Optical Fibers and Photonics Applications topical ...

Optical Fibers and Photonics Applications topical tracks at Wilga Conferences Ryszard S.Romaniuk Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland ABSTRACT This paper is a research survey of WILGA Symposium work, 2010-2012 Editions, concerned with Optical Fibers, Optoelectronic Devices, Sensors, Communication and Photonics Applications. It presents a digest of chosen technical work results shown by young researchers from different technical universities from this country during the three recent Wilga Symposia on Photonics and Web Engineering. Topical tracks of the symposia embraced, among others, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for photonics, sensory and nonlinear optical fibers, object oriented design of hardware, photonic metrology, optoelectronics and photonics applications, photonics-electronics co-design, optoelectronic and electronic systems for astronomy and high energy physics experiments, photonic equipment for JET tokamak and pi-of-the sky experiments development. The symposium is an annual summary in the development of numerable Ph.D. theses carried out in this country in the area of advanced electronic and photonic systems. It is also a great occasion for SPIE, IEEE, OSA and PSP students to meet together in a large group spanning the whole country with guests from this part of Europe. A digest of Wilga references is presented [1-274]. Wilga Symposia play a role of an universal integrator of young science in photonics and related areas in this country and also in this part of Europe. More than 5000 young scientists participated in scientific Wilga meetings and discussions during the last nearly two decades. Over 2500 papers were published, including over 1000 in Proc. SPIE. Keywords: photonic sensors, optical fibers, optoelectronics, photonics, measurement systems, astronomy, high energy physics experiments, optical communications, advanced photonics and electronics systems, SPIE supported symposia, Wilga Symposium

1. INTRODUCTION – WILGA SYMPOSIUM SERIES There are not many research meetings like conferences and symposia of quite high level devoted solely to young researchers. More frequently such meetings have a character of photonics schools, where there are regular lectures given on photonics by leading industrial and academia experts. Usually the meetings of young researchers are organized as side sessions accompanying larger conferences. WILGA is a Symposium for young researchers, where frequently an introduction to a topical session is given by a university tutor/mentor and then the session is totally filled by presentations of young researchers. The presentations are then discussed and reviewed by their young research colleagues and fellows, supported by academic staff. Wilga Symposium is organized under the umbrella of Photonics Society of Poland (formerly SPIE Poland Chapter), IEEE Poland Section, IEEE R8 SBC, Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications – Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Committee of Optoelectronics, Association of Polish Electrical Engineers, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technologies – Warsaw University of Technology. The organizers are young researchers from the PERG/ELHEP Laboratory of the Institute of Electronics Systems at FE&IT WUT. The WILGA Symposium gathers two times a year in January and in May new adepts of advanced photonic and electronic systems. The event is oriented on components and applications. WILGA Symposium on Photonics and Web Engineering is well known on the web for its devotion to “young research” promotion under the eminent sponsorship of international engineering associations like SPIE and IEEE and their Poland Sections or Counterparts. WILGA is supported by the most important national professional organizations. The Symposium is organized since mid nineties twice a year. It has gathered over 5000 young researchers and published over 2500 papers mainly internationally, including more than 1000 in 15 published so far volumes of Proc. SPIE. This paper is a digest of WILGA Symposium Series with emphasis on the last three meetings. The paper treats WILGA Photonics Applications characteristics over the period 2010-2012. It also presents short reports on these last Symposia, quoted from previous reports. The January meeting takes place on the last weekend of January at the Faculty of Electronics and Information Technologies of Warsaw University of Technology and the May meeting is in Wilga Village near Warsaw. Both meetings usually gather from year to year around 200 to 350 young researchers with 150 – 250 papers presented on current subjects of advanced

Optical Fibers and Their Applications 2012, edited by Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Waldemar Wójcik, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8698, 86980S · © 2012 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786/12/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2020035

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photonics and electronics issues. Apart of young researchers the Wilga Symposium is always richly attended by students’ mentors and tutors. WILGA 2010, January edition was held on 29-30.01 at WUT’s FE&IT. WILGA 2010, May edition was held on 2429.05 traditionally in a resort owned by Warsaw University of Technology. There were delivered nearly 200 presentations during both 2010 editions of Wilga, covering a broad area of photonics applications and web engineering. Nearly 250 persons participated. An exceptionally efficient chair of the Organization Committee of WILGA 2010 was dr Maciek Linczuk [[email protected]] usually supported by a team of students. An additional series of WILGA sessions on signal processing was held during the 2010 Microwave and Radar Week in Vilnius. The working research Sessions of 26th WILGA 2010 were: photonics, photonic and refractive optical fibers, optoelectronics, applications of optical fibers, integration of electronics, photonics and mechatronics, distributed measurement systems, LHC and CMS at CERN, optics and optoelectronics for astronomy, fundamentals of FPGA-DSP systems, object oriented design of hardware, terabit optical data links, software-hardware co-design, biomedical engineering, computational intelligence of advanced systems, signal processing, radar imaging, laser ranging, photonic telemetry, photonic sensing, photonic computing, future photonic architectures, etc. Below there is presented a short digest of some of the WILGA 2010 sessions. Some of these presentations are published in the Proc.SPIE. Some of the papers were submitted to the previously mentioned journals. A few papers were submitted in Polish to the domestic professional journals while their English versions were published in Proc. SPIE. 28 Symposium of young scientists WILGA 2011 pt. Photonics and Web Engineering has gathered over 150 participants. There were presented around 100 papers – mainly concerning the realized Ph.D. theses and participation in research projects relevant to the topical area of the meeting. There were also presented a few plenary papers introducing the audience into new research areas of photonics and electronics. The symposium is organized under the auspices of the SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering, IEEE (Poland Section and Region 8), Photonics Society of Poland, KEiT PAN, PKOpto SEP and WEiTI PW. The symposium is organized annually by young researchers from the PERG/ELHEP Laboratory of ISE PW with cooperation of SPIE and IEEE Student Branches. Media patronage over the symposium is extended by Elektronika monthly technical magazine, Symposium proceedings are published by Elektronika, JET - Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications KEiT PAN and Proceedings SPIE. Wilga Symposium is topically associated with the cyclic research meetings on optical fibers and their applications organized in Bialowieza (prof.J.Dorosz, Bialystok Uni. Technology) and Krasnobrod (UMCS Univ., Lublin) every 18 months. Below, there are presented some presentations from the main of the most interesting sessions or topical tracks of WILGA 2011 Symposium. The topical session and tracks of WILGA 2011 were as follows: nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for optoelectronics and photonics, optical fibers for sensors and all-photonic devices for sensors, active optical fibers, sensors and sensory networks, object oriented design of optoelectronic and photonic hardware, photonics applications, advanced bioelectronics and bioinformatics, co-design of hybrid photonic – electronic systems, computational intelligence in optoelectronics and robotics, development in the wide-angle astronomic observations of the whole sky – pi-of-the-sky project, processing and imaging of multimedia data streams, machine vision, vehicles – quadrocopter and Mars rover, analog transmission systems in noisy conditions with digital reverse transmission channel, optoelectronic and photonic metrology, reconfigurable measurement systems, high performance – low-jitter low-latency transmission systems – White Rabbit, thermonuclear fusion experiments – JET and ITER, research results update from HEP experiments – TOTEM and CMS/LHC in CERN. A number of Wilga sessions concerned applications aspects of photonic and electronic circuits and systems, including in this advanced applications which combine hardware and software. A separate session track was organized by SPIE, IEEE, OSA and PSP - Photonics Society of Poland students for the new students beginning their adventure with the science of photonics and electronics. XXXth Jubilee Symposium of young scientists WILGA 2012 on Photonics and Web Engineering has gathered over 250 participants. There were presented over 200 papers – mainly concerning the realized Ph.D. theses and participation in research projects relevant to the topical area of the meeting. There were also presented a few plenary papers introducing the audience into new research areas of photonics and electronics. The symposium is organized under the auspices of the SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering, IEEE (Poland Section and Region 8), Photonics Society of Poland, KEiT PAN, PKOpto SEP and WEiTI PW. The symposium is organized annually by young researchers from the PERG/ELHEP Laboratory of ISE PW with cooperation of SPIE and IEEE Student


Liquid crystal photonic optical fibers, a session during WILGA 2011, are birefringent and nonlinear photonic components. Manufacturing of a LCPCF bases on filling with a liquid crystal the micro pores of the structural material building a classical PCF. They may guide a beam of light be refractive and photonic mechanism. What more, the switching between these guiding mechanisms depends on the relative values of the ordinary and extraordinary refractions of the LC as well as a relation of the latter values to the refraction of the host glass. LCPCF are subject of research for sensory applications and for complex processing of optical information. The LCPCF fibers of complex internal structure are analyzed be methods of the effective refractive index, distribution to base functions, and numerically. There were analyzed theoretically and experimentally LCPCF filled with nematic LC. The molecules of the LC inside the fiber were reoriented. There were tested the following orientations: planar, radial and axial. The following orientations are possible for planar setting: longitudinal (along the fiber axis) and transversal (perpendicular to the fiber axis), as well as angular (intermediate positioning, with LC molecules oriented at particular angle to the fiber axis). Material anisotropy, and due to this, strong coupling between the E and H fields (which could not be omitted as in scalar case) requires formulation of vector fields instead of scalar ones. The results of calculations lead to modal fields for photonic propagation in nematic LCPCF. E-M fields are determined for various values of above mentioned refractive indices. The sensitivities of the fibers depend on the thermal dispersion of these indices. Spectral, thermal and mechanical stress characteristics were measured in these fibers for various LC molecule orientations and phase transitions in the LC. Old passenger airplanes have around 10% of composites in its construction. The newest airplanes have 50%. Composite materials, working under changing stress have to be monitored on-line. A measurement network of optical fiber Bragg gratings was integrated inside the wings of a small sport airplane Aero AT3. Similar experiments are carried out in optical fiber laboratory at Faculty of Physics WUT. Optical fiber Bragg gratings and highly birefringent fibers were integrated inside a composite beam. The beam was subject to cyclic thermal (-40oC do +110oC), moisture and mechanical load. Thermal sensitivity of the FBG was determined as 11 - 13 pm/K. The sensing net is of hybrid nature Bragg and polarimetric to measure concurrently thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the composite beam. There were researched the influence of lamination processes on the sensor net characteristics. The influence of the birefringent fiber orientation in the laminate on the sensor performance was determined. The laminate and sensor aging processes were observed. There were researched also bow-tie fibers and HB PCF ones. Sensitivity of the fibers was enhanced by optimized direct covering which gave better mechanical coupling between the glass and composite laminate. Plastic optical fibers are a cheap alternative to solve the access problem to the optical LAN. Access with a fiber directly to the subscriber’s home is of essentials meaning and is called the last mile problem. It enables providing a considerable bandwidth to the subscriber, of the order 10 Gb/s. Such a bandwidth is required, according to today’s estimates to serve all needs of a larger, nondependent household. These needs may embrace: safety, VoIP, VOD, IPTV, 3DHDTV, VC, Internet, intelligent home information, measurement and control network. One of the alternatives to the classical glass optical fibers is application of single mode, large mode area, plastic micro structural fibers with photonic mode of beam transmission – mPOF. mPOFs allow for wide shaping of the transmission parameters like modal field, mode distribution, wide extent of singlemode propagation (thus providing wide bandwidth), decreased macro-bending losses (via strongly bound photonic propagation), and acceptable spectral transmission losses (only one km of fiber is statistically needed). The advantages of mPOF, from the point of view of the user, ore good mechanical properties, and the possibility to reconfigure the network by the user himself. Other advantage is low price of the cables and active components. Technical advantages are: potentially very broad region of single mode transmission, very large area of the fundamental mode, low macro-bending losses, easier possibility to tailor the dispersion and polarization parameters of the fiber. The work on mPOF are carried out at ITME and IMiO PW laboratories. Tellurite glass optical fibers moped with active erbium ions are applied for building lasers with the up-conversion light generation mechanism. They emit green light. Short wavelength fiber laser is optically pumped with cheap laser diodes emitting 980 and 1480 nm. The host material for fiber lasers may be ZBLAN glass or telluride glass. Both glasses have low value of the phonon wave energy. The ZBLAN glasses are less stable chemically, quite susceptible to interaction with water and vapor. Telluride glasses are more resistant to water. The basic composition of telluride glasses for application to optical fibers is as follows: TeO2-WO3-Na2O-ZnO-Nb2O5. The core glass is doped with Er and has more


fibers, to the fibers of classical core cladding construction, where the core is filled totally with a liquid crystal. The POF have micro/nano capillaries not filled, as usual, by air but by liquid crystal. Filling a POF with LC changes dramatically it propagation characteristics (refractive, dispersion, spectral attenuation and nonlinear). Potential applications of PLCF are: all optical switching, light beam control and steering, amplification, nonlinear directional couplers, tunable filters, phase shifters, frequency conversion, etc. Classical POF can be, depending on construction – dense or rare, highly nonlinear, highly dispersive, endlessly single-mode, polarization maintaining, high or low numerical aperture, etc. There are two light propagation mechanisms in a POF, also depending of the fiber construction: mTIR – modified total internal reflection, and PBG – photonic bandgap. mTIR POF are broadband, while PBG POF are narrowband for optical wavelengths. The measurements of PLCF (dr K.Rutkowska, Physics, WUT) indicate that: power of light beam affects the nonlinear behavior of fibers; fibers can be considered as a matrix of waveguide channels; spatil light localization is observed, when a discrete soliton is formed. These results may lead to practical photonic devices. Plastic Optical Fibers for FTTH and LAN were subject of a session during Wilga 2012. Plastic optical fibers are increasingly frequently used in FTTH systems. Plastic optical fibers for these purposes are systematically characterized by a team from IMiO (dr R.Piramidowicz). Access networks evolve from copper wires to FTTH. FTTH omits street cabinets and ADSL/VDSL/UTP lines to the end user. While FTTx has a limit around 160Mb/s, the FTTH has practically no limit, or the rate may go as high as up to 10Gb/s. Home area network includes: home control and security, multiple 3D HDTV and VoD, security cameras, home working, internet browsing, IPTV and VoD, and video conferencing. Summing this up gives a few Gbps as a required aggregated throughput. Application of silica fibers in optical access networks has the following advantages: it is a mature technology, low attenuation, ease of integration with existing core network; and the following disadvantages: there are problems with indoor wiring due to limited bending radius, problems with network reconfiguration – specialized equipment is required, high price of active components working with SMF. The advantages of MM POF (multi mode plastic optical fibers) are: they have excellent mechanical properties, they feature user reconfigurability, low system price, low cost active components, operation in the visible; while the disadvantages are: high propagation losses, high modal dispersion. The areas of applications of POF in small specialized LANs are: home areas, data communication, automotive, object LANs, automation, sensing networks. There were used several fiber for tests, among them Mitsubishi Rayon Eska Premier, Mega and Super, step index, large diameter. The key parameters were measured: attenuation, dispersion and bending losses. The main loss factors are: intrinsic – absorption and Rayleigh scattering, and extrinsic – structural imperfections, pollutants, and perturbations in geometry. Dispersion has the following components: modal, chromatic, waveguide and material. The fibers were prepared for testing by: cutting with a razor blade, mounting FC connector, polishing using decreasingly rough polishing paper from 9µm to 0,3µm. Attenuation was measured with cut back technique with the use of calibrated light source and OSA (optical spectrum analyzer). The fibers had transmission window (with attenuation below 0,2dB/m) in the visible 400-600nm and around 650nm. Mode scrambler was used for measurements. The fibers showed no bending losses up till 30mm of bending radius. 1 and 3 dB of bending losses were for 20mm and around 10mm bending radius (one full 360o turn) respectively. The measurements were done for the spectral region spanning 385nm – 940nm. Dispersion was measured with picosecond light source and calibrated precision delay unit. The bandwidth was in the range of 100-200 MHz*100m for 650nm without mode scrambler and 40 – 60 MHz*100m with scrambler. Launching conditions are critical for bandwidth measurements. The measurements can not be done without the mode scrambler. Fiber end quality strongly influences the measurement results. The POFs are good enough for FTTH systems – low cost home LANs and short distance, high speed data transmission. Further improvements of POFs is possible by micro-structuring. Microstrutural POFs are designed by the IMiO Fiber Optic team. The advantages of mPOFs are: endlessly single mode operation, extremely high modal areas, high numerical apertures, lowering of macro-bending sensitivity and propagation losses. The mPOF designed have limited number of guided modes, are bending resistant, have relatively large modal field and are optimized for propagation losses.

3. ASTRONOMY AND SPACE: OPTICS, OPTOELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS Photonics, optics and optoelectronic applications in astronomy and space technologies, Sessions during Wilga 2010, originate in WILGA from several main sources. These are: Pi-of-the-Sky project which recently extends widely beyond strict observations of the consequences of the GRB effects, Mikołaj Kopernik Space Research Center where several Ph.D. students work on new satellite projects, and Students Research Group on Space Technologies at WUT – working on international projects to build small students satellites, attached additionally to larger projects.


A number of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses is realized in cooperation with WUT and CBK as well as IPJ. The conducted research concerned new solutions to CCD converters and building of ultra low noise cameras for astronomical research applications. A number of papers were presented on next generation CCD cameras for Pi-of-the-Sky project to observe optical counterparts to GRB effects. Now the prevailing theories say that GRB is a signature of a birth of a black hole. A generated jet of relativistic matter along the axis of the rotation of collapsing celestial body is a source of ultra strong synchrotron radiation. This radiation is detected on Earth or by the satellites. The role of the Pi-of-the-Sky telescopes is a wide angle observations of the whole sky, for relatively not big values of the ‘magnitudo’, but with the possibility to generate a negative observation time from a particular event – designated as zero time. The work on Pi-of-the-Sky cameras lead the team to design really ultimately low-noise CCD based apparatus. The cameras are now applied also in quite different fields like research and industry. Wide angle, systematic observations of the whole sky are carried out by research groups from the CFT PAN, IPJ, UW and WUT laboratories and were presented during Wilga 2011 Session. An adequate observational system was designed, manufactured and situated in astronomical observatories. The system consists of ultra-low-noise sCCD cameras and DSP electronics. The pi-of-the-sky research project is realized, which has gathered a lot of own observational data on astronomical objects. These data are correlated with universal data bases. A new observation site has been opened recently in Spain in the INTA institute (Costa de la Cruz). The localization in ESO Las Campanas (LCO) was shifted from the central Chile location to North to SPdA observatory. There was installed a new generation of detectors and cameras of greater sensitivity and considerably lower noises. Positioning of the observational mount consisting of four cameras was done basing on 34 main parameters for the mount and the cameras: absolute orientations HA and DEC against the equatorial set of coordinates (4 parameters), conversion from the counter in the step motor to the values of angles in RA and DEC (2), localization in the rotation space of the axis DEEP/WIDE (8), values of angles between DEEP/DEEP (4), directions of versors CCDx and CCDz in the space (16). The result of positioning is such a set of 34 parameters for which the difference between the astrometry and the detector is the smallest. A single pixel of the pi-ofthe-sky camera is equivalent tp 36 arcsec. Setting angles to HA axis is 4 p, DEC axis 27 p, HOME axis 27 – 37 arcsec. Thus the mount is very precise. The WIDE mode (40x40o) the cameras observe adjacent areas, and in DEEP mode (20x20o) the fields cover each other. Pi of the Sky is a network of robotic optical telescopes. The webpage of the project is: http://grb.fuw.edu.pl. The telescopes and the project is run by a collaboration consisting of FUW, Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, NCBJ, CAMK and WUT. All telescopes operate fully autonomously , without human intervention. Currently there are two telescopes. Working prototype apparatus is in San Pedro de Atacama SPDA in Chile. It was moved from ESO LCO ( European South Observatory, Las Campanas Observatory) in Chile where it worked for several years. The first telescope of the final system is located in INTA El Arenosillo test centre in Mazagon near Huelva Spain. Towards the end of 2012 there will be mounted three new units in the INTA location. The third observation site will be located near Malaga. Pi of the Sky research program embraces the following observations, measurements and cataloguing of: changing stars, transient astronomical processes, gamma ray bursts GRBs, gravitational waves detection, optical counterparts to other astronomical phenomena, cosmic rubbish, spectral analysis of bursting sources, photometric analyses of measured astronomical data, using parallax for measurements. One of the objects observed by pi-of-the-sky camera are changing stars – Cepheids, a session during Wilga 2011. There were observed cepheids of the I and II kind, metallic and non-metallic, in the range of magnitudes 6 -12, which are subject to contraction and expansion with the first and the second harmonic. There were gathered light curves for more than 150 cepheids. Fourier analysis of the light curves is an efficient tool to classify the cepheids. Over-tone cepheids have sinusoidal shape of the light curves, and classical – a triangular one. There were identified a few cepheids, not yet present in the global catalogues. The analysis of the observational data of the pi-of-the-sky, embracing of more than 1,5 million stars allowed for distinguishing more than 1000 changing stars of different types. There were applied classification criteria from the GCVS and ACVS catalogues. There were discovered around 20 new changing stars and the data on the periods of a few tens of changing stars were more precisely confined. During the observations in the LCO, during the period 2004-09 above 1TB of reduced data were gathered. The biggest achievement was observation of the burst GRB080319B. The effect was Publisher in Nature 11.09.2008. In January 2011, from the INTA localization, there was observed effect GRB110112B. Measurement data base was prepared for the observation results of spectral characteristics in the vicinity of quasars (UMK and PW laboratories). Spectral characteristics contain information concerning wide and narrow absorption lines in the area of dust accretion ring, accretion plasma stream and jets perpendicular to the accretion disc of the black hole. Optimal data organization allows for its 10 time reduction


fibers, to the fibers of classical core cladding construction, where the core is filled totally with a liquid crystal. The POF have micro/nano capillaries not filled, as usual, by air but by liquid crystal. Filling a POF with LC changes dramatically it propagation characteristics (refractive, dispersion, spectral attenuation and nonlinear). Potential applications of PLCF are: all optical switching, light beam control and steering, amplification, nonlinear directional couplers, tunable filters, phase shifters, frequency conversion, etc. Classical POF can be, depending on construction – dense or rare, highly nonlinear, highly dispersive, endlessly single-mode, polarization maintaining, high or low numerical aperture, etc. There are two light propagation mechanisms in a POF, also depending of the fiber construction: mTIR – modified total internal reflection, and PBG – photonic bandgap. mTIR POF are broadband, while PBG POF are narrowband for optical wavelengths. The measurements of PLCF (dr K.Rutkowska, Physics, WUT) indicate that: power of light beam affects the nonlinear behavior of fibers; fibers can be considered as a matrix of waveguide channels; spatil light localization is observed, when a discrete soliton is formed. These results may lead to practical photonic devices. Plastic Optical Fibers for FTTH and LAN were subject of a session during Wilga 2012. Plastic optical fibers are increasingly frequently used in FTTH systems. Plastic optical fibers for these purposes are systematically characterized by a team from IMiO (dr R.Piramidowicz). Access networks evolve from copper wires to FTTH. FTTH omits street cabinets and ADSL/VDSL/UTP lines to the end user. While FTTx has a limit around 160Mb/s, the FTTH has practically no limit, or the rate may go as high as up to 10Gb/s. Home area network includes: home control and security, multiple 3D HDTV and VoD, security cameras, home working, internet browsing, IPTV and VoD, and video conferencing. Summing this up gives a few Gbps as a required aggregated throughput. Application of silica fibers in optical access networks has the following advantages: it is a mature technology, low attenuation, ease of integration with existing core network; and the following disadvantages: there are problems with indoor wiring due to limited bending radius, problems with network reconfiguration – specialized equipment is required, high price of active components working with SMF. The advantages of MM POF (multi mode plastic optical fibers) are: they have excellent mechanical properties, they feature user reconfigurability, low system price, low cost active components, operation in the visible; while the disadvantages are: high propagation losses, high modal dispersion. The areas of applications of POF in small specialized LANs are: home areas, data communication, automotive, object LANs, automation, sensing networks. There were used several fiber for tests, among them Mitsubishi Rayon Eska Premier, Mega and Super, step index, large diameter. The key parameters were measured: attenuation, dispersion and bending losses. The main loss factors are: intrinsic – absorption and Rayleigh scattering, and extrinsic – structural imperfections, pollutants, and perturbations in geometry. Dispersion has the following components: modal, chromatic, waveguide and material. The fibers were prepared for testing by: cutting with a razor blade, mounting FC connector, polishing using decreasingly rough polishing paper from 9µm to 0,3µm. Attenuation was measured with cut back technique with the use of calibrated light source and OSA (optical spectrum analyzer). The fibers had transmission window (with attenuation below 0,2dB/m) in the visible 400-600nm and around 650nm. Mode scrambler was used for measurements. The fibers showed no bending losses up till 30mm of bending radius. 1 and 3 dB of bending losses were for 20mm and around 10mm bending radius (one full 360o turn) respectively. The measurements were done for the spectral region spanning 385nm – 940nm. Dispersion was measured with picosecond light source and calibrated precision delay unit. The bandwidth was in the range of 100-200 MHz*100m for 650nm without mode scrambler and 40 – 60 MHz*100m with scrambler. Launching conditions are critical for bandwidth measurements. The measurements can not be done without the mode scrambler. Fiber end quality strongly influences the measurement results. The POFs are good enough for FTTH systems – low cost home LANs and short distance, high speed data transmission. Further improvements of POFs is possible by micro-structuring. Microstrutural POFs are designed by the IMiO Fiber Optic team. The advantages of mPOFs are: endlessly single mode operation, extremely high modal areas, high numerical apertures, lowering of macro-bending sensitivity and propagation losses. The mPOF designed have limited number of guided modes, are bending resistant, have relatively large modal field and are optimized for propagation losses.

3. ASTRONOMY AND SPACE: OPTICS, OPTOELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS Photonics, optics and optoelectronic applications in astronomy and space technologies, Sessions during Wilga 2010, originate in WILGA from several main sources. These are: Pi-of-the-Sky project which recently extends widely beyond strict observations of the consequences of the GRB effects, Mikołaj Kopernik Space Research Center where several Ph.D. students work on new satellite projects, and Students Research Group on Space Technologies at WUT – working on international projects to build small students satellites, attached additionally to larger projects.


A number of M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses is realized in cooperation with WUT and CBK as well as IPJ. The conducted research concerned new solutions to CCD converters and building of ultra low noise cameras for astronomical research applications. A number of papers were presented on next generation CCD cameras for Pi-of-the-Sky project to observe optical counterparts to GRB effects. Now the prevailing theories say that GRB is a signature of a birth of a black hole. A generated jet of relativistic matter along the axis of the rotation of collapsing celestial body is a source of ultra strong synchrotron radiation. This radiation is detected on Earth or by the satellites. The role of the Pi-of-the-Sky telescopes is a wide angle observations of the whole sky, for relatively not big values of the ‘magnitudo’, but with the possibility to generate a negative observation time from a particular event – designated as zero time. The work on Pi-of-the-Sky cameras lead the team to design really ultimately low-noise CCD based apparatus. The cameras are now applied also in quite different fields like research and industry. Wide angle, systematic observations of the whole sky are carried out by research groups from the CFT PAN, IPJ, UW and WUT laboratories and were presented during Wilga 2011 Session. An adequate observational system was designed, manufactured and situated in astronomical observatories. The system consists of ultra-low-noise sCCD cameras and DSP electronics. The pi-of-the-sky research project is realized, which has gathered a lot of own observational data on astronomical objects. These data are correlated with universal data bases. A new observation site has been opened recently in Spain in the INTA institute (Costa de la Cruz). The localization in ESO Las Campanas (LCO) was shifted from the central Chile location to North to SPdA observatory. There was installed a new generation of detectors and cameras of greater sensitivity and considerably lower noises. Positioning of the observational mount consisting of four cameras was done basing on 34 main parameters for the mount and the cameras: absolute orientations HA and DEC against the equatorial set of coordinates (4 parameters), conversion from the counter in the step motor to the values of angles in RA and DEC (2), localization in the rotation space of the axis DEEP/WIDE (8), values of angles between DEEP/DEEP (4), directions of versors CCDx and CCDz in the space (16). The result of positioning is such a set of 34 parameters for which the difference between the astrometry and the detector is the smallest. A single pixel of the pi-ofthe-sky camera is equivalent tp 36 arcsec. Setting angles to HA axis is 4 p, DEC axis 27 p, HOME axis 27 – 37 arcsec. Thus the mount is very precise. The WIDE mode (40x40o) the cameras observe adjacent areas, and in DEEP mode (20x20o) the fields cover each other. Pi of the Sky is a network of robotic optical telescopes. The webpage of the project is: http://grb.fuw.edu.pl. The telescopes and the project is run by a collaboration consisting of FUW, Warsaw University Astronomical Observatory, NCBJ, CAMK and WUT. All telescopes operate fully autonomously , without human intervention. Currently there are two telescopes. Working prototype apparatus is in San Pedro de Atacama SPDA in Chile. It was moved from ESO LCO ( European South Observatory, Las Campanas Observatory) in Chile where it worked for several years. The first telescope of the final system is located in INTA El Arenosillo test centre in Mazagon near Huelva Spain. Towards the end of 2012 there will be mounted three new units in the INTA location. The third observation site will be located near Malaga. Pi of the Sky research program embraces the following observations, measurements and cataloguing of: changing stars, transient astronomical processes, gamma ray bursts GRBs, gravitational waves detection, optical counterparts to other astronomical phenomena, cosmic rubbish, spectral analysis of bursting sources, photometric analyses of measured astronomical data, using parallax for measurements. One of the objects observed by pi-of-the-sky camera are changing stars – Cepheids, a session during Wilga 2011. There were observed cepheids of the I and II kind, metallic and non-metallic, in the range of magnitudes 6 -12, which are subject to contraction and expansion with the first and the second harmonic. There were gathered light curves for more than 150 cepheids. Fourier analysis of the light curves is an efficient tool to classify the cepheids. Over-tone cepheids have sinusoidal shape of the light curves, and classical – a triangular one. There were identified a few cepheids, not yet present in the global catalogues. The analysis of the observational data of the pi-of-the-sky, embracing of more than 1,5 million stars allowed for distinguishing more than 1000 changing stars of different types. There were applied classification criteria from the GCVS and ACVS catalogues. There were discovered around 20 new changing stars and the data on the periods of a few tens of changing stars were more precisely confined. During the observations in the LCO, during the period 2004-09 above 1TB of reduced data were gathered. The biggest achievement was observation of the burst GRB080319B. The effect was Publisher in Nature 11.09.2008. In January 2011, from the INTA localization, there was observed effect GRB110112B. Measurement data base was prepared for the observation results of spectral characteristics in the vicinity of quasars (UMK and PW laboratories). Spectral characteristics contain information concerning wide and narrow absorption lines in the area of dust accretion ring, accretion plasma stream and jets perpendicular to the accretion disc of the black hole. Optimal data organization allows for its 10 time reduction


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offer in-flight configuration of FPGA fabric. Typical I/O ports include servicing of telemetry, optical, magnetometry, thermal, communication, etc. Some of such systems are offered by: GOM Space, Clyde Space, Andrew Space, Space Micro, and more. The latter vendor designs the ProtonX-Box which is an Avionix Suite for CubeSats. It resides on a single board computer with PPC, DSP and FPGA chips. The requirements for the OBC design are as follows: low power consumption, choice for multiple low-power modes, high computing power, resistance to radiation present at low Earth orbit, high reliability, low cost, small weight, board size suitable for picosatellite standard (like Cube Sat), usage of common communication links as are often used in picosatellite designs, preparedness for standardized operating scenarios, fast communication links for payload and radio. A new architecture for OBC was chosen with ATmega128 microprocessor realizing tele-commands, telemetry, power control, logs and task queue. Spartan FPGA realizes operation of payload, processing, compressing and storing of payload data, and ADCS algorithms. Power consumption of this system is: active PC (at around 10MHz) uses 100mW, idle PC uses 50mW, sleeping PC uses 100µW. FPGA chip (at 100MHz) uses below 2W. The peripherals of this system are: FLASH, ADC, RTC and RAM. The I/O ports are UART, USB, I2C, CAN, and high speed serial links. Payload, radio, PSU, ADCS units are using I2C. Test port is using USB and UART. Payload and radio are using HS serial links. Estimations for SEL and SEU effects in LEO for both micro-processors, are well beyond (i.e. one order of magnitude greater) the lifetime of the satellite. Reliability in the system is obtained by hardware redundancy.

4. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: OPTICS, OPTOELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS A session on usage of advanced photonic and electronic, wireless systems was organized during WIlga 2011. Mobile devices, now combine internally many functions like: cellular phone, photo and camera, multimedia player, personal digital assistant, radio and television sets, GPS and GIS, access to Internet, local and remote data bases. There will be added to these the next functions like cloud computing, individual insurance polices (like EHIC – European health insurance card), individual licenses like driving license, wireless credit/payment cards – electronic purse, personal identification, other techniques basing on RFID, but also biomedical measurement system and personal health record cards. Now there are predicted the following health data to be stored first is combined with the information which may influence the patient therapy, which includes: data concerning allergy, currently administered and taken medicines, chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, epilepsy), actual and historic image records and laboratory results. Such data combined with the patient facilitate many medical procedures, and may be necessary in rescue situations. Current technology and PDA resources allow for realization of many biomedical solutions. The following data acquisition, storing and access parameters and condition are usually determined: quantity of data may be very large, data should be accessible even if the PDA is broken or battery is depleted, thus the carrier should be an SD card. Biomedical data should be well protected against an unauthorized access, like by symmetric cipher with individual SK key. The work on SK for biomedical applications in PDA are carried out in a few research laboratories in this country, among then at WUT. There are considered issues of key distribution and updating, short-term alarm keys, hardware and software requirements for biomedical data mobile stations and servers, and overall system costs. Low-level laser therapy finds applications for bio-stimulation and subtle photochemical interactions. Optical power provided by the lighting heads does not overcome 0,5 W and does not cause thermal effects. Tuning of the wavelength allows for changing of the light penetration depth and for different interaction mechanism with the cellular structures, fibroblasts and oxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, melanin. Optimal constructions of lighting heads are researched for homogeneous optical power distribution, or programmable lighting for different biomedical applications. The heads are equipped increasingly frequently not in lasers but in LEDs. The work is carried on at PB and WAT laboratories. Optoelectronics offers many applications for motion and sight disabled persons. Particular attention is paid to a group of devices enhancing the disabled work with the PC. These are different access interfaces, including joysticks fitted in the most optimal way to the kind of person’s disability, pointers associated with movement of head, feet, or more complex ones associated with eye globe movement, or simpler as optical keyboards. The work on optical keyboard for motion disabled persons of various degree of disability is carried out at PB Optoelectronics laboratory. Optical fiber capillaries are used to build integrated chemical processors, of Lab on Capillary or LoC type (not to mix with the same abbreviation which stands for Lab on Chip). Optical capillaries allow for simultaneous transmission of light and matter. The light may be transmitted along the fiber in the same direction or in opposite direction as matter. The light may also be transmitted perpendicular to the fiber, or simultaneously both ways to cross the optical power threshold at some place of the capillary reactor. Optical capillary in a LoC system transmits fluid samples of the


researched matter, reacting agents, catalytic substances, solvents and light to the reactor point. There are possible measurements in the fluidic mode of LoC work. While the probes and reagents flow through the LoC interaction point, there are performed transmission and dissipation/scattering measurements including turbidimetry, nefelometry and spectral ones. The measuring heads with capillary optical fibers were used for measuring of edible oils quality, fluid fuels, alcohols, but also physiological fluids in the cattle – the latter to determine the fertility periods and diagnose illnesses. Optical fiber technology is developed at Bialystok Univeristy of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, in Optoelectronics Laboratory chaired by prof.J.Dorosz and prof.D.Dorosz. One of the projects concerns upconversion emission in double-clad tellurite optical fibres. The purpose is to enrich medical and bioscience applications of optical fiber lasers. Such optical sources are applied for optical response embracing therapy, biostimulation, cosmetics and diagnostics, as well as thermal response, including surgery and aesthetic medicine. The applications include: photodynamic therapy, hair and tattoo treatment, photochemical diagnostics, endoscopy, OCT imaging, spectroscopic diagnostics, surgery – in urology, abdominal, dental,…, skin resurfacing, birthmarks, dermatology, etc. Biostimulation is a fast growing field os applications of fiber lasers. Biostimulation mechanism is as follows: photon, mitochondrium, increase ATP production, activity increase T lymphocyte, fibroblast, heparin unbinding, tissue energy increase, vitality increase. Biostimulation is used not only in dermatology but also endoscopically in gastroenterology, pulmonology, gynaecology, and in many other medical fields. The used light sources are He-Ne (633nm), InGaAlP (635nm, 650nm, 660nm, 670nm) GaAlAs (780 nm, 820 nm, 830 nm), GaAs (904 nm). Photodynamic therapy bases on application of a photosensitive drug and optical activation of this drug. Activated drug releases locally radicals. The process leads to very localized cell necrosis. Various photosensitive drugs have different activating wavelengths, usually spanning from 630nm to 690 nm. Some of photosensitive drugs are: natrium porfimer, BPD-MA, m-THPC, 5-ALA, HPPH, boronphotoporfirines, lutetium teksapiryne, ftalocyjaninum-4, natrium taporfinum, and others. Fiber lasers are used in optogenetics. Nerve fibers are stimulated electrically and then undergo optogenetic excitation followed by optogenetic inhibition. Specialized, medical oriented optical fiber equipment is constructed for these purposes Brain computer interface BCI is an innovative biomedical technology that use brain activity to control computer environment, and was a subject of Wilga 2012 session.. The computer, in turn, may be used to control other systems and/or devices. The neuro-feedback systems available are: BrainGate – invasive neural interfacing to help disabled people; g.Tec Guger Tech. – noninvasive biopotential measurement systems; Emotiv Epoc – BCI device with multiple electrodes for home use; NeuroSky MindWave – simple neuroffedback; OpenEEG – the most popular neuro-feedback open source platform, and other with practically no support like BrainBay, NeuralServer, EegMir, etc. From engineering point of view the BCI is a versatile platform for biological signal acquisition, processing and presentation, targeted at electrical brain activity. The basic features of the BCI as researched today are: can use invasive or noninvasive methods to acquire brain and/or other physiological signals, including photonic, RF, mechanical, magnetic and other; can use different methods of brain activity measurement like EEG, fMRI; no signal input into brain except safe audio-visual stimuli, complex analog measurements system working with ultra-low-voltage biological signals; advanced digital structure for signal acquisition, processing and decision making; use neuro-feedback mechanisms for closed-loop control. A research work on BCI is carried out in the Biomedical Engineering Research Group (ISE WUT) lead by prof.A.Grzanka (T.Cedro, K.Chojnowski, J.Fraczek, L.Czupryniak). The assumptions for the system design are: low-cost fully featured BCI system; modular construction for easier experimentation and prototyping; is based on open source and free software as development platform and user environment; overcome existing low-cost system limitations and bring new features; aim at a new standard for academic and home use of the BCI. Measurement front end of the system acquires the EEG signal, of the amplitude 5-50 µV and frequency range 0-100 Hz – with delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma waves –of the following frequencies respectively: 1-4 Hz, 4-8 Hz, 8-12Hz, 12-40Hz and over 40Hz. The measurement issues are: low signal amplitude, high noise level and high skin impedance. Thus, the hardware has to be quite refined. The EEG was analyzed in real time to extract the signals responsible for simple functions like eye close and open, hand and leg movements etc. The BCI hardware uses new fully featured BCIOP protocol (BCI open protocol) basing on TLV mechanism (tag length value). BCIOP features are: exchange data between target equipment and host PC; allow real-time applications with low latency and high throughput; control functions and parameters of target device; storage measurement results and off-line analysis; implementation of user interaction and realization of nonstandard research procedures; have library form to be linked into small footprint firmware and full featured host software; easily adapt to hardware specific needs such as data format, sampling speed or time intervals, and others.


5. PHOTONICS APPLICATIONS Photonic bio-fuel inspection was a subject of a session during Wilga 2012. Photonic, spectroscopic biodiesel sensors are subject of research by the research group in IMIO WUT (dr M.Borecki). The initial design idea stems from the following statement. There are many standards of fuel examination, but they are made exclusively for fuel producers. One of the most important bio-fuel types, due to ecological demand, is at present the bio-diesel fuel. The aim of research is to build cheap, mobile and efficient, photonic bio-fuel quality sensor basing on optical spectroscopy. Cost of the calibrated light source contributes most to the overall value of the systems available on the market. The assumed solution aims at the modularity of the source. The fuels under analysis contain C, H, H2O, N2, S, Cl, O2, SiO2 and their compounds. The diesel fuel contains 20 major components and about 200 minor components that may be detectable by the photonic sensing system. Fuels are categorized against: density, calorific value, origin, H/C ratio, etc. The following parameters are determined for diesel fuels: RVP – Reid vapor pressure, boiling point, flash point, density, number of carbon atoms in particle and viscosity. The intelligent portable multi-fuel (gasoline and bio-fuel), multi-sensor, photonic-electronic analyzers base mainly on computerized processing of the near UV, optical and IR spectra, and applying mathematical models for determination of cetane number and as many as other 40 parameters. A simple and cheap sensor is also needed measuring very fast only a few key parameters and determining the fuel usability. The novel design bases on optoelectronic interface working at non-typical frequency eliminating the background radiation, fiber optic pigtails, and capillary optrode used for photo-spectrometric analysis of the attenuation and fluorescence. Characteristic features of the spectrum to be analyzed for fast bio-fuel quality results are: * attenuation features: 260 nm features indicating the concentration of bio-components, 480 nm – presence of lubricants, 620 nm – presence of unsaturated fatty acids; * fluorescence excitation for 260 nm: 270-300 nm features – showing concentration of biocomponents; * fluorescence excitation for 365 nm: 400 nm – presence of washing agent, 480 nm – concentration of Cl based improvers. The design of a cheap photonic bio-fuel analyzer bases on building light sources and re-connectable optoelectronic units that are able to separate efficiently all these above listed analog signals, digitize them immediately after detection and process for the useful results. The optoelectronic set-up of the fuel quality sensor consists of: function generator, light source, optical coupling, detectors, digital electronics like DaqLab, PC with DaisyLab or similar software, Ethernet access. Photonic lab on a chip and inspection of yeast was a subject of a session during Wilga 2012. Optical fiber capillaries were applied for measurements of spectrophotometric properties of Saccharomyces Boulardi SB. SB is a species of tropical yeast isolated from the peel of lychee and mangosteen fruits. SB is a probiotic, unicellular and globular. Reproduces by budding and grows at very high temperatures of 37oC. The interest in SB is because it is the easiest available type of yeast. However, it causes inflammation and some disorders in human body. The results of human cytology is obtained after two weeks. SB shows high level luminescence in the short-range UV 375nm. The laboratory set-up consists of a PC controlled spectrophotometer, optical fiber capillary with a sample, and light source with a power supply. The yeast samples were measured with and without annealing. The aim of the design is to build an automated, cheap sensor for fast SB yeast detection. Lab-on-a-chip principle is: multiple functions of a chemical lab are put together in single chip; operations with extremely small volumes of reagents due to high sensitivity and use ofmicrofluidic circuits, a variety of types of used sensors – electronic, MEMS, optical fluorescence, photonic, and plasmonic. Operation principle can be refractometric by measurement of effective optical index change due to monitored bio-chemical reaction but also other like nephelometric. The configuration are: MZI – Mach-Zender, FP – Fabry Perot cavity, DPI – dual polarization interferometer. A full featured photonic integrated sensor system was presented by dr A.Kazmierczak of TNO Delft, performed inside the European FP6-IST Sabio project. The system consists of: optical interrogation device, couplers, multichannel sensor topology, simultaneous interrogation of numerous sensor channels, on-chip signal splitting by miniature vertical grating coupler, off chip solutions, and multichannel detector. The results of measurements indicate high tolerance and coupling repeatability of optical coupling during the bio-chip replacement. The following tests were done: refractometry measurements for anti-BSA protein, temperature influence compensation, etc. A complete optical solution for photonic bio-chemical sensing system has been proposed including transducer design, optical integrated multichannel circuit and the integration platform. To meet new demands, the next generation of high-performance wireless and optical networks and communication systems (CS) must support a significant increase in data rates, better coverage, greater spectral efficiency, and higher reliability. The applications of high performance data transmission networks extend well beyond traditional


understanding of telecom systems. Complex networked structures are fueling the development of self configurable sensory meshes, smart structure, bioengineering including body area networks, etc. These structures using wireless and optical technologies need extreme energy efficiency and introduce completely new wireless networking paradigm. Overcoming these technical challenges will require significant breakthroughs in wireless and photonic/optical component and system design. A dominating tendency in all these domains is to go digital, independently of the fields of applications, including short distance extremely distributed communications. The reason is obvious. The known and traditional analogue solutions are much less efficient and noise resistant than digital systems, have low bit rate and nonoptimally utilize the available channel bandwidth. Theoretically, however, there is a wide class of practically important and potentially of extensive applications analog CS. These systems can potentially beat digital ones for similar applications. Principal differences between analog and digital CS are as follows. Transmitters of digital CS contain digitizing and coding units, which cannot be described by a continuous input-output functions. This does not allow to determine explicit form of the probability density function, which describes the signal transmission in the CS in the presence of noises. Transmitters of analog CS contain only analogue modulators, and in the most advanced systems they also contain sample and hold units. All the system consisting of transmitter with S&H units, channel and receiver can be described by continuous input-output functions and allow for definition the explicit form of the probability density function, which describes the signal transmission in the CS in the presence of noise. This is a profound difference between the analogue and digital CS (ACS and DCS). This results in different measures of the transmission quality. For DCS, the basic analytical measure of the quality of transmission is men square error of the output estimates of the input signal. This measure cannot be simply formulated. For ACS, the mean square error of output estimates can be formulated analytically, because the probability density is determined. This difference has divided ICT into two directions. The DCS has concentrated on development of the increasingly efficient methods of discretization, coding, keying and reversed operations in receivers. The ACS remained a niche. There is no general criterion of transmission quality in DCS. Three separate non-general criterions, related by internal parameters, are used instead for determination of DCS quality. These are: power efficiency of transmission measured in J/bit, channel bandwidth efficiency measured in bit/s/Hz, and bit error rate (called commonly as the P-B efficiency). The closeness of these two first parameters is estimated to the Shannon’s boundary. BER is assessed additionally using known characteristics of the channel noise, its bandwidth, gain and power of the transmitter. The aim of optimization of DCS is maximize bandwidth efficiency Be in bit/s/Hz, minimize energy (power) efficiency Pe in J/bit, minimize BER expressed in probability of erroneous transmission per a single bit. Optimal DCS should transmit signals for the maximal possible distance with maximal rate, quality, and reliability and should have minimal complexity, cost and energy consumption. Shannon theorem for Gaussian channels says that there exist encoding schemes permitting to transmit the signals at the power – bandwidth efficiency attaining Shannon boundary with the infinitesimally small frequency of errors. Simultaneously it says that transmission at a greater efficiency is impossible. The characteristics of optimal DCS are: signal transmission is with bit rate equal to the capacity of the channel; power-bandwidth efficiency is at the Shannon boundary; they fully use their power/bandwidth resources for a given BER; no analytical description method exists for DCS. In practice the best DCS solutions have their parameters of 3-5 dB far away from the Shannon’s boundary. Multimedia technologies with usage of optical and photonics methods are subject of Wilga sessions every year. The imaging metod with the use of structural light relies on projection of a known image pixel pattern. The 3D scene may be observed with the application of the structural light technology. Depth of the scene is calculated from the distortion of the pattern image. The technique has a number of advantages, as in certain conditions simplicity of calculations, which privilege this method to certain kinds of applications, as imaging of certain static scenes. It has also drawbacks, s small dynamics, eliminating it from other applications, as fast changing scenes. The structural light technique uses de Brujin sequences of the n-th order for a chosen alphabet. It is a sequence of signs (here color stripes of structural light) for which each sub-sequence of n-signs is unique and appears only once (here the widths of the light stripes and their color). The structural light may be optimized by the choice by the choice of stripes colors – RGB, CMY or mixed. The aim of optimization is to minimize the color interferences and maximization of the contrast between the adjacent stripes. The issue is the loss of contrast and color interference after image acquisition. Color segmentation is necessary in separate RGB channels, image analysis in 2D space, calculation of statistical parameters for each window, modification of the color of individual pixel in the adjacent window and image processing off-line. Detection of stripes borders in the structural light is done via the analysis of the value for the hue in the HSV color space. Stereovision of large base differs technically in a fundamental way from the systems with a small base. These topics are researchedin a team lead by prof.W.Skarbek. The assumptions to build a stereoscopic image from two distant and


nondependent cameras (as differentiated from a single stereoscopic camera with two adjacent lenses for 3D video stream) are: image colors may differ essentially, the cameras may have different parameters, different amplifications, observation angles, scene illumination, geometrical distortions between the views, etc. The aim is to estimate the mutual positioning of the cameras, calculation of the basic image matrix, finding corresponding points – regions, lines of the image, estimation of the image object depths, reconstruction of 3D scene (there may be required more than two views of the scene). Features of the descriptors of image regions, which enable the fusion of the scene are the following: invariance to color and rotation, immunity to geometrical distortions, adaptability for various scales. There are built analytical models concerning the possibility to reduce the transmission rate by elimination the redundant data in the multi-view imaging systems. The system may find applications in generation of 3D images from a few city cameras positioned in a single region with overlapping imaging areas of the individual cameras. A subject of research are stereo images. Super-pixel technology was applied for matching of stereo images (M.Roszkowski). The reason of choice of super-pixels is as follows: a reduction of image resolution is often desirable for decrease in calculation effort and shortening time of processing; the reduction should take into account local image characteristics; the information about the objects present in the image should not be lost; image pyramid does not always meet this requirement. SLIC superpixels (simple linear iterative clustering) are relatively easy to calculate; easy to set and change the number of super-pixels in the image; superpixels centers form quite regular grid; superpixels frequently respect object boundaries. Enforcing super-pixel spatial coherence requires additional calculation step. SLIC superpixel calculation algorithms includes the steps: create new rectangular grid by evenly sampling the original image grid; distance between the grid points defines superpixel size; perform k-means algorithm locally in the image; allow the pixels to be assigned only to the superpixels, which centers are not more than superpixel size away. Local stereo algorithm is based on calculation of disparity cost volume function. Fast local image segmentation can help to decrease stereo algorithm complexity. The number of searched disparities in the local stereo algorithm is significantly reduced. The reduced disparity does not have an adverse effect on the quality of a computed disparity map. A number of session concerning the applications of photonic and electronic circuits and systems included work on particular engineering and technical solutions for various fields like: car industry, airborne industry, robotics, management of the road traffic, remote control methods for utility systems via the Internet, audio and video techniques, biomedicine, safety techniques, home appliances. A group of work concerned the development of a mobile platform for a universal robot equipped with advanced devices like cameras, grippers, Other group concerned the development of distributed measurement networks for minimum energy service of the network of self configuring environmental sensors. These sensors are expected to use a lot of energy harvesting.

6. CONCLUSIONS AND WILGA 2013 The WILGA meetings are always fruitful events gathering young researchers from the fields of photonics and electronics systems. The 2013 Symposia on Photonics and Internet Engineering will be held on 24-27 January 2013 at WEiTI PW building in Warsaw and on 27.05 – 02.06 2013 in Wilga Resort by PW. The organizers warmly invite young researchers to present their work. The WILGA Symposium web page is under the address: http://wilga.ise.pw.edu.pl. The WILGA 2013 papers will be published again in the Proc. SPIE.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank all participants of WILGA Symposium for making the event again and again a success.

REFERENCES WILGA Symposium has produced more than 2500 articles, out of which over 1000 were published in Proc.SPIE. Several hundred of them are associated with the research activities of the PERG/ELHEP Research Group at ISE WUT. The Group is an initiator and major organizer of the WILGA Symposia. The paper was prepared using the invited and contributed presentations debated during Wilga 2012 May Edition. Some fragments of the text were quoted from these presentations and from session discussions. [1] R.Romaniuk, Manufacturing and characterization of ring-index optical fibers, Optica Applicata 31 (2), pp.425-444 (2001) [2] R.Romaniuk, et al., Multicore single-mode soft-glass optical fibers, Optica Applicata 29 (1), pp.15-49 (1999) [3] J.Dorosz, R.Romaniuk, Fiber Optics Department of Biaglass Co. twenty years of research activities, Optica Applicata 28 (4), pp. 267-291 (1998) [4] J.Dorosz, R.S.Romaniuk., Multicrucible technology of tailored optical fibres, Optica Applicata 28 (4), pp.293-322 (1998) [5] R.Romaniuk, Tensile strength of tailored optical fibres, Opto-electronics Review 8 (2), pp.101-116 (2000) [6] R.Romaniuk, Capillary optical fiber – design, fabrication, characterization and application, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 56 (2), pp.87-102 (2008)


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