Optics and Photonics for Security and Defense - IEEE Xplore

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for defense and security applications since the first spyglass provided ... both military leaders and security pro- fessionals ... overview of sensor technologies for.
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Optics and Photonics for Security and Defense By K A Z U Y O S H I I T O H , M e m b e r I E E E

Guest Editor BAHRAM JAVIDI, Fellow IEEE

Guest Editor PAUL F. McMANAMON, Fellow IEEE

Guest Editor WOLFGANG OSTEN

Guest Editor ROBERT F. LEHENY, Fellow IEEE

Advisory

A

dvancing the capabilities of sensor systems has been of interest for defense and security applications since the first spyglass provided a photonic assist to a commander’s situational awareness more than 300 years ago. With the advances in technology over the last 50 years, the This issue describes a simple spyglass has been replaced wide range of sensor with significantly more sophisticated applications from global systems that collect, detect, process, imaging to local bio-agent and respond to radiation over much of detection. Coverage the electromagnetic spectrum. includes the technologies At the same time, the scope of threats demanding the attention of and basic processes both military leaders and security pro- involved and concludes fessionals has expanded from a macro- that further advances are scopic worldview to the microscopic limited only by the domain of biological and chemical collective imaginations of agents. In today’s world, from nanothose scientists and meters to kilometers, photonic sensors and systems are providing these com- engineers involved. munities with the capability to achieve superb awareness across all threat domains. Military leaders and security professionals can thus Bsee[ further with Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2017826

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greater clarity, allowing them to achieve unprecedented situational awareness anywhere in the world and, with the aid of photonic communication links capable of transporting terabits of information across the globe, maintaining an unprecedented level of awareness in near real time, day or night. Nevertheless, as striking as this progress has been, there continues to be considerable interest in advancing the capabilities of sensor systems and their component technologies. The reasons are simpleVon the one hand, continued advances in technology are enabling the realization of increasing capabilities, while on the other there is universal recognition that in meeting today’s threats, the force that has superior sensing capabilities, under all conditions, and can share this situational awareness with all tactical elements in as near real time as possible has a decisive advantage over its adversaries. 0018-9219/$25.00 Ó 2009 IEEE

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In this Special Issue of the PROCEEDINGS devoted to Optics and Photonics for Security and Defense, we have assembled a group of invited papers that cover a wide range of sensor applications from global imaging to local bioagent detection. Leheny and McCants introduce the issue with an overview of sensor technologies for military applications and the physical processes that limit their capabilities. In the first group of papers, techniques for identifying biological and chemical agents are discussed. Greenwood et al. provide an overview of optical and nonoptical techniques based on the application of elastic scatter and ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence for triggering and standoff detection of biological warfare agents. Moon et al. discuss how optical imaging and digital processing methods can be applied to achieve threedimensional real-time noninvasive sensing, detection, along with monitoring and visualization of moving, growing, and reproducing biological micro/ nano organisms in real-time in a noninvasive way. Itoh et al. discuss how nonlinear-optical techniques that apply ultrafast laser pulses facilitate a variety of sensing applications, including microscopy, nanosurgery, device fabrication, and microwelding. The second group of papers explores innovative approaches to optical sensing. Eisman et al. discuss the application of a hyperspectral sensing system, Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER), that incorporates visible to the near-infrared sensing, to civilian search-and-rescue operations.

Hoffman et al. discuss how significant improvements in material quality, structural design, and imaging application requirements are being combined to enable InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors to offer superior performance for long-wave infrared imaging. The third group of papers discusses novel uses of optically based sensor systems. Martinez-Cuenca et al. describe how modifications of integral imaging or multiperspective imaging approaches to image sensing and acquisition can visualize and display a three-dimensional scene in color having improved depth of field, axial and lateral resolution, and with continuous relief. McManamon et al. review how phased array steering of optical beams can be achieved to eliminate the need for mechanical beam steering while enabling the type of efficient random access pointing that is currently achieved with microwave phased array radars. Morio et al. discuss an application of Shannon entropy and the Bhattacharyya distance for characterization of polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar images. In the final group of papers, Stotts et al. discuss hybrid optical radio-frequency airborne communications that enable broadband, global communications linking theater operations to command headquarters. Matoba et al. discuss optical techniques for information security that take advantage of the many degrees of freedom that optical waveforms pose to make information encoding more secure, including techniques for creating an optical ID tag for authentication.

Based on the scope of applications discussed in these papers in looking to future capabilities, it is clear that the ability to continue advancing sensor technology is limited only by the collective imaginations of the current and the next generation of scientists and engineers focused on integrating photonic science with sensor system design. While the emphasis of this issue has been on defense and security applications, optics and photonics remain an important enabling technology for many broad areas of industry, commerce, and civilian needs, including education, medicine, energy, manufacturing, entertainment, and the environment. Advances in the field of optics and photonics motivated by defense and security needs have and will continue to benefit many of these areas. We apologize if the limited scope of this special issue has not allowed us to cite, discuss, present, or include all the diverse and vast array of activities in this field. h

Acknowledgment The Editors wish to thank all the authors for their fine contributions. Special thanks to the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions and meeting our tight deadlines. They are grateful to PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE Board of Editors who supported the idea of the Special Issue. In particular, many thanks to J. Sun and J. Calder in the Editorial Office for their assistance, guidance, support, and patience.

A B O U T T H E G U E S T E DI T O R S Kazuyoshi Itoh (Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in applied physics from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, in 1971 and 1975, respectively, and the D.Eng degree from Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, in 1984. He was with Nippon Kokan K. K. and Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. in 1971Y1972 and 1975Y1978, respectively. He joined the Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, in 1978 as an Assistant Professor. He moved to the Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of

Engineering, Osaka University, in 1986. Since 1995, he has been a Professor in the Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, where he is with the Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology. He has been working in the field of optical coherence, optical information processing, and digital and nonlinear image processing. He is currently interested in applications of ultrashort optical pulses to biophotonics, optical signal processing, and material processing. He was Editor-in-Chief of the Japanese Journal of Optics in 1997Y1999 and an Editor-in-Chief of the Japanese Journal of Applied Physics in 2002Y2004. Dr. Itoh is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, the Japan Society of Applied Physics, and a he International Society for Optical Engineering.

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Bahram Javidi (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from George Washington University, Washington, DC, in 1980 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Pennsylvania State University, University Park, in 1982 and 1986, respectively. He is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor at University of Connecticut. He has been recognized by six best paper awards, and several major awards from professional societies. Dr. Javidi has been named Fellow of IEEE, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), Optical Society of America (OSA), International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), Institute of Physics (IoP), The Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T), and The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). In 2008, he received the Fellow award by John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. He received the 2008 IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award. In 2007, The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation awarded him the Humboldt Prize for outstanding US scientists. He received the Technology Achievement Award from the The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) in 2008. Dr. Javidi was the co recipient of the Lockheed Martin Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) Best Paper Award in 2008. In 2007, he was the co-recipient of the best paper award from the Information Optics workshop sponsored by IEEE LEOS, SPIE, and University of Iceland. In 2005, Dr. Javidi received the Dennis Gabor Award in Diffractive Wave Technologies by the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Dr. Javidi was the recipient of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-optics Society Distinguished Lecturer Award twice in 20032004 and 2004-2005. Dr. Javidi was twice awarded the IEEE Best Journal Paper Award from IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY in 2002 and 2005. In 1990, the National Science Foundation named Prof. Javidi a Presidential Young Investigator. In 1987, he received The Engineering Foundation and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Faculty Initiation Award. He has over 650 publications. He has completed 9 books and 44 book chapters. He has published over 250 technical articles in major peer reviewed journals. He has published over 330 conference proceedings, including over 110 Plenary Addresses, Keynote Addresses, and invited conference papers. His papers have been cited over 5000 times according to the citation index of WEB of Science.

Paul F. McManamon (Fellow, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in physics from The Ohio State University, Columbus, in 1977. He worked at Wright Patterson AFB, OH, from 1968 to 2008. His primary work in the laboratory has been in electrooptical sensors. He was Chief Scientist for the Avionics Directorate of Wright Laboratory for more than two-and-a half years. He was Senior Scientist for infrared sensors for five years. He was Chief Scientist for the Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, from June 2005 until May 2008. Dr. McManamon is a Fellow of SPIE, OSA, MSS, and the Air Force Research Laboratory. He was primary author of a paper entitled BOptical Phased Array Technology[ that received the IEEE W. R. J. Baker award for the best paper in any IEEE referred journal or transaction. He was President of SPIE in 2006.

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Wolfgang Osten received the B.Sc. degree from the University of Jena, Germany, in 1979 and the Ph.D. degree from Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, in 1983. From 1979 to 1984, he was a Member of the Institute of Mechanics in Berlin, working in the field of experimental stress analysis and optical metrology. His doctoral work was in the field of holographic interferometry. From 1984 to 1991, he was with the Central Institute of Cybernetics and Information Processes, Berlin, Germany, investigating digital image processing and computer vision. In 1991, he joined the Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Technology to establish and to direct the Department Optical 3D-Metrology until 2002. Since September 2002, he has been a full Professor at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, and Director of the Institute for Applied Optics. Currently he is Vice Rector for Research and Technology of Stuttgart University. His research work is focused on new concepts for industrial inspection and metrology by combining modern principles of optical metrology, sensor technology, and image processing. Special attention is paid to the development of resolution enhanced technologies for the investigation of micro- and nanostructures.

Robert F. Leheny (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Connecticut, Storrs, in 1960. He received the M.S.E.E. and Dr.Eng.Sci. degrees from Columbia University, New York, in 1963 and 1966, respectively. His doctoral research was on the application of microwave probe beams to the study of laboratory plasmas. He joined the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1993 as a Program Manager responsible for optoelectronic materials and device technologies. In 1999, he became Director of DARPA’s Microsystems Technology Office; in June 2003, he became the agency’s Deputy Director; and in December 2008, his responsibilities were extended to include Director of the agency’s Defense Science Office. From 1987 to 1993, he was Executive Director of the Network Technology Research Division, Applied Research Laboratory, Bell Communications Research (now Telcordia), Red Bank, NJ, responsible for materials and device research related to advanced communication systems. From 1984 to 1987, he was Director of Bellcore’s Electronic Device Research Group, responsible for researching electronic devices and device physics. From 1967 to 1984, he was a Member of Technical Staff in the Electronics Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, where he conducted research on the optical and charge transport properties of compound semiconductors and their use for integrated optoelectronic devices. In 1983, Bell Labs named him a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in recognition of his contributions. From 1962 to 1967, he was a graduate student and Associate Professor (1966Y1967) with Columbia University’s Electrical Engineering Department. From 1960 to 1962, he was a Radar Systems Engineer with Sperry Gyroscope Co., Great Neck, NY. He has published more than 75 papers, coauthored four book chapters, and coedited a book on integrated optoelectronics. He was an Assistant Editor of Optical Letters Journal. Dr. Leheny is a member of Sigma Xi. He is a member of the American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the New York Academy of Science. He was an Assistant Editor of IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS. He was a Member of the LEOS Board of Governors from 1993 to 1996. In 1992, he was named a Distinguished Graduate of the University of Connecticut School of Engineering. He received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 2003.