New Locality Record for Heterobilharzia americana - BioOne

Journal

of Wildlife

Diseases,

27(1),

© Wildlife

New

Locality

Record

for Heterobilharzia

D. McKown,’ Johna K. Veatch,2 and Lloyd B. Fox,3 ‘Department Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Wildlife and Parks, Emporia Research Oftice, Emporia, Kansas 66801, USA

Thirty raccoons (Procyon lot or) three counties in east-central and southeast Kansas (USA) were examined for schistosomiasis. Eleven (37%) of the raccoons had adult schistosomes identified as Heterobilharzia americana present in the mesentenic vessels, histopathological lesions compatible with schistofrom

somiasis, of

or both.

This

H. americana

United

Key

the

and

first

in the

words:

Heterobilharzia raccoon,

topathology,

report

central

lotor,

species douthitti

of

his-

species

and Atlantic States.

in been

Florida reported

localities and Other

(Yamini

and

Schillhorn

van

dogs Lee,

from 1962a)

Troy et concolor al., 1985); Louisiana

Louisiana and Texas a!., 1987); coryi) from mink (Shoop

(Malek et (Sponenberg, mountain Florida

(Mustella and Corkum,

al.,

X coyote latrans)

and

et a!.,

not

1961)

raccoons

State

hound

Parks

to

training

determine

(College

of

from

Greenwood

County

rac-

Veterinary

(all from a 4.5 River between

Science

66506, counties,

USA). one

(37#{176}42’N, from

County Lyon

mile section of the 38#{176}24’N, 96#{176}09’W

and 38#{176}22’N, 96#{176}06’W) were tween April 1988 and May

received 1990. All

coons

dead

euthanized tion in (37%) 156

the on

Clinical

one from Crawford (37#{176}30’N, 94#{176}50’W), and 28

tria (Myocastor coy pus) from Louisiana (Malek et a!., 1961; Lee, 1962a); opossum (Dideiphis marsupialis) from Louisiana (Kaplan, 1964); raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Florida (Bartsch and Ward, 1976; Schaffer et a!., 1981), Georgia (Byrd et al.,

a sep-

Department

seasons

Kansas three

County Neosho

of

Emor

sent to the DepartDiagnosis at Kansas

Manhattan, raccoons from

vison) from 1982); nu-

Wildlife

pant

the

Building, Thirty

96#{176}09’W),

oband

Office, Diseased

as

Veterinary

lion (Felis (Forrester et

were of

Research USA).

were

this

reported

a trapper,

by

University

Medicine,

1961; 1976;

been

collected

populations of Veterinary

South

However,

Department

and

Loui-

white-tailed from

1967).

conducted

Wildlife of

and

sources;

Kansas

study

coon ment

swamp

from

previously

two

arate effects

Veen,

1981);

North America. used in this survey

from

et

from Pence,

hybrids (Canis from Texas and

virginianus)

has

dead of

Schaffer

Pence,

et al.,

1960; (Price,

rufus) and

aquaticus)

(Byrd

the

1981; (Canis (Custer

and Parks (Emponia poria, Kansas 66801,

1988); beaver (Castor canadensis) from Texas (Fedynich et a!., 1986); bobcat from Louisiana (Shoop and Corkum, 1982); coyote (Canis latrans) from Texas and Louisiana (Custer and Pence, 1981); domestic

1991

Medicine, College of of Veterinary Diagnosis, Kansas Department of

Ronald,

(Odocoileus

from

the nine-banded armadillo (Dasy pus novemcinctus) from Louisiana (Knotoski et al., 1984); a captive born Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) originally from Mississippi

and

(Malek

tamed

throughout

Association

Harkema, and Texas

red wolves Louisiana

from central Raccoons

Gulf Coast states records include

and 1981)

(Custer

parasite

(Price, from

156-160

(Malek et al., 1961; Lee, Corkum, 1982), North

(Sylvilagus

Carolina

mammals in the United americana was de-

and

red wolf x Canis

siana deer

of Laboratory Department 66506, USA; 2

(Miller al.,

Goff

Louisiana

schistosomes, Schistoand Heterobilharzia

from a bobcat and has since

the southern in the United

et

rabbits

americana infect States. Heterobilharzia

various

Carolina Schaffer

1981); rufus

survey.

Two matium

Louisiana Shoop

1943;

americana, Procyon

1967), 1962a;

a!., 1981); Texas and

States.

Schistosomatidae,

scnibed 1929),

represents

in Kansas

Disease

pp.

americana

Richard

ABSTRACT:

1991,

were

either

presented

by carbon a CO2 chamber. raccoons

had

dioxide Eleven adult

berac-

or were asphyxiaof thirty

schistosomes

on

SHORT

histopatho!ogical

lesions

heterobilharziasis

(Thrasher,

compatible

each

animal.

All

tissues,

157

with

1964;

Bartsch

and Ward, 1976; Krotoski et a!. Slaughter et al., 1988). Routine necropsies were performed representative tissue samples were from

COMMUNICATiONS

1984;

,

and taken

which

c!uded brain, various lymph nodes, esophagus, lung, heart, diaphragm,

in-

tongue, liven,

spleen, pancreas, stomach, small and large intestine, kidney and urinary bladder, were fixed in 10% neutral buffered fonmalin. The

small

and

large

intestines

and

FIGURE

mes-

1.

Eggs

Heterobilharzia

Any adult H. americana were easily within the vessels and were flushed into a petni dish with physiological saline, relaxed and later fixed in AFA. The num-

an eosinophilic granulomatous (Fig. 2). Eosinophils infiltrated

the

media liven

of arterioles had increased

ben of H. americana raccoons ranged

eggs tniads

were found (Fig. 3).

in the veins Eosinophils,

and

occasional

macrophages

cells

surrounded

vessels high

cleaned

were

examined

intensity

light

and

the

with shone

mesentenic the

aid

through

Bar

of

the

case, vessels

no adult flukes but viable eggs

ia were

present

aceto-canmine

in the

pair in copula U.S. National

(Beltsville,

Maryland

sion

liver.

A Semichon’s

slide

of a male

has been Parasite 20705,

number 80972). For histopathological

formalin-fixed hydrated,

of the In one

were found in the containing miracid-

stained

female in the

in each to 32.

Acces-

examination,

tissues embedded

were in

had submucosal

the

surrounding

The

pancreas

infiltrate lobular

the

trimmed, paraffin,

in

deand

found creas sponse.

within the peniportal

the

two

within the and lacked

of small

matony

reaction. eosinophilic

vessels in tissue. One

the interegg was

parenchyma of the an inflammatory

gastric

mucosa

section examined. However, lung had two foci of eggs surrounded

1976;

et

a!., 1984; Slaughter et a!., 1988). In one raccoon from Lyon County the kidney, heart, spleen, cerebrum, and cerebellum

nophages

appeared normal. Sections of the mesentenic lymph node had medullary edema with increased eosinophils. Clusters of

amined nique

schistosome eggs were found randomly throughout the lymph were surrounded by eosinophils, occasional 1). The mesentery within vessels which

cytes,

and

scattered node and lympho-

fibrous tissue had numerous were surrounded

(Fig. eggs by

Eggs

were

within

submucosa inflammatory

not

present

alveolar

Of the 11 raccoons icana, fecal samples by a fine (“Fluke-Finder”;

mesh

(Fig. for five

screening techVisual Difference,

in various

nine

locations

males

4).

H. amerwere ex-

found

were

the

sections by mac-

Old Pullman Road, Moscow, USA); all were passing viable feces. All adult schistosomes

there

a re-

5051C 83843, in the

mesentenic vessels. No were detected; however,

norhad

within

septa

positive from

panre-

within

lesions 1964;

sponse.

the

was

mal limits, but marked eosinophilic

(Thrasher, Krotoski

plasma

Sections

stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to routine histological techniques. The tissues of infected animals had typical of hetenobilharziasis Bartsch and Ward,

The and

of the portal lymphocytes,

a moderate

around connective

The

section. fibrosis

in the mucosa and but were without

inflam had

response tunica

and

eggs.

a few eggs vessels,

intestine

and

deposited Collection USA;

H&E.

100 Mm.

=

a

seen

present three

node

yes-

sel.

from

lymph

americana a raccoon.

were

mesentenic

of

of

entery

within

Idaho eggs were

throughout

single-sex

in and

the

infections

one

one

animal in

copula

JOURNAL

158

OF WILDLIFE

DISEASES,

VOL. 27, NO. 1, JANUARY

1991

....

.. #{149},

‘

N

:

‘

:‘,

s

.

#{149}

V

‘V

‘

,

‘!

‘

.

#{149}: :‘a”.

#{149}.;

.

,,..‘,.

.‘

1’

‘

‘.:

, _\4_

“‘ala

-

=-

.

FIGURE

2.

Granulomatous

a.,..;#{149}i

4

reaction

Heterobilharzia americana eggs a raccoon. H&E. Bar = 100 m.

J#{232}

,4V

‘.

FIGURE

surrounding

in the mesentery

of

present ing

pair.

In

pairings occurred, male pairing with The frequency unknown since erence

with there

which is only

to this phenomenon was common clubs

to local

multiple

in

was one female.

trans!ocate populations.

1964). private

raccoons In most

of their

place

to cases

these (476)

of

coming

from

(Schaffer

et

1934 and introduced with the

1953, from majority

over othof

Texas

(Cocknum, 1952; which are endemic

Since Kansas

1983 the importation has been controlled

(884) Stains, for H.

and

of raccoons by the

With the passage of raccoons into

of this Kansas

dropped,

it is not

whether

but

into Kansas nation for

is the most the presence

known infected

If its

occurrence

was

spread one would

of its occurrence south of Kansas,

Arkansas

Oklahoma,

such reports. Assuming the

but

probable

due

of the expect

to

disease there

in states primarily we could

to find

introduction

of

the parasite into the state via tnanslocated raccoons, its continued presence requires the existence of a suitable snail interme-

are intermediate (Lee, 1962a, and Armstrong, 1981;

Ma!ek

hosts b; Malek, 1967; et

al.,

snails,

Fossaria columella,

for H. americana 1967, 1970; Malek Goff and Ronald, 1987).

Malek

(1967)

1956), both americana.

into the state. the shipment

stopped completely. The importation of

M.

northern areas

and

surround-

of a raccoon.

Florida

into Live-

stock Commissioner of the Kansas Animal Health Department and importation is prohibited except by special permit obtained prior to the entry of the animals

has

state.

americana with

fibrosis

diate host. Two lymnaeid cubensis and Pseudosuccinea

of origin

al., 1981). Between 2,000 raccoons were er states into Kansas,

the

100

=

and

to be reports the east and no

the raccoons were simply trapped from one area and shipped to another site and released. Along with the newly introduced animals came the various diseases and parasites

Bar

..Pb

Heterobilharzia of the liver

of

triad response

the natural into suitable

this occurs is one other ref-

(Kaplan, practice for

It once

hunting supplement

another,

in which there more than one

Eggs

in periportal

inflammatory

H&E.

male/female

3.

-

IC/V

4

‘V

‘V

I ‘

I”

“I’ U’

law has it

raccoons

probable explaof H. americana

FIGURE

erobilharzia

4.

Alveolar

americana

septa

in a raccoon

eggs.

H&E.

Bar

=

with Het100 Mm.

SHORT

showed

that

should snail range

not

the be

range

of

limited

intermediate fan exceeds

parasite. The been reported

by

H.

americana

the

range

hosts because the the known range range of to include

P.

should

of

columella eastern

its

snail’s of the

be

presence to

monitored

in the

in an area

wildlife

COMMUNICATiONS

should

159

future

and

be made

specialists,

its

known

veterinarians

and

physicians.

has Kansas

We C.

would like Chitko-McKown

G.

to thank

S. for

J. Upton reviewing

and the

(Bunch, 1982), while the report of F. cubensis nearest to Kansas is of a single specimen from Oklahoma (Gneger, 1915) and

manuscript and offering suggestions. This manuscript is Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Contribution Number 90-

this

366-J.

record

is suspect.

The

intermediate host Kansas is therefore field

and

needed

laboratory

to see

known

to

saria

occur

(Leonard,

in

state

that such

Fossaria

may

be

in LITERATURE

are

lymnaeids the

on

1959)

probable

investigations

if other

modicella

most

for H. americana P. columella. Further

lesions

as Fos-

stage of to cause

to in-

this parasite has a severe dermatitis

mans (Bunks Armstrong,

and 1 967)

(Lee, 1962b),

dogs (Thrasher, (Lee, 1962b) and

cies With

1962b), cats of

many

Jung, 1960; , non-human

the

potential

Malek and primates

for

bers does

ratory

for

mestic

animal

populations

at this

Support

53:

the

host

blood The

Publ.

States

Environ-

Washington,

D.C., A

365

new

The

type

Southern

716-719. and

fluke,

1929.

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A. K. PRESTWOOD,

,

AND

W. P. MAPLES.

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two

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Journal

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of Parasitology

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COCKRUM, versity

but

ural

of

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Kansas,

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1981.

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coastal

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BURCH,

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