francis & Evans 1993; Clements 1997). Some of these species are undoubtedly permanent members of the New Zealand fish fauna, but many are

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33 Fig. 1 Map of northern North Island, New Zealand, showing locations mentioned in the text (dots), and capture locations of oceanic whitetip sharks, Carcharhinus longimanus (triangles). Inset shows location of Norfolk Island (Nl) and Kermadec Islands (Kl) in relation to New Zealand.

34°S -

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ephemeral "immigrants" that arrive in New Zealand during warm summers, and then die or retreat to the north with the onset of winter (Russell & Ayling 1976; Choat et al. 1988; Francis & Evans 1993). Some tropical reef fishes survive northern New Zealand winters, but do not successfully breed here, and their populations eventually decline unless replenished by new waves of larvae. Sea surface temperature (SST) in northern New Zealand follows a cyclical pattern, possibly in response to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (Francis & Evans 1993). This leads to "influx" events during warm years, interspersed with cooler years during which few tropical species are observed. Significant influxes of fishes occurred in 1969-75 and 1988-90 (Russell & Ayling 1976; Choat et al. 1988; Francis & Evans 1993). This phenomenon is not restricted to fishes, as similar episodic appearances of tropical molluscs, echinoderms, crabs, and reptiles have been reported (Manikiam 1967; Powell 1976; Francis & Evans 1993; Gill 1997; Marshall & Crosby 1998). In this paper, we report new observations of tropical and subtropical fish species from northeastern New Zealand. Some species are new records for the New Zealand fauna, and others are new

179

records for mainland New Zealand^, having been reported previously only from the subtropical Kermadec Islands. We also confirm the presence in New Zealand of some species that have been reported in the popular press, or reported in the scientific literature by name only. New observations of tropical fishes that are rarely found in New Zealand waters are also presented. These new observations were made mainly during periods of above-average SST in 1996, 1998, and 1999.

OBSERVATIONS New and confirmed records of tropical and subtropical fishes New reports of 15 fish species from north-eastern North Island are given in Table 1. Five of the species are recorded from New Zealand waters for the first.

the purpose of this paper, we define mainland New Zealand as North and South Islands, plus those islands lying on the New Zealand shelf inside the 250 m depth contour.

Table 1 New records, confmnations, and range extensions of tropical and subtropical fishes in New Zealand. Status indicates the record status for each species: confirmed, confinnation of species presence in New Zealand; mainland, previously known in New Zealand waters only from the Kennadec Islands and newly reported from mainland New Zealand. (Bol, Bay of Islands; BoP, Bay of Plenty; PKI, Poor Knights Islands; PKT, Poor Knights Terrace; FL, fork length; SL, standard length; TL, total length.) Family

Species

Status

Date

Place and depth

Carcharhinidae

Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861)

Confirmed

Apr 1988 19 Mar 1990 20 Jan 1996 21 Jan 1996 21 Jan 1996 6Febl998 7Feb 1998 2 Mar 1998 4 Mar 1998 6 Mar 1998 Aug 1984 Feb 1999 6 Jun 1998 21 Mar 1999 25 Apr 1996 Mar 1997 6 Apr 1996 c. 1984-86 25 Apr 1997 24 Mar 1998 25 Mar 1999 12 Apr 1996 26 Apr 1996 24 Feb 1994 10 Mar 1996 17 Jan 1999 6 Feb 1999 13 Mar 1999 20 Mar 1999 21 Mar 1999 27 Mar 1999 27 Mar 1999 30 Mar 1999 3 Apr 1999 14 Apr 1999 11 May 1995 8 Apr 1996 11 Apr 1996 28 May 1999

PKT Ninepin, Bol PKT (35° 02' S, 175° 14'E) PKT (34° 56'S, 175° 16'E) PKT (35° 06'S, 175° 14'E) Colville Knolls Colville Knolls 37° 06' S, 177° 31' E (NMNZ P36086) E.TolagaBay(38°41'S, 179°03'E) E. Tolaga Bay (38° 37' S, 179° 00' E) Three Kings Is, 300 m Deepwater Cove, Bol, 2 m Pinnacles, PKI, c. 18m Pinnacles, PKI Oke Bay, Bol, 3 m Deepwater Cove, Bol, 22 m Deepwater Cove, Bol Cave Bay, PKI Battle's Bay, PKI, 5 m Bartle's Bay, PKI, 5 m Oke Bay, Bol, 5 m (NMNZ P36167) Imagination Pt, PKI Tutukaka Harbour Ninepin, Bol Tutukaka 36° 32' S, 176° 55'E (NMNZ P35975) BoP Cape Brett, Bol North-east of PKI E. Bol (35° 06' S, 174° 26' E), 2 fish Near North Cape, 3 fish Near North Cape, 2 fish Ninepin, Bol North of PKI North of PKI South Harbour, PKI, 2 fish, 15-17 m South Harbour, PKI, 2 fish, 15-17 m Nursery Cove, PKI, 3 fish, 16 m Opoupoto Bay, Mayor Is, 20 m

Lutjanidae Ephippidae Chaetodontidae

Etelis carbunculus Cuvier 1828 Platax teira (Forsskal 1775) Forcipigerflavissimus Jordan & McGregor 1898

Confirmed New record Mainland

Pomacentridae

Abudefdufvaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1825) Chromisflavomaculata Kamohara 1960 Chromis vanderhilti (Fowler 1941) Chrysiptera rapanui (Greenfield & Hensley 1970) Parma kermadecensis Allen 1987

New record New record Mainland Mainland Mainland

Coris dorsomacula Fowler 1908 Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett 1839) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw &Nodder 1791) Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier 1831)

New record Mainland Confirmed Confirmed

Labridae Istiophoridae Scombridae

Soleidae

Aseraggodes bahamondei Randall & Melendez 1987 Confirmed Confirmed

Monacanthidae

A luterus scriptus (Osbeck 1765)

New record

Tl

1 o

Size

1 89 kg c. 85 kg t

176cmFL 167cmFL 29.5 kg 50 cm TL 12-15 cm SL 50-60 mm SL 45 mmSL 15 mmSL 25 cm SL 25 cm SL 59mmSL 40mmSL 30.6 kg 13 kg 31.8 kg 163cmFL 19.4 kg 14.6 kg 15.4 kg 11.8 kg; 13.8 kg, 134 cm FL 20.4 kg 15.2 kg 17.4 kg 100, 170mmSL 450mmTL

o

y3

8"

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33 Fig. 2 Carcharhinus longimanus, 6 March 1998, east of Toiaga Bay (Photo D. Wrightson).

Africa indicate that it occasionally wanders into cool temperate waters. A specimen was weighed in at Tutukaka in 1988, and positively identified by PS. Another shark tagged off the Bay of Islands in 1990 was mentioned briefly by Saul & Holdsworth (1992). Since then, we have obtained reports of eight further specimens, six of which came from scientific observers aboard tuna longliners. Three of the reports were confirmed by photographs (Fig. 2) and one from strips of upper and lower jaw teeth (NMNZ P36086) (Fig. 3). Ruby snapper, Etelis carbunculus Cuvier 1828 A single specimen caught near the Three Kings Islands in August 1984 by a commercial longliner was illustrated on the front cover of New Zealand Fig. 3 Upper and lower jaw teeth from Carcharhinus Fishing News (Anon. 1985). The specimen was longimanus, 2 March 1998 (NMNZ P36086). stuffed and mounted, and now hangs in the Mangonui Fish Shop (Fig. 4). Measurements and meristics taken from the mounted specimen were: time, and five are newly recorded from mainland c. 1100 mm total length (TL) (fin tips damaged), New Zealand. Five other species that have been 1015 mm fork length (FL), caudal lobes short reported previously in the popular press, or by name (c. 23% of standard length (SL), estimated from only, are confirmed as members of the New Zealand photograph), 10 dorsal spines, 10 or 11 dorsal rays, fauna. Geographic locations are shown in Fig. 1, and 3 anal spines, 8 anal rays, 16 pectoral rays, c. 48 scale specimens of some species have been deposited in rows to origin of caudal rays, 51-53 total scale rows, the Museum of New Zealand, Wellington (NMNZ). maxilla scaled. Based on these characters, the specimen is identified (Allen 1985; W. D. Anderson, Oceanic whitetip shark, Grice Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861) Carolina, United States pers. comm.) as E. The oceanic whitetip shark is an oceanic pelagic carbunculus. The ruby snapper is widespread in the species that occurs throughout the world's tropical Indo-West and Central Pacific, but the present record and warm temperate seas (Last & Stevens 1994). represents a considerable range extension—the Records from South Australia and southern South closest reported locality is New Caledonia (Allen

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Fig. 4 Mounted skin of Etelis carbunculus, August 1984, Three Kings Islands (Photo A. Duckworth).

Fig. 5 Platax teira, February 1999, Bay of Islands (Photo C. Henderson).

1985). A congener, E. coruscans Valenciennes 1862, was recently reported from New Zealand for the first time (Roberts 1993). Teira batfish, Platax teira (Forsskal 1775) A large batfish with damaged fins and heavily infested with copepod parasites was observed in Deepwater Cove, Bay of Islands, in February 1999 (Fig. 5). This is the first record of the species from New Zealand. Widespread in the Indo-West Pacific,

including Norfolk Island (Randall et al. 1990; Francis 1993). Longnose butterflyfish, Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan & McGregor 1898 A single individual was photographed on the floor of an archway at the Poor Knights Islands in June 1998 (West 1998) (Fig. 6). A further sighting, presumably of the same fish, was made at the same location in March 1999, indicating that it had

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33

Fig. 8 Chrysiptera rapanui, c. 1984—86, Poor Knights Islands (Photo Q. Bennett). Fig. 6 Forcipigerflavissimus, 6 June 1998, Poor Knights Islands (Photo S. West).

Fig. 9 Parma kermadecensis, 24 March 1998, Poor Knights Islands. Fig. 7 Abudefduf vaigiensis, 25 April 1996, Bay of Islands.

survived the winter. Widespread in the Indo-Pacific, including Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands (Randall et al. 1990; Francis 1993).

invertebrates) by the slow-moving platform, and are regarded as human-assisted introductions. Abudefduf vaigiensis is widely distributed in the tropical IndoWest Pacific (Allen 1991), and also extends into Indo-Pacific sergeant, subtropical areas of southern New South Wales and Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1825) northern Victoria, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk One individual was caught by CW from a school of Island (Hutchins & Swainston 1986; Francis 1993; Chromis dispilus in the Bay of Islands in April 1996, Kuiter 1993). and maintained in an aquarium for 3 months (Fig. 7). This is a new record for New Zealand. Two fish Yellow-spotted chromis, found associated with the Maui oil platform in Chromis flavomaculata Kamohara 1960 Golden Bay in 1975, soon after its arrival in New A single individual was collected by CW from the Zealand from Japan, and reported as A. saxatilis, may Bay of Islands in March 1997, and kept alive in an also have been this species (Foster & Willan 1979). aquarium until a tank failure in May 1997. This is However, they were almost certainly transported to the first record of this species from New Zealand. New Zealand (along with many tropical No photos were taken, but comparison of a line

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Fig. 10 Coris dorsomacula, 25 March 1999, Bay of Islands (NMNZP36167).

drawing and colour description by CW with photos and descriptions of Randall et al. (1990), Allen (1991), and Kuiter (1993) leave no doubt about its identity. Two disjunct populations of C. flavomaculata occur in the northern and southern Western Pacific. The southern population ranges into subtropical areas of southern New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island (Allen 1991; Francis 1993; Kuiter 1993). Vanderbilt 's chromis, Chromis vanderbilti (Fowler 1941) One fish was found by C W schooling with Chromis dispilus in the Bay of Islands in April 1996, and was maintained in an aquarium until a tank failure in May 1997 (Worthington 1996). Widespread in the IndoWest Pacific, including Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands (Randall et al. 1990; Allen 1991; Francis 1993). Kermadec damselfish, Chrysiptera rapanui (Greenfield & Hensley 1970) Two photographs of a single fish were taken by Q. Bennett (Napier pers. comm.) at the Poor Knights Islands during the period 1984-86 (Fig. 8). The photographs show the golden yellow body and bluerimmed, black soft dorsal fin of the Kermadec Islands population of this species (MPF pers. obs.). The only other known population, which occurs at Easter Island, lacks the yellow colour (Allen 1991). This is the first record of the Kermadec Islands population occurring outside those islands. Kermadec scaly/in, Parma kermadecensis Allen 1987 One individual was seen and photographed by KDC and MPF on each of two occasions 11 months apart in the same location at the Poor Knights Islands (Fig. 9). It is likely that the two sightings were of the same

fish. This species was previously regarded as a Kermadec Islands endemic (Francis 1993). Pink-lined coris, Coris dorsomacula Fowler 1908 One initial phase specimen was collected in the Bay of Islands in March 1999 (NMNZ P36167) (Fig. 10). The identification was confirmed by J. E. Randall (Honolulu, Hawaii, pers. comm.) from a colour photograph. Not previously reported from New Zealand, this species is widespread in the tropical and subtropical western Pacific, ranging south to southern New South Wales (Hutchins & Swainston 1986; Randall et al. 1990; Kuiter 1993). Sunset wrasse, Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett 1839) A single juvenile was seen and photographed by MPF at the Poor Knights Islands in April 1996. It was swimming with a small school of the triplefin Obliquichthys maryannae. Widespread in the IndoPacific, including Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands (Randall et al. 1990; Francis 1993). Sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & Nodder 1791) This species was reported from New Zealand by Ayling & Cox (1982), Paulin & Stewart (1985), and Paulin et al. (1989), but the basis for their record is uncertain; no specimens are held by the Museum of New Zealand. We are aware of a report of one washed up on Ruakaka Beach in the 1930s, but were unable to locate the source or substantiate it. Ayling & Cox (1982) stated that sailfish are commonly caught by Japanese longliners off north-eastern New Zealand, but a review of 10 years of scientific observer data from tuna longliners revealed no records of this species (Francis et al. 1999). In April 1996, a 30 kg sailfish was caught in a set net in

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33

Fig. 11 Acanthocybium solandri, 24 February 1994, Bay of Islands. Tutukaka Harbour and towed ashore. Photographs of the specimen appeared in a daily newspaper and a fishing magazine (Anon. 1996; Pullman 1996). A cast of the specimen, which measures 194.5 cm from the tip of the lower jaw to the tail fork, is displayed in the Museum of Fishes, Whangarei. Wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier 1831) A small wahoo was caught off the Bay of Islands in February 1994 (Fig. 11) (Anon. 1994), and a cast of a larger specimen caught off Tutukaka in March 1996 is on display in the Museum of Fishes, Whangarei (the cast measures 171 cmFL). Both fish were caught by anglers on marlin lures. A 163 cm FL (157 cm SL) wahoo was caught on a tuna longline north-east of Aldermen Islands (Fig. 1) in January 1999 (NMNZ P35975). Its dorsal fin had 25 spines, 11 rays and 8 finlets, and the anal fin had 12 rays and 8 finlets. The snout length was slightly shorter than the remainder of the head (171 mm versus 177 mm). The specimen agrees with the description of Collette & Nauen (1983) apart from having one fewer dorsal rays (11 versus 12—16) and one fewer anal finlets (8 versus 9). Wahoo were caught frequently off north-eastern North Island in February-April 1999 (Anon. 1999a,b; pers. obs); double and triple simultaneous strikes on lures indicate the presence of small schools (Table 1). Wahoo occur in all tropical oceans (Collette & Nauen 1983), but their presence in New Zealand represents a considerable range extension.

Fig. 12 Aseraggodes bahamondei, 11 May 1995,

170 mm standard length, Poor Knights Islands. years (P. McMillan, NIWA pers. comm.). Two fish were caught at the Poor Knights Islands in May 1995 and then released alive back into the marine reserve after measuring and counting fin rays. One specimen (Fig. 12) measured 200 mm TL, 170 mm SL, and had 68 dorsal rays, 54 anal rays, and 5 pelvic rays. The second specimen measured 115 mm TL, 100 mm SL, and had 69 dorsal rays and 54 anal rays. This species is rarely seen because of its excellent camouflage and cryptic (possibly nocturnal) behaviour. Most individuals have been seen by divers on coarse sand at night. The species is otherwise known from Easter, Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands (Randall & Melendez 1987; Francis 1993).

Scribbled leatherjacket, Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck 1765) South Pacific sole, A single fish from Mayor Island was identified from Aseraggodes bahamondei Randall & Melendez 1987 a drawing and a videotape supplied by a diver. This This species has been reported from the Kermadec new record for New Zealand was distinguished from Islands (Paulin et al. 1989; Francis 1993), and by A. monoceros, which has been found occasionally name only from north-east North Island (Francis in northern New Zealand (Paulin et al. 1989), by its 1996b). Although only recently reported from colour pattern and concave dorsal and ventral mainland New Zealand, the species has been profiles of the head (Randall et al. 1990). This observed at the Poor Knights Islands for at least 10 species occurs in all tropical waters.

Francis et al.—Tropical and subtropical fishes

579

New observations of rare tropical and mainland New Zealand, but in the absence of subtropical fishes information on the growth rates of these species, it In summer-autumn 1996, 1998, and 1999, a number is impossible to determine whether or not they had of Synodus doaki, Aulacocephalus temmincki, over-wintered. Several species apparently do not Parupeneus spilurus, Upeneus francisi, Kyphosus survive their first winter in New Zealand, having bigibbus, Bathystethus cultratus, Labracoglossa been observed only as juveniles. They include nitida, Amphichaetodon howensis, Chromis fumea, Upeneus francisi, Anampses elegans, Thalassoma Sphyraena cf. acutipinnis, Coris picta, and amblycephalum, and Acanthurus dussumieri. Four Fistularia cf. commersonii were seen at the Suezichthys arquatus were seen in north-eastern New Zealand, mainly at the Poor Knights Islands and Poor Knights Islands, one in the Bay of Islands, in Bay of Islands (Table 2). Single individuals of April 1996, and one in the Bay of Plenty in May Synodus similis, Anampses elegans, Prionunts 1999. One Ostracion cubicus was seen in the Bay maculatus, and Ostracion cubicus were also of Islands in April 1999. Although these species have observed. These are all tropical or subtropical species been reported previously from New Zealand (Ayling that have been sighted sporadically in north-eastern & Cox 1982; Paulin et al. 1989), they are rare. A school of small Sphyraena sp. was observed by New Zealand in the past (Doak 1972; Ayling & Cox 1982; Francis & Evans 1993; Francis 1996a,b). MPF at the Poor Knights Islands in March 1998. There is no evidence that any of these species spawn Numbers of Sphyraena were also caught at North successfully in New Zealand, and their populations Cape, Whangaroa Harbour, Bay of Islands, and are probably maintained by recruitment from Tutukaka during summer 1998-99, and specimens collected from Whangaroa and Great Barrier Island Norfolk Island or further afield. Some of the species in Table 2 are able to survive were identified as S. acutipinnis Day 1876 by New Zealand winters. Resident schools of large Stewart (1999a,b). Sphyraena acutipinnis is the only Bathystethus cultratus are seen regularly at north- species in the genus that has been recorded from eastern Tawhiti Rahi Island in the Poor Knights mainland New Zealand*, and it also occurs at Islands (P. McMillan pers. comm.; MPF pers. obs.), Kermadec and Norfolk Islands (Francis 1993, and in Lighthouse Cove at the Mokohinau Islands 1996b). Large recruitment of juvenile Sphyraena (KDC pers. obs.). Similarly, occasional adult was also observed at Norfolk Island during summer Amphichaetodon howensis are routinely seen at 1998-99 (J. Marges, Bounty Divers, Norfolk Island specific sites around offshore islands. Otoliths from pers. comm.). five specimens of Kyphosus bigibbus (245-290 mm A large Epinephelus lanceolatus (c. 220 cm TL) SL) collected from Navire Rock, near Mokohinau was observed by P. Swanson (Whitianga pers. Islands, in February 1998 all had two growth bands comm.) at Aldermen Islands in March 1997. No (J. H. Choat, James Cook University, Townsville, photos were taken, but Swanson observed the fish Australia pers. comm.), suggesting that they had for 5-6 min, and was able to rule out other large fish recruited in 1996. Large Prionurus maculatus have species, such as Polyprion oxygeneios, P. been caught in New Zealand, some as far south as americanus, and E. daemelii. His description fits that Cook Strait (Francis 1996b), suggesting over-winter of E. lanceolatus. Francis & Evans (1993) reported survival. A single Labracoglossa nitida seen in a 2 m TL E. lanceolatus from the Poor Knights August 1998 at Mokohinau Islands was fully grown, Islands based on a photograph taken in May 1991. and may have been present in New Zealand for more It is conceivable that the Aldermen Islands fish was than a year. Two Chromis fumea observed at North the same as that seen at the Poor Knights almost 6 Cape in November 1998 were large (60 and 90 mm years earlier (the distance between the two sites is SL respectively), and could not have been recent c. 210 km). recruits, thus providing the first evidence for overDoak (1972) illustrated a juvenile Thalassoma winter survival of this species. The same amblycephalum (misidentifiedas the blenny Runula interpretation is likely for large Sphyraena cf. sp.) from the Poor Knights Islands, but we are not acutipinnis and Fistularia commersonii observed in aware of any other mainland New Zealand sightings May 1999. Occasional large individuals of Synodus doaki, S. similis, Aulacocephalus temmincki, Parupeneus spilurus, Sphvraena acutipinnis, Coris picta, and •Reported as S. novaehollandiae by Paulin et al. Suezichthys arquatus have been observed in (1989).

Table 2 New observations of tropical and subtropical fishes. (Bol, Bay of Islands; BoP, Bay of Plenty; PKI, Poor Knights Islands; MI, Mokohinau Islands; SL, standard length; TL, total length; FL, fork length.) Family

Species

Date

Place and depth

Synodontidac

Synodus doaki Russell & Cressey 1979

Fistulariidae

Synodus similis McCulloch 1921 Fislularia cf. commersonii Riippcll 1838

9 Apr 1996 Apr 1996 25 Mar 1999 10 Apr 1996 11 Apr 1996 25 Apr 1996 May 1999 28 Feb 1999 26 Mar 1997 27 Mar 1996 8-18 Apr 1996 5 May 1996 1 Mar 1999 25 Mar 1999 14 Apr 1999 13 May 1999 21 Jun 1998 Jun-Jul 1998 15 Jan 1997 17 Feb 1998 24 Mar 1998 17 Aug 1998 2Sep 1998 27 Apr 1996 Feb-Apr 1996 9 Apr 1996 11 Apr 1996 26 Apr 1997 17 Aug 1998 Apr 1999 17 Feb 1998 27 Mar 1998 14Sep 1998 10 Feb 1996 5-8 Apr 1996 12 Apr 1996 17 Apr 1996 Feb 1998 27 Mar 1998 Mar 1998 Mar 1998 5Jun 1998 9Nov 1998

South Harbour, PKI 1 Nursery Cove, PKI Several Oke Bay, Bol, 8 m 1 S. Tawhiti Rahi, PKI, 3-8 m 1 Nursery Cove, PKI, 3-8 m 3 Karerarera Bay, Bol 1 Pilot Bay, Tauranga Harbour, BoP, 6 m 1 North Cape, 5-6 m 2 Aldermen Is, 6-25 m 1 Cave Bay, PKI 1 Karerarera Bay, Bol Common Nursery Cove, PKI 1 Cape Brett, Bol, 6 m 1 Oke Bay, Bol, 6 m 1 Deepwater Cove, Bol, 4 m 1 Oke Bay, Bol 2-3 Nursery Cove, PKI 1 Nursery Cove, PKI Several Ahuriri Pt, Great Barrier Is 3 Navire Rock, near MI 5 Bartle's Bay, PKI, 2 m 1 1 Lighthouse Cove, Ml Aiguilles Is, Gt Barrier Is 1 Cape Brett 8-10 C. Brett-Oke Bay, Bol Small schools Hope Pt, PKI 1 Nursery Cove, PKI 6 Northern Arch, PKI Several Lighthouse Cove, MI 1 Bol 4 Fanal Is, MI, 12 m 1 Cave Bay, PKI 1 Fanal Is, MI, 12 m 1 Cape Brett, 4 m 1 Matai Bay 1 Blue Maomao Arch, PKI 1 Oke Bay, Bol 3 Waewaetoria Pass, Bol 1 Cave Bay, PKI, 4 m 4 Cape Brett, Bol 3 Oke Bay, Bol 2 Taranga Island, 11 m 1 Deepwater Cove, Bol, 12 m 3

Serranidae Mullidae

Aulacocephalus temmincki Bleeker 1857 Epinephelus kmceolalus (Bloch 1790) Parupeneus spilurus (Bleeker 1854)

Upeneusfrancisi Randall & Gueze 1992 Kyphosidae

Scorpidae

Kyphosus bigibbus (Laccpede 1803)

Bathystethus cultratus (Forster 1801) Labracoglossa nilida McCulloch & Waite 1916

Chaetodontidae

Amphichaetodon howensis (Waite 1903)

Pomacentridae

Chromisfumea (Tanaka 1917)

Number

©

Size 50-60 mm SL 70-80 mm SL 50 mm FL 180mmSL 170-200 mm SL lOOmmSL 600-700 mm TL 60-70 mm TL 220cmTL 30^t0 mm SL 50-60,75-95 mm SL 30-40 mmSL 30 mm SL 40 mm SL 140mmFL 70 mm FL 100-110 mm SL

z a[N p_ p

P^

190-200 mm SL 245-290 mm SL 200 mm SL

p

o %

260 mm SL 65-70, lOOmmSL 40-80 mm SL 40 mm SL 40-60 mm SL 110-140 mm FL 30mmSL 40mmSL 50 mm SL 20mmSL

&' p

E-•n

CD CD

20-30 mm SL 3 5 ^ 5 mm SL 20mmSL 25-35 mm SL 20-25 mm SL 20-25 mm SL 35 mm SL 30 mm SL

o

Q

o ft P3

Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena sp.

Labridae

Anampses elegans Ogilby 1889 Coris picia (Bloch & Schneider 1801)

Suezichthys arquatus Russell 1985

Thalassoma amblvcephalum (Bleeker 1856)

Acanthuridac

Ostraciidae

Acanthunis dussumieri Valenciennes 1835

Prionurus maculatus Ogilby 1887 Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus 1758

23Nov 1998 17 Mar 1999 18 Mar 1999 26 Mar 1998 May 1999 May 1999 May 1999 Mar 1999 27 Jan 1999 21 Mar 1999 25 Mar 1999 14 Apr 1999 11 Apr 1996 17 Apr 1996 25 Mar 1998 27 Jan 1999 25 Mar 1999 25 Mar 1999 8 Apr 1996 10 Apr 1996 11 Apr 1996 17 Apr 1996 Apr 1996 1 Mar 1999 20 Apr 1999 Feb 1996 17-25 Apr 1996 18 and 25 Mar 1999 13 May 1999 3 Mar 1999 13 Apr 1999

North Cape, 9 m Wacwactoria Pass, Bol Karerarera Bay, Bol, 5 7 m Nursery Cove, PKI, 1 m Tom Bowling Bay, North Cape Tutukaka Bol Red Head, Bol Deepwater Cove, Bol, 22 m Northern Aorangi Is, PKI E. Deepwater Cove, Bol, 25 m Deepwater Cove, Bol, 5 m Jan's Tunnel, PKI Oke Bay, Bol Deepwater Cove, Bol Deepwater Cove, Bol, 16 m E. of Deepwater Cove, Bol, 26 m Oke Bay, Bol, 5 m Blue Maomao Arch, PKI Jan's Tunnel, PKI Red Baron Caves, PKI Landing Bay, PKI Rikoriko Cave, PKI Cape Brett, Bol, 6 m Cake Is, Bol, 3-6 m Oke Bay, Bol Oke Bay, Bol, 3-6 m Karerarera Bay, Bol, 3 5m Oke Bay, Bol South-East Bay, Three Kings Is, 5 m Deepwater Cove, Bol, 15 m

2 1 1 c. 30 5 Several Several 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 4 I 1 2 1 2 1 1 I 1 I 2 1-2 7-9 1 1 1 1

60,90 mm SL 65 mm SL 40mmSL 70-100 mm SL 350-450 mm SL

o -a

75 mm SL 16mmSL

g

50 mm SL 50 mm SL 75 mm SL 35-45 mm SL 120mmSL 25 mm SL 80, 140 mm SL 70mmSL 40-50 mm SL 40-50 mm SL 35mmSL 45 mm SL 40-50 mm SL 50 mm SL 25 mm SL 350mmSL 20 mm SL

pa

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33

of this species. Six juveniles were seen scattered over a distance of c. 4 km at the Poor Knights Islands during a 10-day period in 1996 (Table 2). This suggests there had been a recent influx of larvae to that section of coastline. Juvenile Thalassoma are easily overlooked because of their small size and similarity to a number of other species, so they may be more common than these observations suggest. However, regular observations by W. Doak (Ngunguru, Northland pers. comm.) have failed to uncover other individuals.

DISCUSSION Many of the new observations of tropical and subtropical fishes reported here were made in autumn 1996, 1998, and 1999. Most of the reef fish were small juveniles, indicating that they had recruited to the reefs in summer of the same years. The oceanic pelagic species {Carcharhinus longimanus, Istiophorus platyptents, and Acanthocybium solandri) were larger and presumably older, and probably migrated to New Zealand by swimming. Platax teira and Aluterus scriptus are both known to associate with floating seaweed and other debris as juveniles and even adults, and are therefore capable of drifting considerable distances (Kuiter 1996). Major influxes of tropical and subtropical fishes were also observed in 1969-75 and 1988-90 (Russell & Ayling 1976; Choat et al. 1988; Francis & Evans 1993). These periods were characterised by higher than average SST, measured on an open coast at Leigh (Fig. 13). Major influxes of tropical and subtropical immigrants apparently occur during warm summers. Leigh SST was also above average during early 1995 (Fig. 13), but no influx of tropical and subtropical fishes was observed in that year. Our only 1995 observation was of Aseraggodes bahamondei, but because nothing is known of its growth rate, and because individuals have been seen over many years at the Poor Knights Islands, the observed fish may not have been recent arrivals. Thus above-average SST seems to be an important, but not necessarily sufficient, condition for successful immigration of larvae and oceanic pelagic species. The second half of 1996 and all of 1997 were cooler than average (Fig. 13), and few immigrants were observed during that period. Three out of the five species observed in 1997 {Parma kermadecensis, Epinephelus lanceolatus, and

Kyphosus bigibbus) were large enough to have arrived in previous years, but the 45 mm SL Chromis flavomaculata observed in March 1997 probably arrived in summer 1996-97. The sizes of the Labracoglossa nitida seen in 1997 were not recorded. One observation of Carcharhinus longimanus (in April 1988) and one observation of Acanthocybium solandri (in February 1994) were made when Leigh SSTs were average and below average respectively. So some tropical and subtropical immigrants probably also arrive in northern New Zealand in average or cool summers. Tropical marine reptiles show the same immigration pattern as fishes (Gill 1997). Reptile counts peaked in 1985, 1989, and 1996 (all warm years), but there were some observations in all years including cool ones. As for the fishes, the warmer than average 1995 produced few reptile sightings. Tropical and subtropical marine invertebrates (molluscs, echinoderms, and crabs) also appear sporadically in northern New Zealand, but their temporal patterns and relationships with SST are unclear (Manikiam 1967; Powell 1976; Francis & Evans 1993; Marshall & Crosby 1998). Tropical oceanic pelagic species are widespread and highly mobile in the South Pacific, and they presumably move southward during summer as SST increases. Their source populations are widely distributed. For reef fishes, it is difficult to distinguish between tropical immigrants and rare, permanent members of the fish fauna. However, the influx hypothesis is consistent with the following evidence: (1) many species were first recorded in New Zealand as juveniles, suggesting that they had arrived as planktonic larvae from a remote parent stock; (2) some species have been recorded in New Zealand only as juveniles, which apparently failed to survive their first winter; (3) some species survived their first winter, and individuals were observed to grow and even mature and spawn, but their populations soon declined to extinction; and (4) new species are still being recorded despite the passage of three decades since intensive underwater study of New Zealand reef fishes began (Doak 1972; Russell & Ayling 1976; Choat et al. 1988; Francis 1988; Francis & Evans 1993; Clements 1997; this paper). The transport mechanism for tropical larvae is probably the East Auckland Current (EAUC). This warm saline water mass is seaward of the shelf edge for much of the year, and is most prominent in spring and summer (Roemmich & Corauelle 1990; Laing et al. 1996; Sharpies 1997). Previously considered

Francis et al.—Tropical and subtropical fishes

583 to be a continuous south-eastwards flowing current, the EAUC is now known to be complex and variable, having semi-permanent eddies off North Cape and East Cape, and northerly counter-currents (Stanton et al. 1997; Roemmich & Sutton 1998). SST in the EAUC is generally around 2°C higher than that on the continental shelf (Sharpies 1997). Francis & Evans (1993) proposed that influx events result from the inshore transport of warm, larvae-laden, EAUC water by onshore winds. Sharpies (1997) has recently shown that such onshore transport does occur—he monitored two intrusions during spring-summer 1994—95, one of which propagated southwards into the Hauraki Gulf. The latter intrusion was responsible for the increase in SST recorded at Leigh between late 1994 and early 1995 (Fig. 13). However, Sharpies also demonstrated that such intrusions are driven by Ekman transport caused by south-easterly winds rather than onshore (north-easterly) winds. He also argued that intrusions are facilitated by thermal stratification of the upper water column, and are j _ therefore most likely to occur during springCO summer. This is consistent with observations by >_ fishers and divers that clear blue oceanic water moves closer to the coastline in north-eastern North Island during summer (Sharpies 1997). In the present study, immigrant abundance was highest at the Poor Knights Islands and outer Bay of Islands. Although this partly reflects greater observational effort at these locations during 199599, it is well established that offshore islands and prominent coastal headlands support greater numbers of tropical and subtropical species than coastal regions (Russell & Ayling 1976; Choat et al. 1988; Francis & Evans 1993; Francis 1996a). The Poor Knights Islands are situated towards the shelf edge, and coastal headlands project further into the warm EAUC than other coastal areas. This presumably enhances the likelihood of EAUC water delivering larvae of tropical and subtropical species to such sites. The most likely upstream source of reef fish larvae is Norfolk Island, where nearly all of the New Zealand immigrants occur (Francis 1993). Lord Howe Island in the western Tasman Sea is another possible source, though the much greater distance

(O0)

Fig. 13 Sea surface temperature deviations from the long-term (1967-99) mean at Leigh, smoothed with a 5month running mean.

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1999, Vol. 33

suggests that this is less likely. The occurrence of Coris dorsomacula in New Zealand is intriguing because it has not previously been reported from Lord Howe or Norfolk Islands; the nearest known localities are eastern Australia, the Coral Sea, and New Caledonia (Randall et al. 1990; Francis 1993; Kuiter 1993; J. E. Randall pers. comm.). The present study provides evidence that larvae are sometimes transported from the Kermadec Islands to north-eastern New Zealand. Parma kermadecensis and the yellow form of Chrysiptera rapanui were previously regarded as Kermadec Islands endemics (Allen 1991; Francis 1993). Both species are strongly reef-associated, and neither is considered capable of swimming to New Zealand. Current flow at the latitude of the Kermadec Islands is generally from west to east (Ridgway & Heath 1975; Roemmich & Cornuelle 1990). The discovery of seeds, logs, flotsam, and drift algae at the Kermadecs that probably or definitely originated from New Zealand (Oliver 1910; Sykes & Godley 1968; Nelson & Adams 1984) provides support for the existence of currents flowing from mainland New Zealand towards the Kermadecs. However, there is also evidence of intrusions of warm, saline water in the opposite direction (Ridgway & Heath 1975), and south-westward transport of larvae in the return flow of the anticyclonic eddies off East Cape and North Cape is plausible. Nevertheless, the discovery of just a single individual of each of P. kermadecensis and C. rapanui in mainland New Zealand indicates that larval transport from the Kermadecs to New Zealand is a rare event. Influxes of tropical species into temperate regions have also been reported from eastern and western Australia, southern Japan, south-eastern Africa, and eastern and western North America (Shepard & Randall 1976; Randall et al. 1981; Cowen 1985; Hutchins & Swainston 1986; Wilson & Allen 1987; Hutchins 1991; Kuiter 1993). In many of these locations, immigrants were usually seen first as juveniles, they were more abundant around off-shore islands than in coastal regions, and some species failed to survive past the first winter. In these respects, New Zealand influx events are consistent with a general world-wide pattern.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the following scientists, divers, and fishers who provided us with information and photographs of tropical fishes: D. Abbott, P. Bendle, Q.

Bennett, W. Doak, A. Duckworth, L. Griggs, S. Hanchet, C. Henderson, W. Henderson, P. McMillan, P. Miller, J. E. Randall, J. D. Stevens, P. Swanson, C. Ward, S. West, T. Willis, R. Win, and D. Wrightson. Some of the records of oceanic whitetip shark and wahoo were obtained from the Ministry of Fisheries' Scientific Observer Database. Peter McMillan provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.

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