Inorganic fertilizers (E.g.- urea, ssp, etc.) ⢠Organic manures (E.g.- FYM, Animal excreta, etc.) ⢠Benthic sediments (E.g.- Bottom muck, silt, etc.) ⢠Dead and ...
Nutrients fixed in biomass
Food nutrients Fertilizer and organic derived nutrients
SOURCE
SINK
• Inorganic fertilizers (E.g.- urea, ssp, etc.) • Organic manures (E.g.- FYM, Animal excreta, etc.) • Benthic sediments (E.g.- Bottom muck, silt, etc.) • Dead and decaying organic matter (E.g.Decomposing feed, dead plants/animals, etc.) • Run-off from adjacent fields & catchment areas
• Utilization by primary producers. • Assimilation by secondary & tertiary consumers. • Lost into the atmosphere or surrounding environment. • Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.
SOURCE
SINK
• Feed (E.g.- Natural, supplementary, artificial) • Absorption from environment (E.g.- Through skin, gills & during osmoregulatory processes)
• Proteins & enzymes. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Vitamins, minerals & hormones.
SOURCE
SINK
• Natural food (E.g.- Phytoplankton, plants, zooplankton, bacterioplankton) • Supplementary feed (E.g.- larval feed, grow out feed, broodstock feed.) • Detritus
• Fixed into biomass or standing crop. • Lost through harvested biomass or crop. • Recycled into environment by bacterioplankton. • Locked or trapped within benthic sediments.
Macro-nutrients (required in larger quantities, i.e.- in Kg, gm, etc.)
Micro-nutrients
(required in minute quantities, i.e.- in mg, µg, I.U., etc.)
• Nitrogen (N), Phoshphorus (P), Pottasium (K), Inorganic carbon (C) (in Kg)
• Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) (in gm)
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Chlorine (Cl), Boron (B), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Sillicon (Si), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg). (in mg) • Vitamins A,D,E,K, (in µg ) B-complex, C, Choline, Inositol, biotin, etc. (in I.U.)
SOURCE (in aquatic systems) Weathering of phosphorus containing rocks, Phosphate fertilizers
Agricultural and urban drainage
Atmospheric dust
Animal waste
Decomposition of organic matter
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
SOURCE (in aquatic systems)
Fertilisation
Precipitation
Run-off
N-fixing algae
Decomposition of organic matter
Seepage
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
(From Knud-Hansen, 1998)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Forms of Carbon
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Carbonate (CO32-)
SOURCES (in aquatic systems) Solution of atmospheric CO2
Dissolution of the common rock limestone
Decomposition of organic matter
Relationship between pH and approximate relative percentages of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (Knud-hansen, 1998)
Diel (24-hour) curves of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), ammonia-N, alkalinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a productive pond. (Knud-hansen, 1998)
Oxygen & Water Cycle in Pond
Oxygen consumption pattern (Principles of aquaculture, 1998) During algal bloom or weed infestation
Ideal
During cloudy day During continuous cloudy day
Element
% of dry weight
Source
Function
50
organic compounds or CO2
Main constituent of cellular material
20
H2O, organic compounds, CO2, and O2
Constituent of cell material and cell water; O2 is electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
Nitrogen
14
NH3, NO3, organic compounds, N2
Constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids nucleotides, and coenzymes
Hydrogen
8
H2O, organic compounds, H2
Main constituent of organic compounds and cell water
3
inorganic phosphates (PO4)
Constituent of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, LPS, teichoic acids
Carbon
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Constituent of cysteine, methionine, glutathione, several coenzymes
Sulfur
1
SO4, H2S, S, organic sulfur compounds
Potassium
1
Potassium salts
Main cellular inorganic cation and cofactor for certain enzymes
Magnesium
0.5
Magnesium salts
Inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymatic reactions
Calcium salts
Inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain enzymes and a component of endospores
Iron salts
Component of cytochromes and certain nonheme iron-proteins and a cofactor for some enzymatic reactions
Calcium
Iron
0.5
0.2
Micronutrient
Utility
Active Form
Inorganic
Major nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash and Calcium
Organic
Animal waste
Green manure Minor elements: Manganese, Boron, Sulphur, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc
Compost
Item
Organic fertilizers
Inorganic fertilizers
Storage
Difficult, only short time
Easy, possibly for long time
Distribution
Difficult, esp. on larger scale
Easy
Mineral content
Variable, low
Consistent, high to very high
Organic matter
Present
Absent
Effect on soil structure
Improvement
No
Direct food for fish
Yes
No
Decomposition process
Yes, with oxygen consumption No
Price
Low to medium
High to very high
Cost per nutrient unit
Higher
Lower
Availability
Possibly in neighbourhood or even on own farm
Commercial suppliers only; sometimes imported
Direct pond fertilization
Possible by raising animals on or near the pond
Not feasible
Excessive: >2.5% High: 1.5-2.5% Medium: 0.5-1.5% Poor: 500ppm Medium: 250500ppm Low: 120ppm
Average: 30-60ppm Poor: 20
Good: 15-20 Best: 10-15
Unsuitable : 0.2 mg/l
Nitrates > 2 mg/l
Potassium > 1 mg/l
Total P > 0.4 mg/l
Total N > 1.5-3 mg/l
Oxygen > 4 mg/lit
Best P:N ratio = Total alkalinity Total Hardness pH – 7.5 to 8.5 1:4 to 1:8 60 – 400 ppm 40 – 300 ppm (Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Fertilizer
Phosphorus Eq. P2O5
Total P (P2O5 x 0.44)
Potassium Eq. K2O
Total K (K2O x 0.83)
PHOSPHATE FERTILISERS Basic slag
16-20
7.0-8.8
-
-
Superphosphate
14-20
6.2-8.8
-
Trace
Triple superphosphate
44-54
19.4-23.8
-
-
Fertilizer
Phosphorus Eq. P2O5
Nitrogen
Total P (P2O5 x 0.44)
N
NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS Ammonium nitrate
-
-
33-35
Ammonium sulphate
-
-
20-22
Ammonium phosphate
20-48
8.8-21.1
11-16
Di-ammonium phosphate
48-52
21.1-22.9
18-21
Calcium nitrate
-
-
15-16
Sodium nitrate
-
-
15-16
Urea
-
-
42-47
Fertilizer
Nitrogen N
Potassium Eq. K2O
Total K (K2O x 0.83)
POTASSIC FERTILIZERS
Kainite (MgS04+KCI)
-
20
16.6
Potassium nitrate
13-14
44-46
36.5-38.2
Potassium sulphate
-
45-54
37.4-44.8
Muriate of potash
-
50-62
41.5-51.5
Animal/Poultry
Country
N
P
K
0.20
2.00
percent of oven-dry weight Buffalo Dung
India
0.75
Horse Dung
India
1.88
0.52
1.00
Cattle Dung
India
1.65
0.44
0.83
Sheep Dung
India
1.55
0.70
0.72
Goat Dung
India
2.04
0.73
0.47
Animal/Poultry
Country
N
P
K
Pig Dung
China
2.66
1.37
1.47
Duck Droppings
India
2.15
1.13
1.15
Chicken Droppings
India
2.87
1.28
1.95
Pond Types (Productivity)
Organic Carbon (%)
Available Nutrients (mg/100g)
Nutrient requirement (Kg/ha)
Total quantity of fertilizer or manure (Kg/ha/yr)
Low
Below 0.5
N: below 25
N: 200-250 P2O5: 100-125 Org. C: 600-720
Urea @225-290 SSP@315-405 Cow dung@ 10000-12000
N: 150-200 P2O5: 75-100 Org. C: 480-600
Urea @156-225 SSP@219-315 Cow dung@ 8000-10000
N: 100-150 P2O5: 50-75 Org. C: 300-480
Urea @112-156 SSP@156-219 Cow dung@ 5000-8000
P2O5: below 3 Medium
0.5 – 1.5
N: 25 - 50
P2O5: 3 - 6 High
1.5 – 2.5
N: above 50
P2O5: above 6
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Amino acid
% of protein
% of diet
Arginine
4.2
1.6
Histadine
2.1
0.8
Isoleucine
2.3
0.9
Leucine
3.4
1.3
Lysine
5.7
2.2
Methionine
3.1
1.2
Phenylalanine
6.5
2.5
Threonine
3.9
1.5
Tryptophan
0.8
0.3
Valine
3.6
1.4
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
(Handbook of Fisheries, 2011, ICAR Publ.)
Vitamin
Requirement (mg/kg diet)
Major vitamin deficiency symptoms
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A
10 000 IU
Faded colour, exophthalmia, hemorrhages on fin and skin
Vitamin D
N
None detected
Vitamin E
200–300
Muscular dystrophy, mortality
Vitamin K
N
None detected
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Thiamin
Na
Nervousness and fading of body colour.
Riboflavin
7.0
Hemorrhages on skin, fin, mortality
Pyridoxine
5–6
Nervous disorders
Pantothenic acid
30–50
Nidcotinic acid
28
Hemorrhages on skin, mortality
Biotin
1
Poor growth
Folic acid
N
None detected
Vitamin B12
N
None detected
Choline
4 000
Inositol
440
Skin lesions
Ascorbic acid
Na
Impaired collagen formation
Poor growth, exophthalmia
anaemia,
Fatty liver
skin
hemorrhages,
Minerals
Quantity/Kg of diet Primary minerals
Calcium
10-18 g
Phosphorus
18 g
Magnesium
0.8-1 g
Sodium
6g
Potassium
9g
Sulphur
0.2 g
Minerals
Quantity/Kg of diet
Trace Elements Manganese
20 mg
Zinc
50-100 mg
Iron
5-20 mg
Cobalt
10 mg
Selenium
1 mg
Chlorine
Traces
Copper
25 mg
Molybdenum
Traces
Chromium
Traces
Fluorine
Traces
