Nutrition & Food Hygiene

Unit 5:

Nutrition & Food Hygiene

‫‪English for the Students of Public Health‬‬

‫ ‪116‬‬

‫آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺎي درس‬ ‫درس ﭘﻨﺞ داراي ﺳﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ (1):‬ﻣﺘﻦ اﺻﻠﻲ)‪(Reading‬؛ )‪(2‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﻧﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫)‪(Further Reading‬؛ )‪(3‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮدﻧﻲ)‪.(Cloze‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان‪ Nutrition & Growth‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ در رﺷﺪ ﻛﻮدك ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازد‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪﻧﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪Protecting the Consumer Food‬‬ ‫‪ Quality and Safety‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻮادﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ در ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺮدازد و ﺑﻪ راه ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻮادﻏﺬاﻳﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬا اﺷﺎره دارد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮدﻧﻲ ‪General Disease Related to Foodborne Information‬‬

‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪف ﻛﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ واژﮔﺎن و اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻣﻮادﻏﺬاﻳﻲ« و‬ ‫درك ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ و ﻣﺘﻮن ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪف ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ از ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮي اﻳﻦ درس ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮم و ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي زﻳﺮ را در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ دﻫﻴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Regular, regularly, protect, protective, ensure, discover, discovery,‬‬ ‫‪connect, connection, indicate, indication, indicator, offer(n.),‬‬ ‫‪offer(v.), adequate, obtain, maintain, maintenance, supply(n.),‬‬ ‫‪supply(v.), supplement(n.), supplement(v.), exclusive, check(n.),‬‬ ‫‪check(v.), variety, variation, interact, interaction, interactive.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺘﻦ اﺻﻠﻲ را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و درك ﻛﻨﻴﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺟﺎﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮدﻧﻲ)‪ (Cloze‬را ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از واژﮔﺎن داده ﺷﺪه ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬واژﮔﺎن ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪ ،‬اﺻﻼﺣﺎت‪ ،‬واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺮﻛﺐ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎرﮔﺮاف و‬ ‫ﺟﺪول ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ درس را ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬


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KEY WORDS: Before reading the TEXT, look through the following key words, and then do the KEY WORDS REVIEW.

Part I regular adj 1 EQUAL SPACES a regular series of things has the same amount of time or space between each thing and the next: His breathing was slow and regular. at regular intervals: Plant the seeds at regular intervals.

2 EVERY DAY [usually before noun] happening or doing sth many times and often at the same times every day, month, year etc: I really miss the security of a regular pay cheque. | on a regular basis: It has always been our policy to review staff productivity on a regular basis.

3 OFTEN [only before n.] happening or doing sth very often: regular customer/visitor: Old Joe is one of the supermarket's regular customers.

4 USUAL [only before n.] normal or usual: Driving the van was a change from his regular duties.

5 NORMAL [only before n.] especially AmE of a normal or standard size: a regular coke 6 ORDINARY especially AmE ordinary, without any special feature or qualities: Regular teachers just don't have the training to deal with problem children.

regularly adv 1 at regular times, for example every day, week, or month: The club meets regularly once a fortnight. 2 often: I am regularly invited to give talks about my

at regular intervals= /‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞِ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬

staff= the people who work for an organization, especially a school or business

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English for the Students of Public Health

time in Nepal.

3 evenly arranged or shaped: a fence with regularly spaced vertical posts

protect v 1 to keep someone or sth safe from harm, damage, or illness: protect sb/sth from sth: Try to protect your skin from the sun. | Kids should be protected from all that violence. | protect sth: laws protecting the rights of disabled people | I have to protect my reputation. | protect sb/sth against: a natural camouflage that protects them against predators | [+ against]: locks to protect against burglars

2 to keep sth such as an old building or a rare animal safe from harm or destruction, by means of special laws

violence ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ‬

reputation= ‫ﺷﻬﺮت‬

camouflage ‫اﺳﺘﺘﺎر‬

protection n 1 [uncountable] the act of protecting or state of being protected: You're guaranteed police protection if you testify in court. | [+ against]: Take these vitamins daily for protection against minor infections. give/offer/provide protection (=protect): Helen's thin coat gave little protection against the cold.

2 [uncountable] the promise of payment from an insurance company if sth bad happens: Our FiveStar Policy offers complete protection in case of fire. 3 [singular] sth that protects [+ against]: Wear a bullet-proof vest as a protection against snipers.

protective adj 1 [only before noun] used or intended for

sniper= ‫ﺗﻚ ﺗﻴﺮاﻧﺪاز‬


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protection: protective clothing | protective legislation 2 wanting to protect someone from harm or danger, often in a way that unintentionally restricts their freedom: [+ towards/of]: I can't help feeling protective towards my kids. — protectively adverb

ensure v to make it certain that sth will happen: All the necessary steps had been taken to ensure their safety.[+ that]: His wife ensured that he took all his pills every day.

discover v 1 to find sth that was hidden or that people did not know about before: I've just discovered a secret drawer in my old desk. | The Curies are best known for discovering radium.

2 to find out sth yourself, without being told about it: discover that: Police discovered that Kim's son was dealing in drugs. [+ who/what/how etc]: Emily's not even two, but she's discovered how to open doors.

3 to notice someone who is very good at sth and help them to become successful and well-known discovery n 1 [countable] a fact or thing that someone discovers that was hidden or not known about before: recent archaeological discoveries | make a discovery: Astronomers have made significant discoveries about our galaxy.

2 [countable] sth that you learn or find out

archaeology the study of the past, based on objects or parts of buildings that are found in the ground

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yourself, without being told about it [+ that]: The discovery that her assistant had lied made Patty decide to fire him.

3 [uncountable] the act of discovering sth [+ of]: The discovery of oil in Alaska was a boon to the boon= economy.

connect v 1 JOIN to join two or more things together: This railway line connects London and Edinburgh. | connect sth to/with: Connect the speakers to the record player and plug it in.

2 REALIZE to realize that two facts, events, or people are related to each other: She did not connect the two events in her mind. | connect sb/sth with: They did not at first connect her with the crime.

3 ELECTRICITY/GAS ETC to join sth to the main supply of electricity, gas, or water, or to the telephone network: Has the phone been connected yet? —opposite disconnect

connection n 1 STH THAT CONNECTS THINGS [countable] the way in which two facts, ideas, events etc are related to each other, and one is affected or caused by the other: [+ between]: the connection between smoking and cancer | [+ with]: His statement had no connection with anything that had gone before. | find/establish a connection (=prove or

discover that sth is connected with sth else): Police have so far failed to establish a connection

‫ ﻣﻮﻫﺒﺖ‬،‫اﻣﺘﻴﺎز‬


between the two murders. | make a connection (=realize that there is a connection): The evidence was there in the file but no one made the connection.

2 JOINING THINGS TOGETHER [uncountable] the joining together of two or more things: Connection to the water mains takes only a few minutes. 3 in connection with concerning sth: The police are interviewing two men in connection with the robbery.

indicate v 1 FACTS to show that a particular situation exists or that sth is likely to be true: The survey results seem to indicate a connection between poor housing conditions and bad health. | indicate that: This indicates that diabetes is more widespread than people believe.

2 POINT AT to direct someone's attention to sth, for example by pointing: “She's the teacher I was telling you about,” whispered Toby, indicating a woman in a simple cotton dress.

3 YOUR WISHES/INTENTIONS to say or do sth to make your wishes, intentions etc clear: The Russians have already indicated their willingness to co-operate.| indicate that: Ralph patted the sofa to indicate that she should join him.

4 A SIGN FOR to be a sign for sth; represent: The symbols indicate different groups of sounds.

indication n [countable, uncountable] a sign that sth is probably happening or that sth is probably true [+ of]: He gave no indication of his own feelings at all. [+ that]: a clear indication that they

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were in financial difficulty

indicator n [countable] 1 sth that can be regarded as a sign which shows you in what way a situation is changing: All the main economic indicators suggest that trade is improving.

2 a pointer on a machine that shows the temperature, pressure, speed etc offer v 1 to say that you are willing to give someone sth, or to hold sth out to them so that they can take it: offer sb sth: You haven't offered Grandma any ice cream. | They offered him a very good job but he turned it down. | offer sth to sb: Offer some coffee to the guests.

2 to say that you are willing to pay a particular amount of money: offer (sb) sth for: They've offered us £75,000 for the house. | The police are offering a reward for any information. 3 to say that you are willing to do sth: I don't need any help, but it was nice of you to offer. | offer to do sth: My dad has offered to pick us up. | Shelly didn't

even offer to help.

4 to provide sth that people need or want: He offered no explanation for his actions. | offer sth to sb: Senator Joseph's speech will have offered little comfort to bankrupt businessmen. | have sth to offer (to sb): Edinburgh has a great deal to offer to visitors in the way of entertainment.

offer n [countable] a statement that you are


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willing to give someone sth or do sth for them [+ of]: an offer of assistance | offer to do sth: an offer to help | turn down/refuse/decline an offer (=say no to an offer): He turned down the offer of a free trip to Milan.

KEY WORD REVIEW (Part I): Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences using the correct form of the words from the list below. There are some more words than you will need. Some of the words could be used more than once. _____________________________________________________________________________________

connect connection discover discovery ensure indicate indicator indication offer protect protection protective regular regularly 1. Ali is our ………….. patient in our clinic. 2. By ………….. against childhood infections, it has also reduced malnutrition. 3. Clean drinking water can be obtained from a ………….. maintained, controlled and chlorinated piped supply.. 4. Breast-feeding provides natural ………….. against infection in early life and helps to build up immunity. 5. Koch ………….. that bacteria cause tuberculosis in people. 6. Evidence of a ………… role of fiber against certain types of cancer is sufficient for many health bodies to recommend a diet rich in fiber. 7. From the age of six months to one year, breastfeeding should be ………….. before other foods, to be sure the infant takes plenty of breastmilk every day. 8. Families can help prevent tuberculosis if they ………….. that children are fully immunized – BCG immunization offers some protection against some forms of tuberculosis.

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9. Childhood fruit consumption may have a long term ………….. effect on cancer risk in adults. 10. Through applications of the ………….. made in microbiology, medicine has achieved its greatest successes in diagnosis, prevention, and cure of diseases. 11. Breastfeeding helps ………….. babies from common illnesses and ensures good physical and mental growth and development. 12. In some countries, additional vaccine doses, called ‘booster shots’, are …………..after the first year of life. These shots make the vaccine protection even more effective.

KEY WORDS: Before reading the TEXT, look through the following key words, and then do the KEY WORDS REVIEW. Part II adequate adj 1 an adequate amount is enough for a particular purpose: The research cannot be completed without adequate funding. | [+ for]: Are the parking facilities adequate for fifty cars?

2 good enough in quality for a particular purpose or activity: Without the proper resources the department cannot do an adequate job.

3 fairly good but not excellent: Her performance was adequate but lacked originality. - adequately adv : She wasn't adequately insured.

- adequacy n [uncountable] obtain v formal 1 to get sth that you want, especially through your


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own effort, skill, or work: Further information can be obtained from head office. | They've extended the growing season to obtain a larger crop. | the difficulty of obtaining credit

2 if a situation, system, or rule obtains, it continues to exist: These conditions no longer obtain. maintain v 1 MAKE STH CONTINUE to make sth continue in the same way or at the same high standard as before: Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power. | our commitment to maintaining a high-quality service

2 LEVEL/RATE to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same: It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse.

3 MACHINE/BUILDING to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by looking after it: The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained.

4 MONEY/FOOD to provide someone with the things they need, such as money or food: How can you maintain a family on $900 a month?

5 maintain life to provide animals, plants etc with the things they need in order to exist maintenance n [uncountable] the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition [+ of]: The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings.

equipment= ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬

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supply n 1 AMOUNT AVAILABLE [countable] an amount of sth that is available to be used [+ of]: a regular supply of fresh vegetables | More donors are

donor=

needed as blood supplies are running low.

‫اﻫﺪاء ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

2 be in short supply if sth is in short supply, there is very little of it available and it is difficult to get: Chocolate was in short supply during the war. 3 gas/electricity/water supply a system that is used to supply gas etc: cut off a supply (=stop the supply): During the drought some households had their water supply cut off. 4 NECESSARY THINGS supplies [plural] food,

clothes and things necessary for daily life, especially for a group of people over a period of time: A convoy of trucks packed with vital medical supplies succeeded in reaching the town. 5 supply and demand [uncountable] the

relationship between the amount of goods for sale and the amount that people want to buy, especially the way it influences prices 6 ACT OF SUPPLYING [uncountable] the act or process of supplying sth: The military government is trying to stop the supply of guns to the rebels. | supply of oxygen to the brain

supply v to provide people with sth that they need or want, especially regularly over a long period of time: supply sb with sth: US forces mounted a massive informer air operation to keep the city supplied with food. | An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime. supply sth to sb: They were

‫ﻣﺨﺒﺮ‬


arrested for supplying drugs to street dealers.

supplement n [countable] sth that you add to sth else to improve it or make it complete: a dietary supplement

supplement v to add sth, especially to what you earn or eat, in order to increase it to an acceptable level : supplement sth by/with: Kia supplements her regular salary by tutoring in the evenings. - supplementation n [uncountable]

exclusive adj 1 exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them: Bel Air is an exclusive suburb of Los Angeles. | an exclusive girls' school

2 available only to particular people, so that only they can have, do, or use sth: be exclusive to sb: This offer is exclusive to readers of The Sun. exclusive access/rights/use etc: Rafferty managed to gain exclusive control of the company. 3 exclusive report/interview/coverage a report,

interview etc which is only printed in one newspaper or broadcast by one television programme: Tune in to our exclusive coverage of Wimbledon. - exclusively adv - exclusiveness n [uncountable]

check n 1 ON SAFETY/CORRECTNESS/TRUTH ETC

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[countable] an act of finding out if sth is safe, correct, true, or in the condition it should be: the airport's routine security checks [+ on]: the need for tighter checks on arms sales | have a check: Have a check in your bag first and see if it's there. | eye/blood pressure/dental etc check (=done to make sure you are healthy) | carry out a check (on): We will carry out a check on options available to you. | spot check (=a quick check of one thing

among a group of things, that you do without customs warning): Customs officers will do spot checks for drugs officers= and other illegal goods. 2 keep a check (on sb/sth) to watch or listen to sth

or someone regularly or continuously, in order to control sth or gather information: Keep a check on your speed. | Their phones had even been tapped to keep a check on their activities. 3 run/do a check to organize an examination of sth or someone in order to find out information: run a check on sb: Troy's staying late to run some background checks on suspects. do a check for sth: I'd better do a check for gas leaks.

4 A CONTROL ON STH sth that controls sth else and stops it from getting worse, continuing to happen etc: Higher interest rates will act as a check on public spending. | keep/hold sb/sth in check (=keep someone or sth under control): It was obvious she was barely holding her temper in check.

5 PATTERN [countable, uncountable] a pattern of squares, especially on cloth: I don't like checks or stripes, just plain colors. | a check shirt/jacket etc (=made with this cloth)

‫ﻣﺎﻣﻮران‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺮگ‬


6 FROM YOUR BANK [countable] AmE one of a set of printed pieces of paper that you can sign and use instead of money to pay for things; CHEQUE BrE [+ for]: a check for $30 | by check: Is it okay to pay by check?

check v 1 FIND OUT to do sth in order to find out whether sth that you think is correct, true, or safe really is correct, true, or safe: “Are all the windows shut?”/“I'll just go and check.” | check sth: I'll check my calendar and get back to you. | [+ that]: They're entitled to check that the will is valid, of course. | [+ whether/ how/who etc]: Let me just check whether the potatoes are cooked. | [+ for]: Have these cables been checked for faults? | check sth against/with sth (=compare sth

with sth else to see whether they are the same): Upon delivery, the items are checked against the original order. | double check (=look at sth twice to be sure about sth): Double check all the spellings, especially of people's names.

2 ASK SB to ask someone for permission to do sth or ask whether sth is correct: I'm not authorized to give you a refund - I'll have to check first. [+ that]: We'd better check that these are the right pills. | [+ whether/how/who etc]: Let's stop and check whether this is the right road. | check with sb: It's wise to check with your doctor before going on a diet.

3 NOT DO STH to suddenly stop yourself from saying or doing sth because you realize it would be better not to: Susan quickly turned aside, checking an urge to laugh out loud. | check yourself: “You

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shouldn't have...” he checked himself, trying to stay calm.

4 STOP STH to stop sth bad from getting worse or continuing to happen etc: Speed bumps will be installed to check the neighborhood traffic. check sth over phrasal verb

1 to look closely at sth to make sure it is correct or acceptable: Will you check over my essay before I hand it in?

2 to examine someone to make sure they are healthy: They've checked her over and given her all these tests and she's fine.

variety n 1 a variety of a lot of a particular type of things that are different from each other: The girls come from a variety of different backgrounds. | a wide variety of: The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors.

2 DIFFERENCES [uncountable] the differences within a group, set of actions etc that make it interesting: add variety to (=make sth more interesting): There was little she could do to add variety to her daily routine.

3 PLANT/ANIMAL [countable] a type of plant or animal that is different from others in the same group [+ of]: a new variety of apple 4 TYPE OF PERSON/THING [countable usually singular] often humorous a particular type of person or thing: of the...variety: The men are mostly of the noble, long-suffering husband variety!

variation n 1 [countable, uncountable] a difference or change


from the usual form of sth [+ in]: There are wide regional variations in house prices.

2 [countable] sth that is done in a way that is different from the way it is usually done [+ on]: an interesting variation on the theme of betrayal and revenge

interact v 1 if people interact with each other, they talk to each other and understand each other [+ with]: Vanessa interacts well with other children in the class.

2 if two or more things interact, they have an effect on each other and work together: social and economic factors interacting to produce a recession | hormones interacting in the body

interaction n [countable, uncountable] 1 a process by which two or more things have an effect on each other and work together: [+ of]: the interaction of the tones of demand and supply | [+ with/ between]: complex interaction between mind and body 2 the activity of talking to other people and understanding them [+ with/between]: the degree of interaction between teacher and student

interactive adj 1 interactive teaching methods, processes etc involve people working together and discussing what they do 2 interactive programs computer programs etc involving communication between a computer and the person using it: interactive educational

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software — interactively adverb — interactivity n [uncountable]

KEY WORD REVIEW (Part II): Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences using the correct form of the words from the list below. There are some more words than you will need. Some of the words could be used more than once. _____________________________________________________________________________________

adequate adequately check exclusively interact interaction maintain maintenance obtain supply supplement variety variation

1. In addition to breastmilk, ………….. complementary foods should be provided to children older than six months. 2. Information can also be ………….. from a doctor, nurse, teacher, family planning clinic, and youth or women’s organization. 3. A mother traveling without her nursing infant or child may take steps to preserve breastfeeding and …………..her milk supply while separated. 4. Families have fewer illnesses when they have an ………….. supply of clean water and know how to keep it free of germs. 5. Children with disabilities should be encouraged to play and ………….. with other children. 6. Information may be ………….. through assessments of the location of services with respect to local census data or in some cases through population-based surveys. 7. The baby needs no other food or drink while waiting for the mother’s milk ………….. to increase. 8. Vitamins are essential to healthy living, and they perform best when there are ………….. amounts of each and every one.


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9. Early ………….. of atherosclerosis, the most common cause of heart disease, begin as early as childhood and adolescence. 10. Vitamin C appears to ………….. blood vessel flexibility and improve circulation in the arteries of smokers. 11. In urban areas, government support is needed for low-cost sanitation and drainage systems, improved drinking water ………….., and garbage collection. 12. Children six months and older need to get vitamin A from other foods or …………... 13. Iron ………….. for pregnant women protect both women and their babies. 14. Feeding infants ………….. from the breast during the first four to six months; giving them no fluid or food other than breast milk minimize the risk of diarrhea and respiratory infections- common causes of death in children. 15. If the child is frequently ill, he or she should be ………….. by a trained health worker. 16. The most important way children develop and learn is through ………….. with others. 17. Bacteria cause a ………….. of chemical changes in the substance on which they grow; they can decompose many substances. 18. A health worker can …………..the infant’s health and counsel the mother on how to increase the infant’s intake of breastmilk. 19. The complex ………….. between health, diet, poverty, and other socio-economic factors are gradually unfolding. 20. However, lower-level ………….., which tend to focus on the supply and demand of health and family planning services, are often more program-specific and may be best defined according to the special priorities and working conditions of a given mission’s program.

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READING

Nutrition and Growth egular weight gain is the most important sign that a child is growing and health centre developing well. The child should be weighed during every visit to a. A child who is given only breastmilk for about the first six months usually grows well during this time. Breastfeeding helps protect babies from common illnesses and ensures good physical and mental growth and development. Infants who are not breastfed may not learn as easily as breastfed infants. If a child does not gain weight for two months, he or she may need larger servings or more nutritious food, may be sick or may need more attention and care. Parents and health workers need to act quickly to discover the cause of the problem. Each young child should have a growth chart. The child’s weight should be marked with a dot on the growth chart each time he or she is weighed, and the dots should be connected after each weighing. This will produce a line that shows how well the child is growing. If the line goes up, the child is doing well. A line that stays flat or goes down indicates cause for concern. If a child is not regularly gaining weight or growing well, there are some important questions to ask: Is the child eating often enough? A child needs to eat three to five times a day. A child with disabilities may require extra help and time for feeding. Is the child receiving enough food? If the child finishes his or her food and wants more, the child needs to be offered more. Do the child’s meals have too little ‘growth’ or ‘energy’ foods? Foods that help the child grow are

R


meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, grains and pulses. A small amount of oil will add energy. Red palm oil or other vitamin-enriched edible oils are good sources of energy. Is the child refusing to eat? If the child does not seem to like the taste of a particular food, other foods should be offered. New foods should be introduced gradually. Is the child sick? A sick child needs encouragement to eat small, frequent meals. After an illness, the child needs an extra meal every day for a week. Young children need extra breastmilk for at least a week. If the child is frequently ill, he or she should be checked by a trained health worker. Is the child getting enough foods with vitamin A to prevent illness? Breastmilk is rich in vitamin A. Other foods with vitamin A are liver, eggs, dairy products, red palm oil, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, and many green leafy vegetables. If these foods are not available in adequate amounts, as is the case in many developing countries, a child needs a vitamin A capsule twice a year. Is the child being given breastmilk substitutes by bottle? If the child is younger than six months, exclusive breastfeeding is best. From 6 to 24 months breastmilk continues to be the best milk as it is an important source of many nutrients. If other milk is given, it should be fed from a clean, open cup, rather than from a bottle. Are food and water kept clean? If not, the child will often be ill. Raw food should be washed or cooked. Cooked food should be eaten without delay. Leftover food should be thoroughly reheated. Water should come from a safe source and be kept clean. Clean drinking water can be obtained from a regularly

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enrich= to improve the quality of sth, especially by adding things to it

raw=not cooked

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maintained, controlled and chlorinated piped supply. Clean water can also be obtained from a tubewell, handpump, protected spring or well. If water is drawn from ponds, streams, springs, wells or tanks, it can be made safer by boiling. Are faeces being put in a latrine or toilet or buried? If not, the child may frequently get worms and other sicknesses. A child with worms needs deworming removing deworming medicine from a health worker. Is the young child left alone much of the time worms or in the care of an older child? If so, the young child may need more attention from adults and more stimulation, especially during meals. In the early months, when the baby is most at risk, exclusive breastfeeding helps to protect against diarrhea and other common infections. By about six months, a child needs other types of foods and drinks. Breastfeeding should continue into the second year. If an infant under six months of age is not gaining weight, he or she may need to breastfeed more frequently. A breastfed infant under six months needs no other fluids, not even water. A breastfed infant who is not gaining weight may be ill, or may not be getting enough breastmilk. A health worker can check the infant’s health and counsel the mother on how to increase the infant’s intake of breastmilk. Starting at about six months of age, infants need other foods, called complementary foods, in addition to breastmilk. The child’s diet should include peeled, cooked and mashed vegetables, grains, pulses and fruit, some oil, as well as fish, eggs, chicken, meat or dairy products to provide vitamins and minerals. The greater the variety of foods, the better. Babies aged 6 to 12 months should be breastfed frequently and before being given other foods.


After six months of age, the risk of infection increases as the child begins to eat other foods and starts to crawl. Both the child’s hands and the child’s food should be kept clean. Children aged 12 to 24 months should continue to breastfeed after meals and whenever they wish. Poor nutrition in the first two years can slow a child’s physical and mental development for the rest of her or his life. In order to grow and stay healthy, young children need a variety of nutritious foods such as meat, fish, pulses, grains, eggs, fruits and vegetables, as well as breastmilk. A child’s stomach is smaller than an adult’s, so a child cannot eat as much at one meal. But children’s energy and body-building needs are great. So it is important that children eat frequently to provide for all their needs. Foods such as mashed vegetables, a little chopped meat, eggs or fish should be added to the child’s food as often as possible. A small amount of oil may be added, preferably red palm oil or another vitaminenriched oil. If meals are served in a common dish, younger children may not get enough food. Young children should have their own plate or bowl of food to ensure they can eat what they need and so the parent or caregiver can see how much they have eaten. Young children may need encouragement to eat and may need help in handling food or utensils. A child with a disability may need extra help eating and drinking. Until children are six months of age, breastmilk provides them with all the vitamin A they need, provided the mother has enough vitamin A from her diet or supplements. Children six months and older need to get vitamin A from other foods or supplements. Vitamin A can be found in liver, eggs, dairy products, fatty fish liver oil, ripe mangoes and papayas, yellow sweet potatoes, dark green leafy

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vegetables and carrots. When children do not have enough vitamin A, they are at risk of night blindness. If the child has difficulty seeing in the early evening and at night, more vitamin A is probably needed. The child should be taken to a health worker for a vitamin A capsule. In some countries, vitamin A has been added to oil and other foods. Vitamin A is also available in capsule or liquid form. In many countries vitamin A capsules are distributed once or twice a year to all children between six months and five years of age. Diarrhoea and measles deplete vitamin A from the child’s body. Vitamin A can be replaced by more frequent breastfeeding and, for children older than six months, by feeding the child more fruits and vegetables, eggs, liver and dairy products. Children with diarrhoea that lasts for more than 14 days and children with measles should be given a vitamin A capsule obtained from a health worker. Anaemia – a lack of iron – can impair physical and mental development. Symptoms of anaemia include paleness of the tongue, the palms of the hands and the inside of the lips, tiredness and breathlessness. Anaemia is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Even mild anaemia in infants and young children can impair intellectual development. Anaemia in children under two years of age may cause problems with coordination and balance, and the child may appear withdrawn and hesitant. This can limit the child’s ability to interact and may hinder intellectual development. Anaemia in pregnancy increases the severity of haemorrhage and the risk of infection during birth and is therefore a significant cause of maternal mortality. Infants born to anaemic mothers often suffer from low birthweight and anaemia. Iron supplements for pregnant women protect both women and their babies. Iron is found in


liver, lean meats, eggs and pulses. Fortifying foods with iron also prevents anaemia. Malaria and hookworm can cause or worsen anaemia. Malaria can be prevented by sleeping under a mosquito net that has been treated with a recommended insecticide. Children living in areas where worms are highly endemic should be treated two to three times a year with a recommended antihelminthic medication. Good hygiene practices prevent worms. Children should not play near the latrine, should wash their hands often and should wear shoes to prevent worm infestations. Small amounts of iodine are essential for children’s growth and development. If a child does not get enough iodine, or if his or her mother is iodine-deficient during pregnancy, the child is likely to be born with a mental, hearing or speech disability, or may have delayed physical or mental development. Goitre, a swelling of the neck, is one sign of a shortage of iodine in the diet. A pregnant woman with goitre is at high risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or of giving birth to a child with brain damage. Using iodized salt instead of ordinary salt provides pregnant women and children with as much iodine as they need. If iodized salt is not available, women and children should receive iodine supplements from a health worker. When children are sick, especially when they have diarrhoea or measles, their appetite decreases and their body uses the food they eat less effectively. If this happens several times a year, the child’s growth will slow or stop. It is essential to encourage a sick child to eat. This can be difficult, as children who are ill may have no appetite. It is important to keep offering foods the child likes, a little at a time and as often as possible. Extra breastfeeding is especially important. It is essential to encourage a

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sick child to drink as often as possible. Dehydration is a serious problem for children with diarrhoea. Drinking plenty of liquids will help prevent dehydration. If illness and poor appetite persist for more than a few days, the child needs to be taken to a health worker. The child is not fully recovered from an illness until he or she weighs about as much as when the illness began.

Comprehension Check A. Answer the following questions. 1. Which children should be treated two or three times a year with a recommended antihelminthic medication? 2. Where can vitamin A be found? 3. What is the risk of children who don’t have enough vitamin A? 4. What diseases deplete vitamin A from the child’s body? 5. What will prevent dehydration? 6. How could malaria be prevented at nights? 7. What two diseases can cause or make anaemia worse? 8. What is the most important sign that a child is growing and developing well? 9. In what way does breastfeeding help babies? 10. What are good source of energy?

B. TRUE OR FALSE: Put T for true and F for false statements. 1…... After six months of ages, the risk of infection increases. 2…… Starting at about six months of age, infants need complementary food. 3……Vitamin A is also available in capsule or liquid form. 4…... A child with a disability may not need extra help rating and drinking. 5…… In no case, vitamin A is added to oil and other foods. 6…… Mild anaemia in infants can impair intellectual development. 7……. Anaemia in pregnancy increases the risk of infection during birth.


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8……. Iron is found in liver, lean meats, eggs and pulses.

C. Choose the best choice to complete the sentences. 1. Which one is the most important sign that a child is growing well? a) Regular weight gain b) Update height gain c) Regular breast milk given

d) Physical & mental growth

2. With regard to the "growth line", which choice is correct? a) If the line goes up, the child is doing well. b) As the line stays flat, one should concerns. c) As the line goes down, indicates cause for concern. d) Both b & c are correct.

3. Which product has vitamin A? a) Eggs

b) Liver

c) Vegetables

d) All of them

4. How long should a child intake of breast milk to growth well? a) The first six months b) The first nine months c) Breast feeding should continue into the second year d) Breast feeding should continue by the twelve month

5. Children six months and older need to get Vitamin A……… a) from other foods. b) from breast milk c) in capsule or liquid form d) from his/her body

FURTHER READING Protecting the Consumer Food Quality and Safety Good nutrition depends on the availability of sufficient of good quality food that is safe to eat. And yet, in some countries this apparently simple goal remains elusive. In the developing world, millions of children die as a result of contaminated food and water, often caused by poor hygiene within the home. In the developed world, food-

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borne diseases lead to hefty bills in terms of health care and lost income and production. Every year, poor post-harvest handling and contamination ruin millions of tonnes of food. World food losses as a result of contamination with toxins produced by moulds amount to about 100 million tonnes a year. Exports rejected because of poor quality cost countries millions of dollars. In 1991, a cholera epidemic in Latin America had a profound economic impact on Peru. Not only did the country need to provide medical care for thousands of people, but it also lost income from reductions in food exports and tourism. An assurance of food quality and safety is essential to world trade. Imports of agricultural products in 1990 were worth over US$ 500 000 million. Control of food quality and safety is essential to the orderly development of a nation's, which in turn creates jobs, increases incomes and, ultimately, improves the nutrition of the population. For the sake of equity between nations and to protect consumers, there must be agreement on what is and what is not permissible. Standards for food quality and safety as well as methods for their enforcement need to keep pace with changing life styles, particularly urbanization, agricultural practices and food processing and marketing. What are food contaminants? Most food-borne diseases are microbial in origin (see Panel below), but a bewildering array of biological and chemical contaminants can make food either inedible, dangerous to eat or lethal. Commonly used chemicals that can enter food as it passes along the production chain include pesticides, fertilizers, veterinary drugs and growth stimulants. Some food-borne infections such as hepatitis A

hefty= hefty amount of sth such as money is very large

equity=‫اﻧﺼﺎف‬

lethal= that can cause death or great damage


occur worldwide, but others are restricted mainly to the developing regions. In the developed countries, for example, improved living conditions, immunization, and more effective food controls and processing have largely eliminated foodborne infections such as cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, poliomyelitis and amoebic dysentery. In the developed countries, however, and increasingly in developing ones, urban life-styles and a growing demand for animal products are increasing the incidence of food-borne illnesses. Poor practices in intensive animal production increase the chances of the spread of infection. Similarly, mass processing of animal products increases the chances of pathogen transfer. In some countries, a high percentage of poultry meat is contaminated with salmonella Campylobacter is now the leading cause of food-borne disease in several industrialized countries. Microbes and parasites are not the only biological source of contamination. In coastal areas, "blooms" of microscopic algae may turn the sea red. Anyone eating shellfish that have accumulated biotoxins from these "red tides" will become very ill and may even die. Mycotoxins caused illness and numerous deaths every year, and lead to the loss of millions of tonnes of food. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin found mainly in groups grown in subtropical and tropical areas-oilseeds, peanuts, cereals, tree nuts and some fruits-has been linked t cancer of the liver. Concern is also widely expressed about contaminants present in the environment such as pesticides, and agricultural or industrial chemicals. For the most part, their presence in food remains at what are judged to be safe levels, but dramatic

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incidents have occurred that leave no room for complacency. The leakage of mercury waste from factories into Minamata Bay, Japan, caused numerous deaths and left many people permanently crippled from "Minamata disease". More recently, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster spread radioactive dust over a wide area of Europe disrupting food production and trade until safety standards were agreed in consultation with FAO and WHO. Making food safe Keeping food safe and preserving its nutritional quality depends on precautions and controls that span the entire range of the food production chain. Good agricultural and manufacturing practices, including processing, distribution and marketing, are essential to protect the consumer. The need to prevent microbial and chemical contamination of food is universal. Education in the hygienic handling and processing of food is as relevant in the home as it is in the food industry. Simple precautions can do much to keep food safe in the home, small shops and eating places. Education and training, backed up by wellenforced codes of practice, can achieve similar results in the food industry. In the industrialized countries, advances in food processing have played a major part in making food safe. Pasteurization, sterilization, fermentation and irradiation increase the self-life of foods and reduce or eliminate pathogens. Such technologies are being transferred to the developing world, but not to the small producers who supply most of the food eaten locally. They still rely on simple techniques such as sun-drying and smoking that can result in contamination and loss of quality. Consumers need to be sure that the food they

precaution= sth you do in order to prevent sth dangerous or unpleasant from happening


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buy is safe to eat and nutritious. Food sold in retail outlets in the developed countries is generally safe, but incidents of adulteration with harmful substances still occur.

FOOD RELATED DISEASES : SOME MAJOR CAUSES

MICRIBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS VIRUSES A wide range of pathogens including Norwalk agents that cause diseases such as hepatitis A BACTERIA Includes Bacilli, Campylobacter, Clostridia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio MOULDS Aspergillus flavis and related fungi PROTOZOA Amoeba and Sporidia HELMINTHS A group of internal parasites including Ascaris, Fasciola, Opisthorchiasis, Taenia, Trichinella and Trichuris

Where found ranges from shellfish to raw fruit and vegetables

sources associated with poor hygiene and cultivation in areas contaminated with untreated sewage and animal and plant refuse

raw and processed foods: cereal, fish, and seafood, vegetables, dried food and raw food of animal origin (including dairy products)

associated with poor hygiene and unclean conditions generally; carried by animals such as rodents and birds, and human secretions.

nuts and cereals

products stored in high humidity and temperature

vegetables, fruits and raw milk

contaminated production areas and water supplies

vegetables and uncooked or undercooked meat and raw fish

contaminated soil and water in production areas

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS HEAVY METALS Includes mercury, cadmium and zinc

Where found especially in fish and other seafoods

Sources production areas contaminated with industrial wastes

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AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY CHEMICALS Includes pesticides, all foods from products use of prohibited chemicals or fungicides, animal treated with such excessive use of approved ones health products chemicals RADIONUCLIDES Radioactive materials all foods exposed to Fallout from contaminated excessive radioactivity atmosphere

A. Vocabulary Drills I. Find single words in the text which match the following definitions. 1. not suitable for eating: 2. as much as is needed for a particular purpose; enough: 3. water, food etc that has dangerous or harmful things in it, such as chemicals or poison: 4. the sale of goods to another country: 5. having a strong influence or effect: 6. people who buy and use products and services: 7. sth that is brought into one country from another in order to be sold: 8. connected with a town or city: 9. everywhere in the world: 10. to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted:

II. Find words in the text which have the same meaning as: 11. a country that is trying to develop or improve its economy: 12. products produced in farms: 13. diseases that are carried by food: 14. chemicals that are produce in factories and industries: 15. life style of people who live in cities: 16. areas of the hottest parts of the world:


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17. disasters connected with nuclear energy: 18. set of rules that people in a particular business or profession agree to obey: 19. quality of food that is full of the natural substances that your body needs to stay healthy or to grow properly: 20. handling foods or utensils in a clean way that likely prevent bacteria, infections, or disease from spreading:

B. Comprehension Check 1. TRUE OR FALSE: Put T for true and F for false statements. 1…..As a result of contaminated food and water, millions of children die in developed countries. 2……Every year, millions of tones of food are ruined because of poor handling and contamination after harvest. 3……The 1991 cholera epidemic in Latin America had strong impact on the economics of Peru. 4……Violence is not associated with children's play and development. 5…… Most food-borne diseases are caused by chemical and biological contaminants. 6….. Some food-borne infections such as hepatitis A occur worldwide but others are limited mainly to the developed countries. 7…... Aflatoxin has been linked with liver cancer. 8……Aflatoxin is found mainly in tropical and subtropical crops. 9……Minamata disease was caused by a leakage of factory wastes containing mercury.

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CLOZE PASSAGE Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list below. Each word could be used more than once. communicate current daily data dimension impedes improving incidence innovative monitoring progress requirements sector surveillance surveys

General information related to foodborne disease Outbreaks of foodborne disease attract media attention and raise consumer concern. However, cases of foodborne illness occur…………….in all countries, from the most to the least developed. As most of these cases are not reported, the true ……………. of the problem is unknown, and efforts to secure the resources and support necessary for the identification and implementation of effective …………….often fail. Effective control of foodborne disease must be based on evaluated information about foodborne hazards and the ……………. of foodborne disease. Development of a strategy to reduce foodrelated risks requires knowledge about the ……………. levels of foodborne disease in Member States. It must also be based on an appreciation of the targets and time- frame for ……………. food safety. This should be an on-going process, in which new targets are set when old ones are achieved, and ……………. should be monitored continuously in targeted surveys. The absence of reliable data on the burden of foodborne disease …………….understanding about its public health importance and prevents the development of risk-based solutions to its management. ……………. strategies and methods are needed for surveying foodborne disease and food contamination. A laboratorybased ……………. system should be based on sentinel sites and regional and/or international laboratory networks. A necessary prerequisite for risk-based strategies based on optimized ……………. is an interdisciplinary approach involving strong collaboration among all sectors dealing with foodborne disease surveillance and food safety in the health …………….


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WHO will initiate a Global Strategy for the surveillance of foodborne diseases by urging Member States to set up laboratorybased systems covering both outbreaks, sporadic cases and for ……………. contamination of food by chemicals and microorganisms. When requested by Member States, WHO will support capacity building for ……………. collection and surveillance systems. WHO will also establish common, internationally agreed formats for harmonized data collection and determine the minimal data ……………. for future food safety initiatives in the regions. WHO will seek to develop a web-based system to collect, report and …………….data from surveys conducted in Member States. Global Salm-Surv, a surveillance system for Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance, already exists. FOS currently works in close collaboration with the Communicable Disease cluster to develop a Global Foodborne Disease Surveillance Network. Activities • • • •

Encourage Member State's commitment to foodborne disease surveillance. Facilitate the strengthening of foodborne disease surveillance systems (laboratory- and epidemiologicallybased systems) and food monitoring programmes. Promote sentinel sites in developing countries. Develop and coordinate global approaches for foodborne disease surveillance.

TRANSLATION ACTIVITY: I. Translate the following words or terms into Persian. 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19.

exports anaemia biotoxins disabilities fertilizers irradiation monitoring sterilization urbanization pasteurization

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 19.

imports stillbirth breastmilk consumers pesticides miscarriage mycotoxins fermentation breastfeeding supplements

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II. Translate the following phrases into Persian. 1. raw fish 2. high risk 3. Raw food 4. child’s diet 5. food quality 6. food safety 7. iodized salt 8. Clean water 9. Cooked food 10. food exports 11. food handling 12. food industry 13. growth chart 14. mosquito net 15. handling food 16. health centre 17. health sector 18. ordinary salt 19. animal refuse 20. reliable data 21. safe source 22. plant refuse 23. weight gain 24. poor quality 25. poor hygiene 26. Poor nutrition 27. Good nutrition 28. Leftover food 29. mental growth 30. food marketing 31. low birthweight 32. highly endemic 33. iodine-deficient 34. food processing 35. nuclear disaster 36. nutritious foods 37. radioactive dust 38. physical growth 39. developed world

58. codes of practice 59. veterinary drugs 60. vitaminenriched oil 61. food-related risks 62. urban life-styles 63. uncooked raw fish 64. sources of energy 65. iodine supplements 66. maternal mortality 67. industrial chemicals 68. Innovative methods 69. agricultural chemicals 70. agricultural practices 71. agricultural products 72. Clean drinking water 73. deworming medicine 74. Innovative strategies 75. mental development 76. physical development 77. Radioactive materials 78. complementary foods 79. excessive radioactivity 80. biological contaminants 81. chemical contaminants 82. exclusive breastfeeding 83. industrialized countries 84. intellectual development 85. manufacturing practices 86. food-borne infections 87. post-harvest handling 88. body-building needs 89. food-borne diseases 90. food-borne illnesses 91. availability of food 92. food production chain 93. undercooked raw fish 94. chlorinated piped supply 95. Good hygiene practices 96. green leafy vegetables

Nutrition & Food Hygiene 40. safety standards 41. speech disability 42. subtropical areas 43. growth stimulants 44. hearing disability 45. contaminated soil 46. Iron supplements 47. developing regions 48. contaminated food 49. nutritional disorder 50. contaminated water 51. developed countries 52. Extra breastfeeding 53. surveillance system 54. tropical areas 55. uncooked meat 56. undercooked meat 57. untreated sewage

151

97. least developed countries 98. hygienic handling of food 99. improved living conditions 100. hygienic processing of food 101. vitamin-enriched edible oils 102. food monitoring programs 103. well-enforced codes of practice 104. foodborne disease surveillance 105. microbial contamination of food 106. Outbreaks of foodborne disease 107. chemical contamination of food 108. biological source of contamination 109. Effective control of foodborne disease 110. foodborne disease surveillance systems 111. recommended antihelminthic medication

III. Translate the following sentences into Persian. 1. The child should be weighed during every visit to a health centre. 2. A child with worms needs deworming medicine from a health worker. 3. Regular weight gain is the most important sign that a child is growing and developing well. 4. Microbes and parasites are not the only biological source of contamination. 5. If the child is frequently ill, he or she should be checked by a trained health worker. 6. Exports rejected because of poor quality cost countries millions of dollars. 7. When children do not have enough vitamin A, they are at risk of night blindness. 8. Malaria can be prevented by sleeping under a mosquito net that has been treated with a recommended insecticide. 9. Dehydration is a serious problem for children with diarrhea. Drinking plenty of liquids will help prevent dehydration. 10. Parents and health workers need to act quickly to discover the cause of the problem.

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11. Breastfeeding helps protect babies from common illnesses and ensures good physical and mental growth and development. 12. For the sake of equity between nations and to protect consumers, there must be agreement on what is and what is not permissible. 13. Control of food quality and safety is essential to the orderly development of a nation's, which in turn creates jobs, increases incomes and, ultimately, improves the nutrition of the population. 14. Breastmilk is rich in vitamin A. Other foods with vitamin A are liver, eggs, dairy products, red palm oil, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, and many green leafy vegetables. 15. Foods that help the child grow are meat, fish, eggs, beans, nuts, grains and pulses. A small amount of oil will add energy. Red palm oil or other vitamin-enriched edible oils are good sources of energy. 16. In the developing world, millions of children die as a result of contaminated food and water, often caused by poor hygiene within the home. In the developed world, food-borne diseases lead to hefty bills in terms of health care and lost income and production. 17. Mycotoxins caused illness and numerous deaths every year, and lead to the loss of millions of tonnes of food. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin found mainly in groups grown in subtropical and tropical areas-oilseeds, peanuts, cereals, tree nuts and some fruits-has been linked t cancer of the liver. 18. Keeping food safe and preserving its depends on precautions and controls that span the entire range of the food production chain. Good agricultural and manufacturing practices, including processing, distribution and marketing, are essential to protect the consumer.


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19. Effective control of foodborne disease must be based on evaluated information about foodborne hazards and the incidence of foodborne disease. 20. Outbreaks of foodborne disease attract media attention and raise consumer concern. However, cases of foodborne illness occur daily in all countries, from the most to the least developed. 21. The absence of reliable data on the burden of foodborne disease impedes understanding about its public health importance and prevents the development of risk- based solutions to its management. 22. WHO will initiate a Global Strategy for the surveillance of foodborne diseases by urging Member States to set up laboratory-based systems covering both outbreaks, sporadic cases and for monitoring contamination of food by chemicals and microorganisms. 23. What are food contaminants? Most foodborne diseases are microbial in origin, but a bewildering array of biological and chemical contaminants can make food either inedible, dangerous to eat or lethal. Commonly used chemicals that can enter food as it passes along the production chain include pesticides, fertilizers, veterinary drugs and growth stimulants. 24. Raw food should be washed or cooked. Cooked food should be eaten without delay. Leftover food should be thoroughly reheated. Water should come from a safe source and be kept clean. Clean drinking water can be obtained from a regularly maintained, controlled and chlorinated piped supply. Clean water can also be obtained from a tubewell, handpump, protected spring or well. If water is drawn from ponds, streams, springs, wells or tanks, it can be made safer by boiling.

154


IV. Translate the table into Persian exactly like the table. FOOD RELATED DISEASES : SOME MAJOR CAUSES

MICRIBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS VIRUSES

Where found

sources

A wide range of pathogens including Norwalk agents that cause diseases such as hepatitis A

ranges from shellfish to raw fruit and vegetables

associated with poor hygiene and cultivation in areas contaminated with untreated sewage and animal and plant refuse

raw and processed foods: cereal, fish, and seafood, vegetables, dried food and raw food of animal origin (including dairy products)

associated with poor hygiene and unclean conditions generally; carried by animals such as rodents and birds, and human secretions.

nuts and cereals

products stored in high humidity and temperature

vegetables, fruits and raw milk

contaminated production areas and water supplies

vegetables and uncooked or undercooked meat and raw fish

contaminated soil and water in production areas

BACTERIA Includes Bacilli, Campylobacter, Clostridia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Vibrio

MOULDS Aspergillus flavis and related fungi

PROTOZOA Amoeba and Sporidia

HELMINTHS A group of internal parasites including Ascaris, Fasciola, Opisthorchiasis, Taenia, Trichinella and Trichuris

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS HEAVY METALS

Where found

Sources

Includes mercury, cadmium and zinc

especially in fish and other seafoods

production areas contaminated with industrial wastes

AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY CHEMICALS Includes pesticides, fungicides, animal health products

all foods from products treated with such chemicals

use of prohibited chemicals or excessive use of approved ones

all foods exposed to excessive radioactivity

Fallout from contaminated atmosphere

RADIONUCLIDES Radioactive materials