NOTES Antibody to Rotavirus - Europe PMC

1 downloads 0 Views 439KB Size Report
animals, monkeys, birds and man. (1, 4). The host ... human, calf and monkey rotavir- uses (6, 7, 9). .... Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi. 1. Siberian Tiger ...
NOTES A Survey of Zoo Mammals for Antibody to Rotavirus M. Petric, P.J. Middleton, W.A. Rapley, K.G. Mehren and C. Grant*

ABSTRACT The prevalence of rotavirus antibody in zoo animals was examined. A wide range of animals were found to be seropositive, indicating a widespread susceptibility to rotavirus infection.

RPSUMP Cette etude consistait A rechercher des anticorps A 1'endroit de rotavirus, dans le serum des animaux d'un jardin zoologique. Les auteurs obtinrent des r6sultats positifs, chez des individus de plusieurs esp6ces, indice d'une grande susceptibilit6 A 1'endroit de l'infection A rotavirus. Rotavirus have been isolated from a wide variety of domestic animals, monkeys, birds and man (1, 4). The host specificity of these viruses may vary. The human virus has been shown to infect piglets and calves, but rabbits were refractory to infection by human, calf and monkey rotaviruses (6, 7, 9). All rotaviruses share a common antigen that can be demonstrated

boscidea and Marsupialia. Rotavirus antibody was detected by CFT in sera at titres of 1/2 through to > 1/64. When a series of animals of the same species was tested the antibody titres invariably varied. Thus of 14 lion sera only two had any detectable antibody, and of eight Barbary sheep, seven had antibody which fixed complement at a serum dilutions of 1/8 to 1/128. Some animals had high antibody titres of 1/64 or greater. These included Bennett's Wallaby, Barbary Ape, Lowland Gorilla, Grevy Zebra, Grant's Zebra, Pronghorn, Gemsbok and Barbary sheep. Based on our studies of the human population these high titres can be interpreted to be a result of a recent infection. When the origin of the animals was examined, the majority were zoo born. The exceptions included the Wood Bison, Black Bear and the Lowland Gorilla. No obvious difference in the antibody titres could be related to the origin of these animals. A group of animals did not have nonspecific anticomplementary demonstrable antibody to the rotavirus. These are listed in Table II. activity was detected. Shown in Table I is the list of Most of these animals represented mammalian species in which rota- a subsample of their respective virus antibody was found. The ser- species and only the Spider Monies of numerous orders include the key and Bongo were single Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Pro- members of the zoo population.

by the complement fixation (CF) test (11). They also have type specific antigens which can be demonstrated by serum neutralization, immune-electron microscopy, hemmagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay (2, 3, 10, 11, 12). Based on the common antigen it is possible to determine the presence of rotavirus antibody in any animal serum be means of the CF test that employs a single common antigen preparation. In our survey, sera from a wide variety of mammals were examined for rotavirus antibody. Sera for the survey came from animals at the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo. These sera were collected from healthy animals as part of their normal veterinary care over a two year period during 1978 and 1979, and were stored at -20°C until used. The methods for the CF test and the purification of the human rotavirus antigen were described previously (7). Sera were tested at dilutions of 1/2 to 1/64. Complement fixation at 1/2 was taken as positive, provided no

*Department of Virology and The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 (Petric, Middleton and Grant) and The Metropolitan Toronto Zoo, Box 280, West Hill, Ontario M1H lNl (Rapley and Mehren). Submitted April 22, 1980.

Can. J. comp. Med. 45: 327-329 (July 1981)

327

Hence the possibility of rotavirus infection in these species cannot be ruled out. The above data clearly demonstrate that numerous species of zoo animals have experienced infections with rotaviruses. However, some or all representatives of cer-

tain species lack any trace of rotavirus antibody. Species whose members are all seronegative may not be susceptible to the types of rotavirus circulating in the zoo environment, or may be susceptible only to a type specific to that species, to which

they have not been exposed. On the basis of our findings using the rotavirus common antigen, it is not possible to speculate whether the seropositive animals were infected by their own species specific rotavirus. It is unlikely that a strain of rotavirus specific to a species could

TABLE I. Mammalian Sera Containing Rotavirus Antibody Animal MARSUPIALIA Bennett's Wallaby Grizzled Tree Kangaroo PRIMATA LEMURIADE Ring-tailed Lemur CERCOPITHECIDAE Pata Monkey Japanese Macaque Lion-tailed Macaque Barbary Ape Mandrill PONGIDAE Lowland Gorilla RODENTIA (Rodents) HYDROCHOERIDAE

Capybara CARNIVORA (Carnivores) CANIDAE (Dog Family) Raccoon Dog Arctic Wolf Coyote URSIDAE (Bear Family) American Black Bear Polar Bear FELIDAE (Cat Family) Caracal Lynx African Lion PROBOSCIDEA (Elephants) African Elephant PERISSODACTYLA EQUIDAE (Horse-family) Grant's Zebra Damaraland Zebra Grevy Zebra TAPIRIDAE Brazilian Tapir ARTIODACYTYLA (Evenhoofed) CAMELIAE (Camels) Bactrian Camel ANTILOCAPRIDAE Pronghorn CERVIDAE (Deer Family) Barasingha Silka Deer Pere David's Deer White-tailed Deer BOVIDAE Wood Bison Gaur Nilgai Sable Antelope Gemsbok Barbary Sheep (Aoudad) West Caucasian Tur Himalayan Tahr Dalls Sheep Mouflon

328

Number Sampled

Range of CF Titres

-

Macropus rufogriseus bennetti Dendrolagus inustus

5 2

1/16 - >1/64 1/64

-

Lemur catta

1

1/32

-

Cercopithecus patas Macacafuscata Macaca silenus Macaca sylvanus Papio sphinx

-

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

1

1/64

-

Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris

2

1/8

-

Nyetereutes procyonoides viverrinus Canis lupus occidental is Canis latrans thamnos

1 2 1

1/8 1/2

-

Ursus americanus americanus Ursus maritimus

4 7

- Felis caracal

13 3 1 10 5

5 14

< 1/2 - 1/8 1/8 - 1/64 1/16 < 1/2 - > 1/64 1/2 - 1/32

-

1/16

1/32

1/8

< 1/2 - 1/32 < 1/2 - 1/16 < 1/2

-

1/32

-

Panthera leo

-

Loxodonta africana

1

1/32

-

Equus burchelli bohmi Equus burchelli damarensis Equus grevyi

2 5 8

1/32 - > 1/64 1/16- 1/32 1/12 - > 1/64

-

Tapirus terrestris

1

1/8

-

Camelus bactrianus

3

< 1/2

-

Antilocapra americana americana

2

1/16 - >1/64

-

Cervus duvauceli duvauceli Cervus nippon dybowski Elaphurus davidianus Odocoileus virginianus borealis

4 2 5 5

< 1/2 - 1/4 < 1/2 - 1/2 < 1/2 - 1/8 < 1/2 - 1/16

7 1 2 1 4 8 1 5 10 5

< 1/2 - 1/32

-

Bison bison athabascae Bos gaurus

-

Boselaphus tragocamelus Hippotragus niger niger Oryx gazella gazella Ammotragus lervia lervia Capra ibex (severtzovi)

-

Ovis musimon musimon

Hemitragusjemlahicus Ovis dalli dalli

1/2

-

-

1/8

1/32

1/4 < 1/2 > 1/64

< 1/2 - > 1/64 < 1/2 - > 1/64

1/3 < 1/2 - 1/16 < 1/2 - 1/16 < 1/2 - 1/32

TABLE II. Sera Lacking Rotavirus Antibody Animal Black Lemur Spider Monkey Siberian Tiger Cheetah Moose Bongo Sitatunga Nubian Ibex

Lemur Macaco macaco Ateles geoffroyi Panthera tigris altaica Acinonyx jubatus jubatus Alces alces americana Tragelaphus eurycerus eutycerus Tragelaphus spekei Capara ibex nubiana

survive in a zoo setting with its limited populations. This is all the more apparent since rotaviruses have not yet been documented to produce latent infections in animals. Moreover, the infection period is generally very short with virus being shed mostly in the acute phase. Hence a variable degree of cross infection among the species in the zoo is very likely. In the situation where only some members of the species are seropositive, their place of birth could be significant. In the case of the lions the ten animals originating in the Ohio Zoo were seronegative while four others were seropositive. Similarly the two seronegative Barbary Apes originated from the Washington Zoo while the seropositive members were from the Toronto Zoo. The only accurate way of conclusively demonstrating rotaviruses specific for each animal species would be to obtain the virus from the stools of these animals and then perform discriminatory polypeptide or nucleic acid analyses (5, 10). To examine the whole mammalian class would be a formidable although feasible undertaking. However, this report demonstrates that most orders of mammals are

Number Samples 1 1 2 8 1 1 9 1

susceptible to the rotavirus infection, although this infection may be to a specific subgroup rotavirus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of Mr. A.W. Chan of the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo and Mr. J. Tam, Mr. C. Hewitt, Mrs. R. Pyle and Miss A. Lapinska of The Hospital for Sick Children. REFERENCES 1. EDITORIAL. Rotaviruses in Man and Animals. Lancet I: 257-259. 1975. 2. FAUVEL, M., L. SPENCE, L.A. BABIUK, R. PETRO and S. BLOCK. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition studies with a strain of Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (Bovine rotavirus). Intervirology 9: 95-105. 1978. 3. FLEWETT, T.H., A.S. BRYDEN, H. DAVIES, G.N. WOODE, J.C. BRIDGER and J.M. DERRICK. Relation between viruses from acute gastroenteritis of children and newborn calves. Lancet 2: 61-63. 1974. 4. JONES, R.C., C.S. HUGHES and R.R. HENRY. Rotavirus infection in commercial laying hens. Vet. Rec. 104: 22. 1979. 5. KALICA, A.R., C.F. GARON, R.G.

WYATT, C.A. MEBUS, D.H. VANKIRK, R.M. CHANOCK and A.Z. KAPIKIAN. Differentiation of human and calf reovirus-like agents associated with diarrhea using polycrylamide gel electrophoresis of RNA. Virology 74: 86-92. 1976. 6. MEBUS, C.A., R.G. WYATT, R.L. SHARPEE, M.M. SERENO, A.R. KALICA, A.Z. KAPIKIAN and M.J. TWEIHAUS. Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis. Infection & Immunity 14: 471-474. 1976. 7. MIDDLETON, P.J., M. PETRIC, C.M. HEWITT, M.T. SZYMANSKI and J.S. TAM. Counter-immunoelectro-osmophoresis for the detection of infantile gastroenteritis virus antigen and antibody. J. clin. Path. 29:191197. 1976. 8. MIDDLETON, P.J., M. PETRIC and M.T. SZYMANSKI. Propagation of infantile gastroenteritis virus in conventional and germ free piglets. Infection & Immunity 12: 1276-1280. 1975. 9. PETRIC, M., P.J. MIDDLETON, C. GRANT, J.S. TAM and C.M. HEWITT. Lapine rotavirus: Preliminary studies on epizoology and transmission. Can. J. comp. Med. 42: 143147. 1978. 10. THOULESS, M.E., A.S. BRYDEN, T.H. FLEWETT, G.N. WOODE, J.C. BRIDGER, G.R. SNODGRASS and J.A. HERRING. Serological relationships between rotaviruses of different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization. Archs Virol. 53: 287-294. 1977. 11. WOODE, G.N., J.S. BRIDGER, J.M. JONES, T.H. FLEWETT, A.S. BRYDEN, H.A. DAVIES and G.B.B. WHITE. Morphological and antigenic relationships between viruses (rotaviruses) from acute gastroenteritis of children, calves, piglets, mice and foals. Infection & Immunity 14: 804-810. 1976. 12. YOLKEN, R.H., B.A. BARBOUR, R.G. WYATT and A.Z. KAPIKIAN. Immune response to rotaviral infectionMeasurement by enzyme immunoassay. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 173: 552-554. 1978.

329