Overview of global mercury emissions
John Munthe IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute
[email protected]
Aim of presentation Provide an overview of global emissions of Hg Examples from regional inventory activities Discuss uncertainties in relation to hemispherical transport - Point source data, speciation - Reemissions/Natural emissions Suggest future activities
www.ivl.se
Global mercury emissions Based on work by J. Pacyna and co-workers Available at http://amap.no/Resources/HgEmissions/ References: Pacyna, E.G., Pacyna, J.M., Steenhuisen, F. and Wilson, S.J. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Submitted to Atmospheric Environment Wilson, S.J., Steenhuisen, F., Pacyna, J.M. and Pacyna, E.G. Spatial Distribution of Global Anthropogenic Mercury Atmospheric Emission Inventories Submitted to Atmospheric Environment
www.ivl.se
www.ivl.se
www.ivl.se
www.ivl.se
Geographical distribution Continents - Total emission: 2269 tonnes 9% 4%
18%
11%
A FRICA A SIA A USTRA LIA
6%
EUROP E SOUTH A M ERICA NORTH A M ERICA
52%
www.ivl.se
Emission categories Categories - Total emission: 2269 tonnes Stationary Combustion 5%1%
Cement Production
10%
Non-ferrous Metal Production
1% 3% 1%
Pig Iron & Steel Production Caustic Soda Production
7% 5%
Mercury Production 67%
Gold Production Waste Disposal Other
www.ivl.se
European emission inventories, trends and projections Based on work from EU funded projects ESPREME, MERCYMS, MOE, MAMCS
www.ivl.se
Trends in mercury emissions in Europe 1980 to 2000 Source category
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Combustion of fuels
350
296
195
186
114
Industrial processes
460
388
390
93
99
50
42
42
59
26
860
726
627
338
239
Other sources TOTAL
www.ivl.se Reductions of Hg emissions mainly due to: Flue Gas Desulphurisation, Closing o obsolete chemical industries, modernisation of industries and power generation.
Comparison measuremens/estimates
www.ivl.se
Accuracy of emission estimates
www.ivl.se
Future scenarios for mercury emissions in Europe (Pacyna et al., ESPREME project)
www.ivl.se
Speciation of emitted mercury 100%
HgP 90%
80%
70%
RGM
60%
Hg (parti HgII Hg0 (gas
50%
40%
30%
Hg0
20%
10%
0% Power plants
Residential heat
Cement Production
Lead
Zinc
Pig & iron
www.ivl.se
Waste Disposal
ACAP (Arctic Council Action Plan) mercury project has compiled national inventories for Arctic Countries. Also prepared emission inventory for Hg in Russia
www.ivl.se
http://www.mst.dk/homepage/default.asp?Sub=http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2005/87-7614-515-8/html/default_eng.ht
Emissions of Hg from Arctic countries (from ACAP report)
Note: Variyng degree of detail and accuracy www.ivl.se in different national reports
on -fe rro us m et
al ry sm /fl C uo el oa tin re lc g sc om en bu tl am st io p n pr C od em uc en t io tp n ro du M ct io er n cu ry m W in as in te g an G Bi as d of ol re ue in si e, ls du di e es bu el rn Iro an in g n d an ke d ro G st se ra ee s ne sl C lp oa an ro d/ lm du s av in ct ed io an n sp na on bu ta rn ne in ou g s Fu bu el rn F oi in o lf r g e or st st bu at rn io C in na au g r y st so ic so ur ce da s pr od uc tio n
Ba t te
N
Hg emission, tonnes/yr
Hg emissions in China
(adapted from Streets et al.) 250
200
Total emissions 536 tonnes/yr.
100
www.ivl.se
Hgp Hg2+ Hg0
150
Total emissions: 536 (±236) tonnes of total mercury 56% as Hg0, 32% as Hg(II), 12% as HgP
50
0
UNEP Chemicals have developed a toolkit for emission inventories of mercury. Available for download: http://www.chem. unep.ch/mercury/ www.ivl.se
Natural sources Natural sources believed to be of same order of magnitude as anthropogenic (1500-3000 t/yr.) Main sources volcanoes and from areas associated with cinnabar deposits and other Hg-containing minerals Degassing from natural surfaces (soil, vegetation, water) Emissions from active volcanoes have been estimated to release 700 tonnes/yr, or 20–40% of total natural emissions. (Pyle and Mather Atmospheric Environment 37 (2003) 5115–5124)
www.ivl.se
Re-emissions Re-emissions are defined as previously deposited mercury which is volatilised from water, land or vegetation. Natural emissions from soil, water, vegetation, cannot be distinguished from re-emissions Re-emissions occur from water bodies as well as soils and vegetation. For water surfaces, re-emissions may be of same magnitude as deposition Uncertainties very large for both natural emissions and re-emissions
www.ivl.se
Future activities ......... Global emission inventory is available – needs verification and updating (measurements). Some detailed national (e.g. USA, Russia, China) and regional emission inventories are available More information on emissions from waste (waste incineration, landfills etc). Need to follow fate of Hg in products to estimate emissions from household waste. Better estimates of emissions from natural surfaces. Includes: - Emissions from contaminated sites - Re-emissions from oceans, soil and vegetation. Seasonal variations For relevant future scenarios: Information of effects on Hg emissions of planned control measures to reduce particles, SO2, NOx. www.ivl.se
Key websites for this presentation AMAP Website, global Hg emissions: http://amap.no/Resources/HgEmissions/ UNEP website with tool kit: http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/ ESPREME project with European emission data: http://espreme.ier.uni-stuttgart.de MERCYMS project with European emission data: www.cs.iia.cnr.it/MERCYMS/project.htm ACAP Mercury Project with emission data from Arctic states: http://www.mst.dk/homepage/default.asp?Sub=http:// www.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2005/87-7614-5158/html/default_eng.htm www.ivl.se
