Page 1 ! " ! # $ % &' & ($ ($ " Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 ! " ! #$ % Page 5

3 downloads 0 Views 5MB Size Report
coming up with new theoretical bases for CF first the errors should have been considered ..... appropriate for beginner students and when the errors are “untreatable,” that is, ...... Critical Evaluation of the New Headway Advanced and the ILI ...
                                                                           



     !"    !        #  $%&' &      ($  ($ " 

 

         





         



    

       

!" !#$  %

         

                                                                                                                             !"#$       %  "

! &      ' &    (  )*!  &

" " *)+,-!  

  

    ./ "

' 012       . 3,)4 %   "

 !  &       ' &   (     " " 3,)4

,QWKH1DPHRI*RG0RVW&RPSDVVLRQDWHDQG0RVW0HUFLIXO

Error Correction: To Me or Not To Me!

   





 



  !

"

 ##  !



 "$%#&%'&

 " % 

"

() ' 

"*

()+()+%

*

() ' 

,

+

--

'HGLFDWHGWRRXUSDUHQWV WKHWHDFKHUVZKRKDYHEHHQJLYLQJXVORQJOLIH FRUUHFWLRQV WRV\PEROVRIJRGOLNHNLQGQHVV

from Hassan, Omid, & Afsane

Introduction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



$ VHFWLRQ RI WKLV ERRN LV WKH UHVXOW RI WZR \HDUV QRQVWRS DQDO\VLV RI HUURUV DQG W\SHV RI IHHGEDFN RXWFRPHV RYHU VWXGHQWV¶ ZULWLQJV ZKLFK PD\ SURYLGH DOO ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVUHVHDUFKHUVVWXGHQWVDQGSODQQHUV /DQJXDJH WHDFKHUV FDQ EHQHILW IURP WKLV ERRN DV WR PDQLSXODWH WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ WKURXJKRXWWKHLUFODVVHVDQGNHHSWKHLUVWXGHQWVPRWLYDWHGDQGHQFRXUDJHG 8S WR GDWH DQG XWLOL]HG PHWKRGV RI FRUUHFWLRQ KDYH EHHQ VXJJHVWHG WHDFKHUV¶ JXLGHV FDQ DOVR VXJJHVW WKH HUURU FRUUHFWLRQ SUDFWLFHV SURYLGLQJ WKH HIILFDF\ RI IHHGEDFNW\SHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQPHQWLRQHG ,QVWLWXWHPHWKRGPRGLILFDWLRQVLQWHUPVRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQDQGV\OODEXVGHVLJQFDQ XQGHUJRFKDQJHVLIQHFHVVDU\ 8QLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV DQG WHDFKHUV LQYROYHG ZLWK WKH LVVXH RI &RQWUDVWLYH $QDO\VLV PD\ EHQHILW IURP WKH FRQWUDVWLYH VWXGLHV GRQH LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH LVVXH RI LQWHUIHUHQFHDQGHUURUFODVVLILFDWLRQ



History of Correction ,IZHDUHORRNLQJIRUWKHKLVWRU\RIFRUUHFWLRQZHFDQHDVLO\JREDFNWRWKHVWRU\RI $GDPDQG(YHLQWKH*DUGHQRI(GHQDVWKH\PDGHDPLVWDNHWKH\ZHUHSXQLVKHG WR OHDYH WKDW SODFH DQG ZHUH DFWXDOO\ VSLULWXDOO\ GHDG EXW ZKDW ZDV WKDW SXQLVKPHQW IRU" 3HUKDSV FRUUHFWLRQ +H PDNHV WKHP OLVWHQ WR FRUUHFWLRQ DQG FRPPDQGVWKHPWRWKLQNGLIIHUHQWO\RIWKHLUHYLO -RE  :KHQZHORRNDWRXUGDLO\URXWLQHVDQGZDWFKNLGVGRLQJGLIIHUHQWFKRUHVHYHU\ OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLW\ LV ZLWK FRUUHFWLRQ DQG DOO QRW LQ WKH VDPH ZD\ VR KRZ FDQ ZH EULQJRQO\VSHFLILFW\SHVRIFRUUHFWLRQWRFODVVURRPV" /HWXVORRNDWWKHKLVWRU\RIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQLQ(6/DQG()/FODVVURRPVFHUWDLQO\ ZHFDQJRWRYHU\ILUVWGD\VRI(QJOLVKWHDFKLQJSHGDJRJ\EXWZKDWNHHSVXSRXU LQWHUHVWJRHVEDFNWRRQHFHQWXU\DJRWRWKHWLPHZKHQWHFKQLFDOO\IHHGEDFNZDV GLVFXVVHG WR WKH \HDU  ZKHUH :HLQHU GHVFULEHG IHHGEDFN DV ³D SURFHVV E\ ZKLFK D FRQWURO XQLW JHWV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH HIIHFWV DQG FRQVHTXHQFHV RI LWV DFWLRQV´ )RUDORQJWLPH&RUUHFWLYH)HHGEDFNPHDQWQRWKLQJPRUHWKDQVLPSOHFRUUHFWLRQV RIWKHOHDUQHU¶VVSHHFKSURGXFWLRQEXWLQWKHODWH¶VDQG¶VWKLVVWDUWHGWR FKDQJHEHFDXVHLQFUHDVHGSROLWLFDOHGXFDWLRQDODQGRFFXSDWLRQDORSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU FRPPXQLFDWLRQDPRQJFRXQWULHVFUHDWHGDGHPDQGIRURUDOSURILFLHQF\LQIRUHLJQ



ODQJXDJHV,QVDORQHZHVDZWKHHPHUJHQFHRIFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHDYRLGDQFH RIWKLVVLQ³WKHHUURU´DQGRYHUFRPLQJLWVLQIOXHQFH /HQQRQ $VXWWHUHGE\ (OOLV   WKHUH PLJKW DOZD\V EH HUURUV GXULQJ OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV ZKLFK QHHG FRUUHFWLRQV SURYLGLQJ FRUUHFWLYH IHHGEDFN LV RQH RI WKH YHU\ FULWLFDO RQHV +RZHYHUWKHW\SHRIIHHGEDFNDSSOLHGGXULQJWKLVWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJSURFHVVLV YDULRXVDQGDIIHFWVWKHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJSURFHVVZKLFKZHKDYHGLVFXVVHG LQ GLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVIURPWRWRGD\ 7KH&)LQVDFFRUGLQJWR)ULVE\  ZDVPDLQO\FRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHWKUHH SURFHVVHVLQOHDUQLQJDODQJXDJH³UHFHLYLQJWKHNQRZOHGJHIURPWKHWHDFKHURUWKH HGXFDWLRQDOPDWHULDOVIL[LQJLWLQWKHPHPRU\E\UHSHWLWLRQDQGXVLQJLWLQDFWXDO SUDFWLFHXQWLOLWEHFRPHVDSHUVRQDOVNLOO´ 0DUTXLVS %XWWKLVEHKDYLRULVW YLHZRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQZDVGHVWLQHGWRJURZLQWRGLVIDYRUDWWKHHQGRIV

&KDOOHQJHVFDPHIURPWKHELJEDQJWKDW&KRPVN\  DQGODWHUKLVFROOHDJXHV PDGH 7KH FRQWLQXRXV SDUURWLQJ RI SRWHQWLDOO\ URWH PDWHULDO ZDV QRW FUHDWLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLYHO\ FRPSHWHQW OHDUQHUV EHFDXVH EHKDYLRULVP DGYRFDWHG D YHU\ PHFKDQLVWLFDSSURDFKWRDYRLGLQJDQGFRUUHFWLQJHUURUV³$JUHDWHIIRUWZDVPDGH WR JHW VWXGHQWV SURGXFH HUURU IUHH XWWHUDQFHV DQG LI HUURUV RFFXUUHG WKH\ ZHUH LPPHGLDWHO\ FRUUHFWHG DQG IROORZHG E\ UHSHWLWLRQ RI WKH FRUUHFW SDWWHUQV´ +HQGULFNVRQS 



%DVHGRQ%URRNV  ZHOONQRZQTXRWH³,QVXFKWHDFKLQJFRQWH[WVHUURUVZHUH OLNHQHG WR VLQ %URRNV EHOLHYHG WKDW OLNH VLQ HUURU KDG WR EH DYRLGHG DQG LWV LQIOXHQFH PXVW KDYH RYHUFRPH EXW LWV SUHVHQFH ZDV WR EH H[SHFWHG S  ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ JXLGHV WKHQ VXJJHVWHG PHWKRGV ZKLFK ZRXOG KHOS VWRS RU PLQLPL]HHUURUSURGXFWLRQ %URRNV¶  ORJLFZDVSUHVHQWHGLQKLVJXLGHE\VWDWLQJWKDWDYRLGLQJHUURUZDV DSULQFLSDOPHWKRGDQGWKHZD\KHSUHVHQWHGZDVWRREVHUYHDQGSUDFWLFHWKHULJKW PRGHOEXWLWZDVQRWFOHDUZKLFKPRGHOKHPHDQWDQGWKHWHDFKHUKDGWRSUDFWLFH WKH PRGHO D VXIILFLHQW QXPEHU RI WLPHV ZKLFK WKLV ORJLF LWVHOI GLG QRW EHFRPH SRSXODULIDQ\EXWWKHEHKDYLRULVWVDUHVWLOODWZRUNZLWKWKHLU PRUHWKDQHQRXJK DXGLHQFH%URRNVDOVRFODLPHGWKDWRYHUFRPLQJDQHUURUKDGDSULQFLSDOZD\DQG UHFRPPHQGHG WR VKRUWHQ WKH WLPH ODSVH EHWZHHQ WKH LQFRUUHFW UHVSRQVH DQG WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQRQFHPRUHRIWKHFRUUHFWPRGHORIFRXUVHWKLVPRGHOZDVQHYHUIRXQG DVDSDUWLFXODUPRGHOWREHSUDFWLFHZRUOGZLGHDOOWKHZRUOGQHYHUSXWVGRZQLVWKH VLQOLNHVLPLOHKHPDGHRQHUURUVLQ$XGLROLJXDOLVP *UDGXDOO\ WKH V PDGH &) PRUH FRPSOH[ DQG YDOXDEOH DV UHVHDUFKHUV VWDUWHG FRPLQJ XS ZLWK QHZ WKHRUHWLFDO EDVHV IRU &) ILUVW WKH HUURUV VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG³YHQLDOVLQV´DQGQRW³DFWXDOVLQV´DQ\PRUHDQGJUDGXDOO\DVYDOXDEOH DVVHWV DQG QRW VLQV DQ\PRUH DV WKH\ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG WR LQ V DQG LQ WKH



EHJLQQLQJRIWKHVVRE\WKHPLGVVRPH/DFTXLVLWLRQUHVHDUFKHUVVXFK DV 0DFNH\   DQG &RUGHU   WULHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW ³FKLOGUHQ¶V OLQJXLVWLF HUURUV ZHUH µV\VWHPDWLF¶ WKH\ KLJKOLJKWHG WZR LVVXHV WKH ILUVW RQH ZDV WKDWFKLOGUHQGLGWKLQJVWKDWWKH\KDGQRWEHHQWDXJKWWRGREHIRUHDQGWKHVHFRQG ZDVWKDWWKH\DOOVXFFHHGHGLQOHDUQLQJWKHODQJXDJHRIWKHLUFDUHJLYHUV´ 1LFKRODV HWDO 

$QRWKHU LVVXH WKDW VKDSHG WKH V ZDV &KRPVN\¶V   WKDW UDLVHG VHULRXV TXHVWLRQV E\ VWDWLQJ WKDW FKLOGUHQ FRQVWUXFWHG D JUDPPDU E\ XVLQJ LQSXW WRJHWKHU ZLWK LQQDWH OLQJXLVWLF NQRZOHGJH WR IRUPXODWH K\SRWKHVHV DERXW SRVVLEOH JUDPPDWLFDOUXOHVWHVWWKHPRXWRQIXUWKHULQSXWKROGLQJUHYLVLQJRUDEDQGRQLQJ WKHPDVQHFHVVDU\6FKDFKWHU   7KHVZDVDSHULRGRIDGROHVFHQFHIRU&)6XEVHTXHQWGHFDGHVKDYHVHHQWKH ILHOG H[SDQG HQRUPRXVO\ 7KH UHVHDUFKHUV LQ WKLV GHFDGH WULHG WR PDNH &) PRUH FRPSOH[ E\ HODERUDWLQJ QHZ WHUPV DQG SRVLQJ QHZ TXHVWLRQV UHODWHG WR &) QHZ WHUPVVXFKDV³XSWDNH´$XVWLQ  ³LQSXW´DQG³LQWDNH´&RUGHU  DQGNH\ LVVXHV VXFK DV ZKR VKRXOG SURYLGH WKH &) %URRNV   KRZ VKRXOG WKH\ EH FRUUHFWHGDQGZKLFKVSHFLILFHUURUVVKRXOGEHFRUUHFWHG &RUGHU 



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¶VRYHUJHQHUDOL]LQJRIUXOHVHUURUVFDXVHGE\WHDFKLQJ WHFKQLTXHV 6FKXQLDQQ DQG 6WHQVRQ   DQG 6YDUWYLN   DQG HUURUV FDXVHG E\ILUVWODQJXDJHLQWHUIHUHQFH

$W WKH HQG RI V +HQGULFNVRQ   KHOSHG WR FKDQJH WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH UHVHDUFK E\ IUDPLQJ WKH ILYH XQDQVZHUHG TXHVWLRQV DERXW &) VXFK DV 6KRXOG OHDUQHUV¶ HUURUV EH FRUUHFWHG" :KHQ VKRXOG OHDUQHUV¶ HUURUV EH FRUUHFWHG" :KLFK



HUURUV VKRXOG EH FRUUHFWHG" +RZ VKRXOG HUURUV EH FRUUHFWHG" :KR VKRXOG GR WKH FRUUHFWLQJ" DQGPDQ\UHVHDUFKHUVGHYRWHGWKHLUHIIRUWLQWRWKLVGLUHFWLRQ 2QHRIWKHVRXYHQLUVRIWKHVLVWKDWVHFRQGODQJXDJHUHVHDUFKHUVGLGQRWDJUHH DERXWWKHWHUPVFDWHJRULHVDQGW\SHVRIWKHHUURUV$OOLQDOOWKH&)RIWKHV ZDV PRVWO\ GHVFULSWLYH LQ QDWXUH 7KLV GHFDGH FRPSOLFDWHG WKH GHEDWH WKDW KDG VWDUWHGEHIRUHDQGWKHFRPSOH[LW\SURFHHGHGLQWRWKHVLQZKLFKWKHFHUWDLQWLHV RIWKHVKDYHGLVDSSHDUHG

%\ WKH DGYHQW DQG HQWUDQFH RI UHVHDUFK WHFKQLTXHV LQ GLIIHUHQW UHVHDUFK DUHDV LQ 6/$ LQ V DQG V ZH FDQ VHH WKDW &) LV EHJLQQLQJ WR GHDO ZLWK DOPRVW HYHU\WKLQJLQ6/$VXFKDV³LQWHUDFWLRQ´&KXQHWDO  ³&ODVVURRPSUDFWLFH´ .UDVKHQ   6HOLJHU /RQJ  ³7HDFKHUVWXGHQWLQWHUDFWLRQLQELOLQJXDO FODVVURRPV´ 1\VWURP   ³&) LQ QDWLYH QRQQDWLYH GLVFRXUVH´ 'D\ HW DO   ³VWXGHQW ZULWLQJ´ =DPHO   ³)RFXVRQIRUP DQG &) LQ &RPPXQLFDWLYH /DQJXDJH 7HDFKLQJ (IIHFWV RQ VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ´ /LJKWERZQ 6SDGD  HWFWKHOLVWLVKRSHIXOO\HQGOHVV7KHUHVHDUFKSRZHU KDV KHOSHG UHVHDUFKHUV WR GLVFRYHU WKH HIIHFWV UHODWLRQVKLSV GLIIHUHQFHV VLPLODULWLHVFDXVHVRI&)ZLWKRQLQRURYHUDQ\SRVVLEOHLVVXHVLQ6/$ :ULWLQJ LVRQHRI WKH IRXU PDLQ VNLOOVSUDFWLFHG ZKLOH OHDUQLQJ D ODQJXDJH :ULWLQJ LV D SKHQRPHQRQ LQYHQWHG E\ KXPDQV WR KHOS LQ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ



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²ZKLFKDUHVWLOOZLGHO\LQWKHDLU VHH7UXVFRWW +VX ²VHHPWR EHDFFRXQWDEOHIRUVXFKDSHULRGRIVLOHQFHLQWKHXVHRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQ 6HPNH 5REE5RVVDQG6KRUWUHHG ,WZDVSUREDEO\YLHZHGDVLQHIIHFWLYHDVLW KDVEHHQWKHFDVHHOVHZKHUHLQWKHDUHDRIVHFRQGODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDNLQWRVRPH RIRQFHUXOLQJ/WHDFKLQJPHWKRGV&RQYHUVHO\ZKHQWKHSURFHVVZULWLQJJDLQHG



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



Studies against Corrective Feedback %DVHG RQ REVHUYDWLRQDO GDWD DQDO\VHG LQ D VWXG\ GRQH RYHU  JUDGH   DQG  LPPHUVLRQFODVVURRPVE\1HWWHQ  WKHFRQFOXVLRQUHYHDOVWKDW

UHFDVWLQJLV QRW D VXIILFLHQW ZD\ RI LQGLFDWLQJ WR SXSLOV SDUWLFXODUO\ ORZ DFKLHYHUV WKDW PRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHLUXWWHUDQFHLVRIVRPHVLJQLILFDQFHLQRUGHUWRFRPPXQLFDWHLQ WKH WDUJHW ODQJXDJH

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



3LHQHPDQQ V   SURFHVVDELOLW\ WKHRU\ VWDWHV WKDW QR FKDQJH RU OHDUQLQJ ZRXOG RFFXU LI LW LV EH\RQG WKH OHDUQHUV  OHYHO RI LQWHUODQJXDJH 0DIWRRQ HW DO