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T h et h e o r e t i c a l L ' mpt i c at L o n so il . r L E T O 血c L ' n gF h e` ` s e t e c L i v ept a y' ' pua d L . g ml oe x pe n. t n e t 7 1 aL g a mi n gr e s e a r c ha r ed i s c u s s e dl nt h eE r a d i t L . O r l a LL ' f wc e dpL a y' ' e n v L ' r o n me 叫 pL q y e ' sar eL o c k e dL I DapaT I L ' c L L L a Tr e l a t t ' 0 , 1 S h t pL Z n dd on ot h a v eO PE E . O n SO fL e a v 加gt h e c u T T e n tr e E a L t o n s h L pa n dj o , l n mga " o t he r ・ I l lL J l eS e L e c t L ' v epl a ye r wi r o n me n t pl a y e r s ar egz ' v e nt h eo pt ' . o n so ft e a v i T t gL h ec u r r e , , i r e Z a L L ' o n s h L pa l Z dJ T o mt . n gaF l e wr e E at E o t z I HL ya S h L . s h' p.Apr e v ' . P u sc o mpL L l e rE ou ma me nla /pn ' s o T W' sdL t e m' r L an e t wo r k( I 9 9 3 ) s h o we dt h a t o u t f o r t a t ( OPT ) s L r de g yPe dor me dv e r ywe L t L ' nt h es e t e c t L . V e Pt q e n v L ' r o n me l l L .OPTk e e psc o o pe r d t b 7 gWE ' t hapa T L T Z e ru n L i Zt h epa r ne Td e f e c t s :i L de s e r t st h e pa r t ne r a n dt L L mSE os o me o t 7 ee l s eaHO O nNL f z e J W肋 e T de f e c t s ・ Re s J L E t so f an e wc o mp〟 t e rt o u maT n e nE L h a t L 1 7 u r O du c e do E POr l F mE ' t yc o s L s ・ h owc v C T ・ Po i n t L ol h e L L . ni t so ft h eOFrss t r e n gL 血OFTpT e maE u r e L y f omz sac o mmL . t me n t r e t a E i o n s hi pwZ ' t h ac o o pe r a t i v epa T I T Z e ra n df a f t sL oL L I L ' L L z eb e t t e ro p p o r t u n L t j e s ITJ l eb e s t pe ゆT 7 n e rL ' n t h es e c o n dt o u ma me n t was t h eo n l yo n ewh owa s' ' t nL S 節` l ' ' m7 dh a dapo s L ' t i v ebia si n c a l c u l a t i n gt h ee x pe c t e dpa y o Ho fL n L e r a C t L ' o n swL ' L ha" s E r a T Z g e r ・ " Pr is o n e r ' sd i l e mma s( PDs ) ,s o c i a ld i l e mma s .a n d ot h e rt yp eso fi n t e r de pe n d e n tga me sar eo f t e nu s e da s mo de l so fs o c i a lr e l a t i on s h i ps( 8 . g. , Ha mb ur g e r .1 9 79; Ko mo it r a皮Pa r k s ,1 9 9 5;s e eDa we s .1 98 0;Edn e y皮 Ha r p e r ,1 9 78 ;Komo it r a& Pa r k s ,1 99 5・ ,Me s s i c k皮 Br e we r ,1 98 3;Or b e l l也 Da we s ,1 981 ;Pu ri t t& imme K l ,1 9 7 7;St r o e b e& Fr c y-1 9 8 2; T・Ya ma g i s h i , 1 9 9 0,1 9 9 5 ) .Ma n yr e s e a r c h e r st r a di t i on ll a yt ie r dt o s t u d yhu ma nb e ha io v ru n d e rva io r u sf o r mso fi n t e r d e pe n d e n t s i t u a t i o nb yo b s e r vi ngp a r t l c I P a n t S 'r e s po n s e s i ne x p e ime r n t lga a me sth e yc r e a t e di nt h el a b or a t o r y・ I nt h i st r a d i t i o n a l us eofe x p e ime r nt a l g a me s , ag a mei s t y p i c ll a yr e ga r de da sa… mi ni a t u r cwo r l dM -ar e i n c a ト n a t i o no fr e l awo r l ds o c i a l r e l a t i o n s hi psi mah i h gl ya b s t r a c tma nn e r l On V e ni e n t l yc r e a t e di nt h el a bo r a t o r y t oo b s e r v eh uma nb e ha y i o run de rva r i o u si n t e r d e p e n de n t s i t ua t i o n s . Ma n ya r t i c l e sa ndr e vi e wpa p e r so ne x p e dme nt a l ga ml n gr e s e a r c ht y pi c ll a ys t a r twi h tas ho r t T h cs 亡 T i e s o f s t u d i c s T t : P O r t C di nt h i s a T t i c l ch a s b c c ns u p p o z I C db y J a p a n c s cMi J l i s t J yOf E d u c a t i o nS c i c n l i f i cR e s e ∬c hGr a r L t S , Ab c f e l l .a n da mhs t i t u t cf o r l h cNu c 一 e a r S z I F b t yS y s t e mGr a T T L I o ws h i p a A kDa v i dMe s s i c k . Ro b y mDa we s , a nd a L I O n y mO u S r e v i e wWelh e r sf o rL h c i rh e l p f u l c o mme n t so ne a T I i e td r a Rso f t h i sa r t i c l e . a n d ah a s h i .Yo r i k o Mo t o k iWa t a b c .No b u h i t oJ i L l .No b t J y t J k iT a k Wa t a n a b e , Yo h s u k cOh ku b o . Mo t o k oKo s u g i , To h k oKi y o n a l i . z u l d t sa l Ho k k a i d oUn i y c r s i t yf D r P r o v i d i n gh C ) pmC O n d u c t o t h e r s t u d e n L n gS l u d i e sp r e s e n t e di nt h i sdi c l e . R c q t J 亡 S 【 s f o r J 甲J l n l S S h o t J l db e s e n t t o To s h i oYa mi l L ; i s h i . F a c u ) t y i t y . NI OW7Ki l n k u , S 叩P O r O . J a o rL e H c r s . Ho k hi d oUn i v e r s a n0 6 0. E ma i l : To s h i o @l e L h o k u d a i . a c J p . p

r t a i nt ype so fg a me ss u c ha sPD, a s a c c o u n to fh o wc e s u r a n c e ,a n dc h i c k e nga me s ,r e pr e s e i n ti nahi hl g y a b s t r a c tma n n e rf e a t u r e so fr e a トwo r l ds o c i lr a e l a t i o n s -p u b l i cu s eofac o mmo ng r a z i n gg r o u n d,o p e n s h i p f i s hi n g,c l e a ne n vi r o r L me n t .e n e r gyC O n S e r V a t i o n,a n d s oo r l . Howe v e r , i th a sb e e ni n c r e a s i n g 一 yc 一 e a rt ha tt h e ( y peo fg a me st r a d i t i ona ll yus e di nt h el a bo r a t o r ye x p e ime r n t i sh i hl g yl i it m e da samo de lo fr e a l wo r l dsoc i lr a c l a t i o n s hi p s .On eo ft hemo s ts e io r usl i it m a t i o n s c ha r a c t e r i z i n gt h et r a d i t i on lu a s eo fg a me si r L . t h el a b o r a t o r yl Si ni t sf o r c e dpl a yn a t u r e . Tha t i s , e xp e r i me n t a l Ea ml ngr e s e a r c h e r sha v et r a d i t i o n ll a yd e a l tw it hi s o ,a ndt hewi de r c on t e x t i nwh i c ht he y l a t e dr da t i o n s h i p s a r ee mb e d d e dh a sn otb e e np ids a e iou r sa t t e n t i o n.I n rs a r el oc k e d t hi st r a d i t i o n a lr e s e a r c hpa r a d i g m,pl a y e i nap a r t hl a rr e l a t i on s h i pa n ddono th a v eo pt l O n SO f l e a y l n gi ta n dj o i n l n ga n O山e rr e l a t i o ns h i p. Thst r a d i don lr a e s e a r c hp a r a di gmma ybeC ll a e dt he J o r c e dpt q y p a r a d i g m( Ha ya s hi ,1 9 9 5a ; Or be l l皮Da we s .1 9 91 )i n hes t e n s et h a tp l a ye r sa r e' Yo r c e dHt oi nt e r a c tw it ha pa r t l ' c u l a rs e to fpa rt ne r s . nt e r de pe nde n t s i t u a t i o n so ft h 6 Wes o mc t i me s鮎 ei f o r c e dk i n di nwh i c ha llpar t i e sc a n n o tl e i a V et her ea t i on s hi p. Ane xa mp l ei st h eUn i t e dSt a t e s -USSRr e l a t i on s hi pd u r i n gt h ec o l dwa r .n et wopa r t n e r s( t h e Un i t e dSt a t e sa n dt heUSSR)we r ef o r c e dt oi nt e r a c t wi t he a c ho L h e T ; t h e yc o u l dn o t l gnO r et h ee x i s t e n c eo f t heo t h e r ・ Howe v e r , mo s t i n t e r de pe nd e nt r e l a t i o n s h i ps wef a c ei nou rs oc i a lwo r 一 da r en otf o r c e don e si n血S

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s e n s e ・ Mo s t p e r s ona la swe l l a sf or ma l r e l a t i o ns hi pswe de lw a it he n t ila a tha s ts omer oom f o rmob i l i t y.We t y pi c ll a yi n t e r a c t wi t hpa r t n e r swh omweha v ec ho s e n, a n dweha vea t 一 e a s t pa r t i a l 舟e e domt os t opJ n t e r a C dn g wi t ht he m・Eve nt hemos tl on g1 a s t l ngr e l a t i ons hi p s ・ s u c ha sma r mg ea n d舟i e n ds hi p. i nmos t c ont e mpO r a L y s o c i e t i e se r L t a i lpos s i bi l i de soft e r mi na do nb yv ol unt a r ymov e soft h ep e o pl ei nvo l ve d・ Pe o pl eo f t e nf o m r e 】 a t i ons h i psa n dt he nl e a v et he ml o ok i n gf o rbe t t e ra lt e r na t i v e s .A lt h ou h dl g ee xi to phonWa si n c l u dd i m . g. . s ome ofe a r t i e rs t u di e sofs oc i ld a i J e mma s( C Ma r we l l& Sc h it m t ,1 9 72;Or be l l ,Sc hwa r t z Sh e d ,& Si mmon s .1 98 4)i twa si nt he】 a t 81 98 0st h a ( s oc i ldi a 1 e mma r e s e rc a he r s ,t hou h s g ma l Ii r ln u mbe rye t . s t a r t e ds ys t e ma t i cr e s e a r c he f f or t st oe xpl o r et he o r e t i c a li mp l i c a donso fd l eO Pt i onf o rl e a y i n gdi er e l a t i on s hi pa n dc h oo s i ng a n e w pa r t n e r ・T her e s ul 血g r e s e a r c hp a r a di gmma ybec a l l e dt hes e l e c t i v epl ayp 肝・ ) 1皮 Da we s .1 9 91 ;s e e a d i g m( Ha ya s hi ,】 9 9 5a ;Or bs a l s oTe s f a t s i on,1 99 5) . Wi t ht hei nt r odu c t i ono ft hcs e l e c t i v ep l a ypa r a di g m.e x er p ime nt l Ba a ml nga n drel a t e dr e s e a r c hons o c i a ldi l e mma s ,PDs ,a n do t he r t yp e so fg a mes i t ua t i onsa r ecurr e n( l ywi t J l C S S l nga n e w, e n c o mpa s s i n gde v e l o pme nt ・ Thepu r po s eoft h i s a r dc l ei st oe xpl or es omeoft hed l e O r e t i c a li mpl i c a don so ft hi se me r gmgn e wpa r a di gm.

Sde c t i vePhyPa radi gm l tha sb e e ni n c r e a s l ngl yc l e a rs i nc ed l el a t el ' 980 S t ha ti nt r o du c donoft hes e l e ct i v epl a ypa r a di g mi n t o s oc i a ldi 一 e mmar e s e a r c hr e nde r sawho) an e wpo s s i bi l i t y,b e s i de ss i mpl yma ki ngt hemo de 一ofs o c i a li n t e r a c t i on u s e d i n t h e r e s e a r c h mo r e r e a l i s t i c . Tr a d i t i ona l l y, e xpe ime r T l t a lga ml n gr e s e a r c hs e t supa mo de lo fs o c i li a nt e r a c t i oni nal a bo r a t or y, a n de xa mi ne sh owpe o pl eb e ha vei nt hemi r L i a t u r emo d do fa c e i t m ypeofi n t e r a c t i on. s poi A nt e dou te a r l i e r ,t he mo d e li sn otr c di s dce n oughi nt hes e n s et ha ti ti sa mo de lofi s o J a t e d.n o te mb e dde d,s o c i a li n t e r a c t i ons . I n t r odu c do noft hes e 一 e c t i v epl a ypa ra d i g ma l l e v i a t e s t h i sl i it m a do noft hepr e iouse v xpe i rme nt a lga ml n g r e s e a r c ha n dma k e st hemode Jmo r er e li a s t i c.AHl l e s a medme ,a ndmor ei mpo r t a n t l y,j tma ke su swe l l a wa r eO ft h ep r os pe c t sofe r edbyt he… h e u r i s t i cu s e " ofga met h e o r y・Ga methe o r ys t a r t swi d laS e tO fa s s umpbo n sa bou(ht ma nna t ur ea n dt hen a t u r eo fi n t e r de en p de n c ea mongt hea c t or sa ndt h e np r o c e e dst o s t i pu l a t ewha twou一 de v e nt ua l J yha pp en.Theh e u r i s t i cu s eofgam et h e or y,l nas e n s e.i sar e v e r s lo a ft he or d i n a r yu s eofga me血e oT y.I t s t a r t swi t hap a r t i c u l a r ps yc h o 】 og J C a J血 LT hegoa li st ode t e c 日hef o r m of i nt e r a c t i oT l Sa monga c t or si nwh i c ht hep a r dc ul a rt r a i t pr ovi de sa na da pt l Vea dv a nt ag et ot hea c t o r s .Thi si s a l s ot hes t r a t e gys oc i obi ol ogl S t Sha vea d o pt e dt oe x pl ina a l t ui r s mo rc o o pe r a t i ona mon ga n i ma lS ・TY l e

f i r s te x pl or e roft hi she ur is dcu s eofga met he o r yl n , t hes o c i a ldi l e mma sr e s e a r c h wa sAxe l r od( 1 98 4) whoi d e m ( i f i e dt h el o n g l a s t i n gna t ur eofdya di ci n t e r a c t i on sa st hec it r i c a la s pe c tofi nt e r de pe n de n c et h a t ma ke sc oo er p a don a n a da pdv ea dv a nt a g e・ He s h owe dt ha tc oo er p a t i oni naPD,wh i c hi sb yde f i n i t i ona g a l n S tS e l f i nt e r e s toft hepl a ye r ,i nf a c tp r ov i d e s gr e a t e r b e n e f i t s t o t h e p) a ve r t ha n no n c D O pe r a t i onwhe nt hei nt e r de pe n de ntr e l a t i on s hi p I Sguara nt e e dt oc on t i n u ef o ra ne xt e nde da ndu n s p e c i f i e ddu r a t i o n・ I n t r o du c t i ono ft hes e l e c t i vepl a ypa r a ・ di g me xp a nd e dt hepo we ro ft h i she ur i s t i cus eo f ga met he o r yb yamt J C hgr e a t e rs c a l e . Fi r s t , ma n ys c e na ri o si nwh i c hc o op e r a t i ona c qu l r e Sa na da pbvea d v a n t a ge b e c ome sc on c e i ya bl e un d e ra l eS e l e c t i v e pl a ypa r a di gm ( c f .Bo yd良 Ri c ha r s o n,1 98 9;Or b e l I & Da we s ,1 991 ,1 99 3;Taka ha s hi也 Ya ma g is hi , 1 9 96 ) ・On eoft h epu r pos e so ft hi ss t u dyi st oa d da ne ws c e n a ioj r nt o仏i sg r o wi ngl i s t . Se c on d,a r L dmo r ei mpo r t a nt l y,t hes e l e c t i v epl a y pm di g mp r ov i de su swi t hagr ot mdf o r . e x pl or i n g a da pdv ea dv a n t a g e sof ・ ps yc ho l o gl C a lt r a i t sot h e rt h a t ) c o o pe r a t i o npe rs e ・ Ag oo de xa mpl eoft hi si spr ov i de d b yOr be l la n dDa we s( 1 991 ,1 993) , whode mod s t r a l e d t h r o ughas e ie r sofc ompu t c rs i mul a don sa nda ne xpe r i mi l a r i t y i me ntt ha tt het e nde nc yt oov e r e s dma t ct hes b e t we e ns e l fa ndot h e r spr ov i de sa na dv a J l t a gef orc 00 pc r a t or si l laS O C i a ld i l e mma .I nas o c i a ldi l e mma , m on c oo pe r a t o r sex pl o i t c oope r a t o r s , a ndt hu sc o o pe r a t o r sa r ede s t i n e dt ob el o s e r s .Wh a tOr b e l la n dDa we s de mo n s r r a t c di st h a tt h i ss e c ml ngl yi n e v i t a bl ec o nc l u s i onc a nber e v e r s e db yf o c u s l n gOnaPa r t i c ul a rna t ur e ofi n l e r d e pe n de T I C e: Then on c o o pe r a t o r ' sa dva n t a gel n as o c i a ldi l e mmas i t ua t i ond i s a p pe a r sa Spl a y e rs a r e gl V C naC hoi c eofpl a yJ n gOrno t pl a yi n g. Ac c o r di n gt o Da we s( 1 98 9 ) , pe opl eo f t e nu s eowni n t e r na l s t a t e sa sa s a mp一 et ob a s e( h e i re s t i ma t i ono fot he r s 'i n t e r n l a s t a t e s .Gi v e nt h i st e T L d e n c y.Or be l Za n dDa we s( 1 991 . 1 9 93)C ) ime a d.c oo pe r a ( o r swoul dt e n dt oe xpe c ta hi he g rl e v e lo fc oope r a t i o na mongO t h e r st ha n' Woul d de f e c ( o r s ・ Wh e npe opl ea r cgi ve nt hec ho i c eofp) a yl n g o rnot p) a yi n g( i nas i ( n a t i oni nwhi c hmut u a lde ec f t i on g e n e r a t e san e ga t i veo u t c o me ) ,c oo pe r a t o r swhoge n e r a 一 l ye x p e c tot h e r st ob ec oo pe r a t i v ewo ul dc ho s et o pl a ywhe r e a sno nc oo pe r a t or swhoBe ne r a uye x pe c t ot he r s( ob cn on c oop er a t i v ewoul dr e 払i n丘・ omp】 a y1 n g・ s ar A e s u一 t oft h i ss e l f s e l e c dono fc oo pe r a t o r sa n d s e l f r e j e c t i onof. nonc o o er p a t o r s .t hepo p ul a t i o no f pl a y e r swou l db emo s t l yc oo pe r a t o r s ,a n dt hea v e r a g e c oo p e r a t i o nr a t eo ft h ea c t ua lpl a ye r swoul dbemuc h hi he g rt h a L )a mon gt heo ig r ina l po pu l a t i on.Coo pe r a t o r swo ul dbes u r r oun de db yot he rc oo pe r a l o r swhoa r e wi 一 l i n gt oJ Ol na n de nj o yt h e打u i tofmu t ua lc o o p e r a t i on, whe r e a sn on c oo pe r a t o r swhoe x p e c to t h e r st ob e n onc oop e r a ( i v ea swe l lw il Jk e e pt he ms e l v e sa wa y 舟omaH r i s k yHs i t u a t i oni nv o l v i n gpo t e nt i a l b e n e f i t so f mut u lc a o op e r a t i o n・ Al t h o u ht g h es de c t i v ep l a ye nv ト

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HAYAS Hl& YAMAGt S Hl r on me ntu s e di nOr be l la n dDa we s ' S( 1 991 ,1 993 ) S t udi e si sdi f f e r e n tkomt heon eus e di nt hi ss t u dy.we a l s oa s pl r et OS ho wt ha ta n ot he rps yc hol ogl C lb a : a i t ・ ge n e r lt a r u s t ,a c qui r e sa na da p dvea dv a n t a geun d e ra pa T t i c u l rt a yp eofs e l e c dv ep l a ye i n Vi r onme n t ・ l Be f o r epr e s e n t i ngOu rWOr kJ1 0We Ve r . l e tusbr ic ny pol nt O u ta ni mpo r t a nt d i f f cr e i nC ebe t we e nt wot ype so f s e l e c t i v epl a ye nv i r on me nt ,on eu s e db yOr be l la n d Da we s( 1 9 91 .1 99 3)a n dt h eot he rb yt hi ss t udya n dt he s t u d i e sc i t e di ndlef ol l owi ng( s e eT.Ya ma Bi s h i皮 Ha ya s hi ,1 996f o ramo r ee xt e ns i v es ur v e yofpos s i bl e t ype soft hes de c t i v ep l a ye nv ir onme nt ) . Bod lO ft he m a r edi f f e r e ntkomt h ef o r c e dpl a ye nv ir on me n tus e di r L t h eb ・ a di t i ona le x pe ime r n t a lga ml n gr e s e a r c hi nt ha t pJ a ye r sa r en o tf o r c e dt oi nt e r a c tw it he a c hot he r ・ The di f f e r e n c ebe t we e nt het woe x i s t si nwhe t he rormoモ pl a y e r sha v eac hoi c eofr e pe a t e d l yi nt e r a c t l ngw it ht h e s a mepa r t n e ri ft he ys ode s i r e. Pl a ye r sa s s ume di nou r r eke et or e p e a t e dl yi nt e r a c t wi t ht hes m a epa r ト s t u d ya ne ri fd l e yS Odc s i r e ・ ,i ft he ydon ot ,( he yarei触 ct o l e a v et her e l a t i ons h i p. Or be l l a ndDa we s ' ( 1 991 ,1 993) e nv i r on me nti son ei nwhi c hpe opl ef a c eade c i s i ono f pl a y】 n gorno tpl a yi nga" One S hot "ga me .n es me a de c i s i onw il lno tber e p e a t c dw it ht hes a mepa r t n e r s ・ Thu s ,t hec r i t i c la a s pe c t sofi nt e r de pe n de nc et opl a y hec t e n 血 r o l ei nt hi ss t udya ss howni nt h ef ol l owi ng ぺOmi mt me nt f o r ma t i on a nd op po r t un i t y cos t s -l o i gc ll a yha v en opl a c ei nt hee nvi r on me nt Or b e l la n dDa we s( 1 991 ,1 993)e xa in m e d. Webe l i e v e ha t tb ya d opt i ngt hi spa rdc ul a rt ypeoft hes e l e c dv e pl a ye n vi r o nme nt .wec a nde mon s t r a t et heut i l i t yo f a dd i ngt h ec onc e ptofo ppo r t uni t yc o s Hot h ev oc a bul a r yofs o c i li a nt e r a c t i om

PDNe t wor k Sc h ue s s l e r ' S( 1 98 9)a ndVa nbe r ga n dCon gl e t o n' S ( 1 992)c omput e rs i mul a t i ons t u di e sr e pr e s enHhee a r l i e s ta t t e mpt st Omov eS O C i a ldi 一 e mmar e s e a r c houtof t hec on s Ba into ft hef or c e dpl a ypa ra di gm・ Pl a y e r si n Sc hue s s l c r ' S( 1 98 9)s i mu l a t i onha da ne xL to pt i on, t ha ti s ,ac hoi c eofs t a yl ngl nOrl ea vl ngt h ec t J r r e nt r e l a t i on s h i p・Thepl a y e rwhos t ay e d p) a y e daPD ga mewi h tt hes a mepa r t n e r . Th eonewh ode c i de dt o l e a vewa sr a n doml y ma t c he d wi t ha not he rpl a ye r whos i mi l a r l yha dl e f Hh ec u rr e r L tr e l a t i ons hi p.Rか s ui t soft hi ss i mul a t i o ni n di c a t e dt ha tas t r a t e g y Sc hue s s l e rc a l l e dCONCO p e r f o r me dv e r ywe l l ・Th e s t r a t e gys t a r t e dw it hac o ope r a t i vemovea n dke ptc o ) S e l c c t i y cp l a yp a nd i g mi s a l s ou s e di nd e s c d p d v ct y p eo f s t 止 i e s ・ S u c hd e s c n p ( i v eu s eo r t h es dc c t j v ep l a yp a r a d i g mj so f t e no b ・ c ht h em血 p u r p o s eo ft L I C s c r y e di t t a J l i r L C i ll a i f Br e S C a T C h . i nwh i s t u d yi s t oo b s e r ye L t h ema c r ob e h a y i o r o r a g e l l l su n d e r t h es e l c c t i v C e s f a t s i o E 7 . p f a yc T T Y i r o n me n t( c f ・As h l o c k ,S mu c k e r .S 【 a n J c y .& T 1 99 6i S t a n I e y . As h l o c k 、良T e s E h t s i o n .1 994) . 27 8

t ht h es a mepart ne run dlt hepa r t ne rde o p e r a t i ngWi f e c t e d. Onc et hepa r t n e rde t e c t e d, CONCOe xi t e d山e r e l a do ns hi p・A n ot h e rc o mpu t e rs i mul a t i ons t u dyi n whi c ht hee x i to pt i o nWa si n t r oduc e dwa son ec ondu c t e dbyVa n be r ga n dCongl e t on( 1 9 92) . Thes i t ua t i on us e di n 山e i rs i mul a t i on wa s di fe r e nt丘om Sc hue s s l e r ● S( 1 98 9)i nt ha tpl a ye r swhoe x i l e di n Va n b c r ga n dCong l e t on' ss i mu l a t i onha dnoa l t e r na t i ve pa r t n e r , wh e r e a s pl a ye r s who e xi l e d i n Sc hu c s s l e r ' ss i mul a t i o nwe r emn do ml yma t c he dw it h a no t he r pl a y e r . De s p i t e t h i s di f f e r e n c e , t he be s t pe r f or in m gs t r a t e g yi nVa nbe r ga ndCongl e t on' s s i mul a t i on,t hepr ud e ntmor ls a t r a t e gy,a c t e db a s i c a l l y on t h es a me ba s e sa st he b e s tpe r f or me r . CONCO,i nSc hue s s l e r ' ss i mul a t i on.Va n be r ga n d Co n gl e t onc a l l e dt h es t r a t e gypr u de ntT Wr als L r We gy t oe mpha s i z et h epos i t i v ee xt e r n a l i t i c s山es t r a t e gy c r e a t e s- t ha ti s ,t odi s c our a ge斤e er id j ngi not he rr e al l e dt he ) a t i on s hi psi nt h eg r ou p.Ki t c he r( 1 993)c s a mes t r a t e g y( 如c r 7 . mi nat , ' n gaL t r uE ' s ma nda r gue dt hat di s c r j mi l l a t i nga l t r u i s t swhoi nt e r a c to nl yw it ht hos e wh oh a vene ve rde f e ct e ds houl ds ur vi vee v e ni na po pul a t i oni n f e s t e dw it hl l a S t i e rs t r a t e g i e s . Phye r si nt h et he s es i mu 一 a t i onsha da nopt i onf or ) e a v l n gar da t i ons h i pi ft he ywe r enots a t i s f i e dw it h t h ec t J r r e ntpa r t n e r tOnt h eot he rha n もt hos epl a ye r s we r en otgl Ve n aC hoi c eo fpa r t ne r s .Pl a ye r si n Va nb e r ga n dCongkt o n' S( 1 992)s i mul a t i onwe r el e f t a 1 0 J l eWi t ho uta n yon et ot u r nt oon c et he yde s e r t e d hei t ni t i ll a ya s s ) gne dpartJler .P l a ye r si nSc hu 8 S S l e r ' S ( 1 98 9)s i mu l a do nwe r er a n doml yma t c he dw it ha no t h e rpa r t n e ra st he yl e f tt hec u r r e n tr e l a do ns hi p・ lA t ho ug h i nt r o duc dono ft hee xi to pt l Or Lhe e dpl a ye r s f r om t hec on f i n e me ntoff o r c e di nt e r a c t i on sw it ha pa r t i c u l a rpa r t n e r ,t he yc o ul dnotvol unt a il r ys e e ka nd f o r m an e wr e l a t i on s h i p wi t h a pa r t ne ro ft he i r c ho i c e ・ Thi sf e a t u 托一 一C hoi c eofan e wpa r t n c - s e pa r a t e st hos ee a r l i e rs t u di e s舟o m mor er e c e nts t udi e s c ha r a c t e iZ r C dw idlabo r ef ul l yf l e dge ds e l e c t i vepl a y pa r a di g m・Thef u l l yf l e dge ds el e c t i vepl a ypa r a di gm wa si n a ugu r a t e dw油 t hei nt r o du c t i onOftheop払on o fc hoos i n8Pa r t n e r s( i na ddi dont ot heo pt i onofe xi ト i n gt hccu r r e n tr e l a t i on s h i p)i nas e ie r so fe xp er ime n t l a a n ds i mul a don s t ud i e s of PD ne t wor ks by Ha y a s h i , Yamagi s hi , a n d t he i r c o一 l a bo r a t or s 阿a ya s h i ,1 993,1 9 95b;Ha ya s h i ,J i m ,& Ya ma gi s hi , 1 9 9 3;Ha ya s hi& Ya ma is g h i ,1 997;J i m,Ha ya s h i t .& Shi no t s u ka 11 99 3;T・Ya ma gi s h i ,Ha ya s hi ,良 J i m , 1 9 9 4) ・ Pl a ye r si nt hos es t u di e sv o l un t a il r yf o r medr e l a t i on s h i psa swe l la svol un t B L r i l yt e r in m a t e dr e l a ho ns h i ps ・A s a ni n i t i a ls t e pl ne xa m in i n gt hes i m il a t i d e s a n dd i f f e r e n c e sbe i t We e nf o r c e dp l a ya n ds e l e c t i v e p l a ys i t ua do n s ,Ha ya s hie ta l.( 1 99 3 ・ ,a ls or e p o r t e di n T・Ya ma is g hiC ta l・ ,1 99 4,i n En gl i s h)e x a mi n e d whe t he rt hedt jo r t a t( m )s t r a t e g y.t heb e s tp e r f o rmer i n t heAxe l r o d' S( 1 98 4)c omp u t e rt o u r n a ment si nvo l vi ng i s o l a t edd ya ds .wa sa l s oa se f f e c t i v e

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i nt hes e l e c t i v epl a ys i t u a t i on.St r a t c gJ e Si nt hi sc on t e xta r ed e c i s i o nr ukst ha ts pe c i f ywh e no run de r wha tc on di t i o n st ot ak eac oo pe r a t i yea c dona n d whe noru nde rwha tc on di t i on st ode f e c t( i . a . , t ot a ke anon c oo pe r a t i v ea c don) .n e TFrs t r a t e g yi son eo f s u c hs t r a t e gi e s ,a c c o r di n gt owhi c hapl a ye rt a ke sa c o o pe r a t i v ea c t i oni nt h ef i r s tt r i a la n dt h e r e a f t e rs i mpl yr e pe a t st hea c t i onoft hepa r t ne ri nt hepr c yi ou s 山a l・Toa c hi e v eA l ego a lbr ie f l yde s c r i be dc a r l i e r ・ Ha ya s h ia n dhe rc ol l e a gu e sc on du c t e dac o mpu t e r Ea c hpl a ye ri l lt h i ss i mus i mul a t i onofaPDn e t wo r k・ l a t i onha dt wot y pe so fs 的吟g l e S :s e l e c t i ons t r a t e gy a nda c t i ons t r a t e gy・S e l e c t i ons t r aE e gt e sde t e -i ne pr e f e r e n c e sf o rpo t e n ha lpa r t ne r sa n dwe r eus e dt o s e l e c tpa r t n e r swh om t hepl a ye rw is he dt oi nt e r a c t it w h・APD ga mef ort ha tpa r t i c ul a rt ia r l wa spl a ye d be t we e nt wop l a y e r swhowi s he dt oi nt e r a c twi t h he e a c ho t he r( s e eHa y a s h i ,1 993,f o rde t il a soft ma t c h i n gr ul e ) ・Pl a y e r ss e l e c t e dpa r t n e r sba s e don t h e i rs e l e c t i ons t r a t e gi e sa lt hcbe gi nnl mgO fe a c h t r i a l .s ot h a tadi f f e r e nt ・ s e tofpa ir sc oul dpl a y . PD ga me si ne a c ht r j a LWh e t he rt oc o o pe r a t eo rde f e c t t ht hemu t ua l l ys e l e c t e dpartne rwa sd e c i de db a s e d wi ont h epl a y e r ' sac L L ' ons E T l at e g y. I nt h i si ni t i a ls t u dyo fPD ne t wo r ks,h tee f f e c tof t hes e l e c t i ons t r a t e g ywa ss e ve r a lt i me sa ss t r on ga s t h ee f f e c toft hea c dons t r a t e gy -t ha ti s .how l o c hoo s eapa r t n e rwa smuc hmor ei mp or t a n tt ha nhow L J ] e r ・m i si mpr e s s i v e t 。a c tt owa rdt h ec hos e npar f i n di n gpr ompt e du st of ur he t rr e s e a r c ht hcs e l e c t i on s t r a t e g y・ Howe ve r , be c a us et h e r eha dbe e npr a c t j c a l t y nos ys t e ma t i cs t u d i e so fs e l e ct i ons b ・ a 吟g l e S ,Wedi d n ote ye nk now wha ts e l e c t i ons t r a t e g J e SWe r ePO S b l ea n dwha twe r eof t e nu s e d. Asame an st Of i n dt he po s s i bl ea r r a yo fs e l e c t i ons t r a t e gi e st Ob eus e di l lPD n e t wo r ks i t ua t i on s ,wcd e c i de dt ohol dac o mp ut e r t ou r na me n tofs t r a t e g i e s ,at ou r na me n tS i il m a rt ot h e f a mo u son eo r ga ni z e db yAヌE ) r od( 1 98 4 ) ・I nt ha t t ou r na me n tt heTFTs t r a t e g ys t ) bmi t ( e db yA na t oI Ra po po r twa st h eov e r a l lwi nn e r .Sh ・ a t e gi e st h a twe r e f a rmor ec ompl i c a t e dt ha nt hes i mpl eTFr.ma n yo f whi c hwe r ede s i g n e dl oo ut s ma r tt hepa r t n e r ,C O ul d Fr .Thes u pe io r rov e r a l l no tpe r f or mb et t e rt ha nT p e r or f ma nc eofm wa sa t t r i but e dbyAxe l r o dt oA l e 21 t f ol l ow in gf ou rc ha r a c t e is r dc s :( a )m i sn i c e . n e v e rde f e c t swhe nt hepa r t ne rc oope r a t e s . The r e f o r e , i tdo e sn oti n i da t e iaVi c i ou sc i r c l eofmt l l u a ld e f e c t i on・( b )m i mme di a t e l yr e t a l i a t e swh e nt h epa r t n e r d e f e c t s . a ndt hust hepa r t n e rc a ne a s i l yt J nd e r s l a n dA l e c ons e q u e n c eo fa t t e mpt j n g斤e er i di n g. ( C )m i sf o l V l n g.I tf o r g i ve st h ef o r me r l yde t e c t e dpa r t T L e ra S gl s oo na sheors hec o o pe r a t e saga in .( d)r r T Ti sc l e a r , si m pl e.a ndt husp r e di c t a bl e. S



l NJ ・ c e・ L S( h c【 e r mu s e db yAx e l r o d(J984)1 0d e s c r i b et t 、 cs o c i 叫 d e s i r a b J 6l l 机r co fas t r a t e g ya n dh a sb c c nu s e di ns t J b s c q t ) t n t r か s e a r c ht oT e ねr t ot h eb e T L i g Ma 【 u r eO f s I t a L e g l e S .

Thec o mput e rt ou r n a me ntweor ga n i z e di nyo l v e d amo r ec o mpl i c a t e dd e c i s i one nv i r on me nLn ePD ga mei nt h i st ou rna me n twa spl a ye dno ti ni s ol a t e d d y a d sa si nAx e l r o d' S( 1 98 4)t ouma me n LI n s t e a d, t he dy a di cPD r e l a t i ons h i pswe r ee mb e dde di nal a r g er n e t wo r ks t uc r t u r e・Pl a ye r s( a c t u dl y,c o mp ut e rpr og r a msr e pr e s e nt i ngs ub it m t e ds b ・ a t cgi e s )i nt hi sc o mr st op一 a yaPD ga me p ut e rt o u r n a me n tc hos epa r t ne wi hf t o re a c ht r hLRe s u l t sofo u rc o mpu t e rt ouma 一 me n t .whi c ht ookpl a c ej n也eFa l lof1 9 91a ndt he Wi n t e ro f1 9 9 2,a r er e po r t e di nHa ya s hi( 1 9 93;a l s o . r e po r t e di nT・Ya ma is g h ie ta 1 . ,1 99 4,i nEn gl i s h) t h e r e f o r e ,WeWi l ln otdi s c us s也e mi nde t ilhe a r e. ny,t her e s ul tc on s i s t e nt l yde mor L St r a t e d the iC f Br ie st hcna mc i f c ct i v e n e s soft heOFFs t r a t e g y.OPT i g i ve nb yHa ya s hi( 1 99 3)t ot hes t r a t e g yor i gi na ll y yTa t s u yaKa me d a,t hea t J t h oroft he i c a l l e dPURGEb s t r a t e g y・刀l eOFFpl a ye r( i )a l wa y sc oop e r a t e s( i . e . , t hea do ns t r a t e gyi st J n C On di t i on a lc D OP e r a don ) ;( i i ) art ne ri ns o f ara st hepart ne r s t i c k sw it ht hec ur r e n tp L d( i i i )de s e r t st hepa r t ne ra ss o ona st he c o o pe r a t e s ; a r t n e rd e f e c t s ・ OP Tk e e p sc hoo s i ngt hes a mepa r t ne r par a n dke e psc oo er p a t i ngi n s of a fa St hepa r t n e rcoopera t e s , bu td e s e r t st hepa rt n e ra n dt t l mSt OS O me On ee l s e o n c et hCpa r t n e rde f e c t s ・ 3Al Ho pf ou rpe r f or me r si n t het o u l na me n tha dt he s et hr e ef e a t ur e so ft heOFF s t r a t e gy. Thebe s tove r llpe a r f o r me r ,PURGE.ha da n re o ff o r ive g ne s s .Th a ti s ;a 鮎r a d d i do n a lf ea t u " pu r ge ' 'pe r i od s( 3打i a l s )PURGE b ing r sba c kd l e p r e y i ous l yde ec f t e dpa r t ne ri nt oapo olo fpot e n血l r pa r t n e r s ・ Ot he rs t r a t e ie g sn e y e ri nt e r a c (w it haparbe wh oha sde f e c t c donc e .Ad di t i o na lc omput e rs i mt l l a ha ti t t i on sr e po r t e di nHa ya S h i( 1 9 93)de mo ns t r a t e dt wa sa c t u a l ) yt h ef e a t u r e off or g i ve ne s st ha tput PURGEa b ov 8t heot he rs t r a t e ie g ss ha in r gt heot h e r f e a t u r e sofOFF. Theb e s twa sa l eS i mpl e s ti nt h i sPDn e t wo r ks i mul a do n, a si twa si nt heAxe l r o d( 1 98 4)or ig i na ls i mu 1 a t i on・Ac t ua l l y,t hee x c e l l e ntpe r f or ma nc eofOFF s u gg e s t st hes a mes e to fc o n cl u s i o nsa st heo n espropo s e db yAx e l r o da b outt h es u c c e s sofs 仕a t e gi e si n i s o l a t e dd ya di cr e l a t i on s hi ps .Ax e l r o dl i s t e dt h e g y.t hも a f o r e me n dn e df ou rf e a t u r e soft hem s t r a t e J l t :n i c e n e s s ,r e t a l i か inn w e ro fhi sc o mput e rt o u r na me do J l ,f or iv g e ne s s ,a ndc l a it r y.Pa ml 】 e l i s mo ft heT Fr f e a t u r e sa n dt hef ot J rf e a t ur e sofOFFme nt i on e de a r ) i e ri sde a r :( a )Bo t hTFra ndOP T ar tn i c e .T Fr do e sno td e f e c tun pr o v ok e d.OFFn e ve rde f e c t s .( b ) h' m a n dOFFa r er e t a 】 i a t o r y.m r e t li a a t e sa Bot part nc r ' sd e f e c t i o nw it hde f e c t i on.OFFr e t li a a t e sa t n e r ' sde f e c t i o nwi d ld e s e r t i o l 10 ft h er e l a ion t s hi p. par ( C )Bot hTFra n dOFFa r ef or g i v i n g.m r e s po nd s to pa r t ne r ' sc o ope r a t i onw it hc oo pe T a t i onnoma t t er 】 wh e nOFFd e s e hs t h ec u r r e n t p a r t n e r . i 【 r a n d o ml ys dc c E s an ew r he rf r o ma l I me mb e E Se x c e p tL h o s E , Wh oh a v ed c f e c l da g a i 1 S t OFFi nt h eJ a s Hh T C eP e r i o d s .

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HAYASHI & YAMAGl Sm

howu n c oo pe r a t i v e血epa r t n e rus e dt obe. OPTgi ve s as e c on dc h a n c et ot h eo n ewhode f e c t c d be f o r e. y,( d)bo山T Fra ndOFra r es i mp一 ea n dc l e a r ・ Fi n ll a n cb e s tp e r f o r me r si nt hepr e vi ouss i mul a don s ・ CONCOi nSc hu e s s l e r ' S( 1 98 9)s i mul a t i ona n dPMS i nVa n be r ga ndCongl e t on' S( 1 9 9 2)s i mul a t i on.ha d hr t e eoft hef ourf e a t ur e sofOFr;t heon l yf e a t u r e umq uet oOPT wa sf o r iv g e ne s s .Fo r gi ve n e s sWa s uni qu et OOP T be c a u s ep) a yc r si nt hepr e vi oust wo s i mul a don sdi dn otc hoo s et he i rpa r t ne r s .W h e t h e r pl a ye r sf o r gl V ePr e vi ousb e t r a ye r si sr e l e ya ntonl y wh ent he yc hoo s ewho mt he yi nt e r a c tw it h.

Rat i ondBa s e so fCoope r at i o nWi t ho ut Guar ant e eo fFubr eI nt e r a c t i o ns n er e s ul t so fourc o mput e rt ou ma me r L t S u gge S t ha t t a dd i n gt hep pt l O nf o r e x i l i n gt hec ur r e n t r e l a t i ons hi pa n d c hoos i ngan e wpa r t ne rdoe sno(f un da me n t a l l ya lt e r Axe l r o d' S( I 98 4) c o n c l us i on s . 77 1 eOPTs t r a t e gyi s , i na s e n s e . aTFrs t r a t e g ya ppl i e dt odl eC hoi c eo fpa r t ne r s i n s t e a do ft hec hoi c eofa c t i on s( t QC O Ope r a t eV S .t Ode f e c t ) . Howe ve r , t h i ss i mi l a it r ybe t we e nl Fra ndOFF c on c e a l samo r ef un da me l l t a l di f f e r e n c et ha t doc se xi s t be t we e nf o r c e dpl a ya n ds e l e c t i v epl a y. ni sdi f f e r e nc e i si nwhe 山e rt h et he or e t i c a l pos s i bi l i t yof r a t i ona lba s e s ofc oop e r a doni sp r e s e nti nPDr e l a t i ons hi psi nwhi c h gu a r a nt e eo f R血r ei nt e r a c t i ons doe snot e xi s t . OFrprD vi de st hepo s s i bi l i t y・ . m do e snot . Rc s e a T C honPDshas r e pe a t e dl ypoi nt e do ut ,bot h he t o r e t i c a 一 l ya nde mpJ nC a l l y. ar a t i on a lba s i sf orc oop e r a t i oni n( t ypi c a l l yi n de f i ni t e 一 y,butnotne c e s s ar i l y s o )i ( e l a t e dPDga me s .I t e r aE e dgame sa r cga me sr e pe a t e dl ypl a ye db c t we cnt h es a mep l a y e r s ・ I ni t e mt e d ga me s , c u r r e nt a c t i onofapl a ye ra f f e c t snot onl yhi so r he ri mme di a t eout c ome( out c omei nt hec ur r e ntt r i a l ) b uta ls ot hepa r t n e r ' sf t J t u r ea c t i ons .TT ) u s ,i fr e s i s hn g t het e mpt a t i ont od e f e c ti n c r e a s e st hc舟e que nc yoft he pa r t n e r ' sc oo pe r a t i on. c oo pe r at i onwoul db camor er a do na lc hoi c et ha nde f c c t i o nlWhi c hi nv i t e sde f e c t i on 允omt h epa r t ne r . T Fri samor er a t i oJ l l血a a t e g yi n( hi s s e ns etha J tunC On d i don a ld e f e c t i on.A s c onvi nc l n gl y de mons t r a t e db yAxe l r o d( 1 98 4) .mu t ua lc o o pe r a t i on c a ne me r gee ye nb e t we e ne goi s t swhe npa r t T I C r Spl a y hega t mer e pe a t e dl y・ Wha t i sne e de df o rt hee me r ge nc e o fc oo pe r a donbe t we e ne goI S t Si st h egua r a nt e eoff u t u r eI nt e r a c t i on s . 4 TT dski ndo fr a t i on a lb a s i sf o rc o ope r a t i on.hW' e ve r . do e snot e xi s t i nPDsi nwhi c hf u( u r ei nt e r a c t i ons it w ht hes a mepa r t n e ra r en otg t J a r a n t e e d. Ma l dngt he

c- s t r a t e g yt ob ee r f e c u y e . l h cg a memu s t b ep r a y e df o r 1 F o r l h e p s , Mj l g r o 恥 a ni n f i L I i t co ru n p T di c t a h l ( 川u 1 h e ro f l i mt s ・ S e eKr o r t h eC O z l d i L i o n( h A t it m i g a t e st h a t T e Ro b c r L s . a n dWi l s o n(1982)f i t r a q t J l r e mC n t O f t h ei n Gn i t en u mb e r o f i ( c r a l i o n s 叫h a t i s , e f f e c t s o f t i o r l a l p hy c t s .

280

pa r t ne rc oo pe r a t ei nt hef u t ur ea tac os to ft hepr e s e n t ou ( c omed o e sn otpa ywhe nf ut u r ei nt e r a c t i on swi t h hes t a mepa r t n e rd on ote x i s tThe n, a c t ua li n s t a J I C e SOf co o pe r a t i oni ni nt e r a c dom sl a c k i nggua r a nt e eoft hef ut t J r e - Wek no wt ha ts omepe op l edoc o o pe r at ee v e ni l l no ni t e r a f e di n t e r a c do ns -ha vet obee xpl ine a do na non r a t i o na )b a s i s ・I not h e rwo r ds ,f a c i ngthef a c that s omepe o pl ed oc o o pe r a t ee v e ni ni n t e r a c donsw it ha pa r t n e rwh om t he ya r cno ts u r eo fs e e i nga ga i n,We ne e dt or e s o r tt ot hei d eat ha tt he s epe o pl eh a ve n on r a t i o n a l( c oo p e r a t i veora l t ui r s dc )mot i va t i ons , t he i de aun dc r l yi n gt hes aCi l va a l ueor ient a t i ona p pr o a c h ,Kuh ma l n & Ma r s he l l o,1 975・ .Mc Cl i nt o c k, ( e. g. Me s s i c k,Xuh ] ma n,& Ca mpo s ,1 973;Mc s s i c k& Mc Cl i n t o c k,1 968 ;Sc he f f ,1 967;Wye r ,1 96 9 ) .I nb・ Oduc dono ft h es e l e c t i vepl a ypa r a di gm i n t os oc i a ldi一 kmma r e s e a r c h pr ovi de s us w it ha na lt e ma t i v c e x pl a na t i o nofc oo pe r a doni ns uc hi nt e r a c t i ons . TY l eS e l e c t i y epl a ys i t u a t i ondoe sno ti nv ol ver e l a t i on s hi psi nwh i c hi n t e r a c t i onsw it h( hcs a mepa r t n e r a托g u a r a nt e e d;a n yt wopa r t ne r sa r enotf o r c e dt oi nt e r a c tr e pe a t e dl yi nt hes e l e c dvepl a ye nv ir onme nt . Ⅵl eOPt l OnO fc hoo s i ngpa r t ne r sc ha r a c t e im r i gt hes e l e c t i vepl a ys i l u a t i ot lel i in m a t e sgua r a n t e eo ff u t u r e i nt e r a c t i on sw池 t hes a mepa r t ne rt h a tpr o vi d e sa l e r a t i ona lb a s i sf o rc D Ope r a don.r nt h i ss e ns e , t hes e l e c t i v epl a ys i t u a t i on,de s pi t et h ef ea t u r et ha tga me sa r e r e pe a t e db ye a c hp 一 a ye r ,j sf un da me nt a l l ydi f f e r e nt f r omt hei t e r a t e di nt e r a c t i onsi nt hef or c e dpl a ye nvi r o nme n t .I ti sf un da ment a l l yd i fe r e n tb e c a u s Of ut u r c i nt e r a c t i on sdonotpr oyi dear a t i ona lba s i sofc oop e r a t i oni nt hes e J e c dv epl a ye nv i r onme nt .Thus ,i tma y beb e t t e rc on c e pt ua l i 2 : e da sr e p e a t e done s hotga me s i ns t e a do fi 【 e r a t e dga me sWi t ha nopt i onf o rt hepa r t n e rc hoi c e( s hl A oc kc ta 1 . ,1 996;St a n l e y, s hl A o c k, 也 Te s f a t s i or L .1 99 4) IAl hou t h t g hega me sp l a ye di nt he s e l e c t i vepl a ys i t ua t i ona r enotpur eo1 e S ho tga me s , t he ya r ec l o s e rt oon eS ho tga me st ha nt oi t c r a t e d g a me si mt hes e n s ed l a tba s eva luegu a r nt a e eoff ut u r e i nt e r a c t i o ns( t h ec i( r i c a ]e l e me nti nt h er a t i ona l ba s i s ofc o op e r a t i oni ni t e r a t e dga me s )i sl a c ki r L B.Wea r e a wa r et hatt he r ea r eg r a da t i on si nt he. s ha dowof爪ト t u r e …( Ax c l r o d,1 98 4) ,s uc ht ha ti ns omet ype sofs e l e c t i vepl a yf ut u r ei nt e r a c t i on sa r emor el i ke ) yt h a ni n ot he rt ype so fs e 一 e c t i v epl a y・Fo re xa mpl e -f ut u r ei n t e r a c t i onsw仙 t hes a mepartn e rar emo r el i ke l yt o o c c u rwh e npl a y e J Sa r ea l l owe dt oc hoos et he i rpa r t n e r s ,a si nours i mul a t i on.t ha nwhe nt he ya r er a n d o ml y ma t c h e dw it hs ome on e.a s i nSc hue s s ] e r ' S ( 1 98 9 )s i mul a don・Eve ni nt h ef or me rt y eo p fs e l e c t i v ep l a ye nv i r onme nt ,ho we ve r ,f u t u r ei nt e r a c t i ons a r ef a rf r ombe i n gg ua r a n t e e d;OPTpl a ye r swi t )ke e p c hoos i n gt l ) es a mep a r t ne r ,butd l e r ei snog ua r a n t e e t h a tt hepa r t n e ri sa 一 s oa nOPTpl a ye rwh or e s pon ds i nt hes a mema n ne r .TT ) e g eg r a da t i onsi nt hes ha dow off ut ur ema yc or r e s pondt odi f f e r e n ts o c i a 一S けu c t u r e s ands i t ua t i ons .Thus ,e xa mi n a t i onoft hee f f e c t so f

SELECTI VEP LAY

s uc hg r a da t i onswi l lpr ovi d eadc hf i el df o rf u t u r er e sea r c hi ns e l e c t i v epl a y・Howe v e r 、wh a ti sofc it r i c a l i mpo r t a J I C ehe r ei st opol ntOutt ha tr a 血na lb a s e so f c oo er p a t i on i n PDsa r en o tl i mi t e dt ot h ec l e a r ,山er e s u l t so fo u rc o mpu( e r s ha do woff 山u r e . Th a ti s t ou ma men ts t r ong l ys ugge s tt ha tc o o er p a t i onc a nbe r a t i on a lev e ni ni n t e r a c t i on sw it houtt hec l e a rS ha dow off ut ur e.Gua nnt e eo ff u t ur ei nt e r a c t i o nsw it ht he ne ri snol ong e rt h eo nl yr a t i on a lb a s i sf o r s a mepart i oni nPDoncec hoi c eofpar t ne r si si n c l t . d e d c oo er p a t l . i n也emo de

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Ther e s ul t soft hec omput e rt ouma me n to ft hePD n e t wo r k.t o ge t he rwi t ht h er e s ul t so fc omp ut e rs i mu l a t i o n sb ySc hu e s s l e r( 1 98 9) ,Va nbe r ga n dCon gl e t on ( 1 992 ) ,a n dHa ya s hie ta l.( 1 9 93 ) ,c o ns i s t e ndyi n dト ha tOFFpr o ide v sa neHe c t i veme a n st oa c hi e ye G a t et mut u a lc oo pe r a t i oni n仏es e l e c t i vepl a ys i t ua t i on,a s nd l ef o r c e dpl a ys i t u a t i on .TheOP Ts t r a t di dTFri e g y ma ke sc o o pe r a t i o nr a t i o na li n as i t u a t i on i n wh i c hht ur ei n t e r a c L j on sa r enotgu a r a nt e e d・ Be c a u s e 山ef o r c e dpl a yr e l a dons hi psa r en o ta sc ommona s hes t e l e c dv epl a yr e l a t i ons hi psi nt her e a lwor l d,OFF s e e mst opr ovi deamor er e a l i s ( i cba s i sofc oo p e r a t i on Fr,whi c hr e qui r e sgua r a n t e eOff ut u r ei nt e r a ct ha nT . don si ni s ol a t e ddya di cr e l a t i on s hi ps .Fu r t h e mo r e OFFha sa na ddi t i ona la dv a nt a geov e rT Frbe ca us e s , OFFn e v e rs t a r t sac onni c ts p i r l Pe a t ) t s c h& Kmus 1 960; La wl e r ,1 98 6 ) .TT l a ti s ,t h er e t a l i a t o r ymoreb y OFF( i . e. ,de s e r t i on )ha sa na dva n t ageov e r血er e t i a t o r ymov eb ym ( i . a . ,puni s me l n tb yde f e c t i on ) i nt hes e ns e山a td e s e r t l n gt h epa r t n e rdo e snoti nv i t e av i c i o usc i r c l eofmu t u a lpuni s h me n t s ・Whe non eo f b ' a t e gyl na J ) t wopl a y e r swhoha vea do pt e dt heTFrs i t e r a t e dPD ga mea c c i den t a l l yde f e c t s ,i tma yI nv it e t hepa r t n e rt or e t a l i a t e ,a n dt hef i r s tPl a ye rwhoa c c i de nt a l l yde f e c t e dma yr e t a J i a t et her e t al i a t or ya c ( i o n ) i sv i c i ou sc i r c l ec a nl e a dt omut ua l o ft hep a r t J l e r .TT d e f e c t i o nbe t we e nt wom pl a y e r s .I nc o nt r a s t ,an OP Tp l a ye rr e t a l i a t e sade f e c t i o nb yt hepa r t n e rb y l e a vl n gt h er e l a t i on s h i p,n otbypu ni s hi ngd l CPa r t n e r ・ ≠u s , a na c c i de nt a ld e f e c t i or tb yapl a ye rn e v e rs t a r t s gOFFpl a ye r s .Hi r s hl e i f e ra nd ac on ni c ts pi r l am on a Ra s mu s e n( I 98 9)f o r ma ll yde mon s 打a t c dt ha Hhi sa d Te xi s t si n〟・ pe r s o ndi l e mma sa swe l l va nt a geofOP a sdy a di cdi l e mma s . e e m t r a n s pa 代n t . TT l e s en i c equ a l i t i e so fOFF s On c ewer e a l i z et h a tdya di cPD r e l a t i o n s h i p sar eo f t e ne mbe d de di nal a r ge rc on t e x t ,wec a l le a s i l yunde r s t a n d wh yc o ope r a t i on i ss o wi de s pr e a de v e 1 whe nf ut ur ei nl c r a c donsa renotg t J a r a nt C e d;t hi si s ke sc oop e r a t i onr a t i o na li ns u c hs i t u b e c a u s eOFFma a t i o ns ・Wes houl dnot ,howe v e r ,b eov e r l yo pt l mi s t i c a boutt h ee f f e c t i ve n e s sofOFFi np r o mot i n gC OO P e r a aト

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sbe l i oni nt hes e kc t i vepl a ye n v i r onme T l t .Thsi c a us ea ni mpo r t a n tpr op e r t yoft hes e l e c t i v epl a ys i t uo s t s , ha sbe e nc ompl e t e l yi gn or e d a t i on.o p p o r t t J nl t yC i nt hea f o r e me ndone ds t ud i e ss howi n g( h ee だe c t i v e Ha ya s hi 、1 993;Ha ya s bie ta l ・ ,1 993; n e s so fOFF( le g t on.1 992) .OpSc hu e s s l e r ,1 989. ,Va nbe r g& Con po r t u n t ' oc o s t sa r e血ee x t r abe ne f i t so nec ou一 dha v e e a r ne do u t s i d et hec ur r e n tr c l a dons h i p・Op po r t uni t y c o st sa r ei r r e l e v a nti nf o r c e dpl a ys t udi e sbe c a us en o s s A o ona st he o n ei sa l l o we dt oc x i tt her e l a t i on s hi p・ Oo pt i o t ]f o rc xi dngt hec u m ntr e l a t i ons h i pi si nb・ d u c e d,howe v e r ・o ppo r t um it yc o s t sp l a yadom i na nt t he or e t i c lr a o l e・A r a t i on a lpl a y e rwou l db et e mpt e d t o. e x i tt hec u r r e n tr e l a ion t s h i p whe no ppo r t u ni t y c o s t sa r eh i h .t g ha ti s .whe r lt hepl a ye re xpe c t sa he o b e t t e rd e a lo t J t S i det hec u r r e n tn> l a t i on s hi p・Tもct r e t i c a li mpo r t a n c e ofo ppo r t un i t yc os t shasbe e n bi ba uta n dKe l l e y' S kn ownf o ral ongt i mes i n c eT ( 1 959)c l a s s i cpr o pos i t i o nt ha tc o mpa r i s onl e v e lof a l t e r na t i v e s( Cl a l t ) ,de t e r mi n e st hel i ke l i hoo dt ha ta p) a ve rl e a v e st hec u r r e n tr e l a t i on s h i p.Al houg t h t he i d e at ha tCLd tr a he t rt ha nc o mpa is r onl e v e l( CL)i s c it r i c a li nt h epl a ye r ' se x i tde c i s i onha sb e e nwe 一 la c c e pt e da mo n g gr oup p r oc e s s e sa n de xpe ime r nt l a B a ml ngr e s e a r c he r s ,a n do f t e nt r e a t e da sa ni mpo r t a nt f a c t o ri ne x i tde c i s i onsi npe r s o na lr e l a t i on s h i pss u c h a sma l( r a ) ,f de n ds hi p,a r t dr o ma n t i cr da t i ons hi ps o yd,1 9 95) . ( e ・ g・ ,Ru s bu l t ,1 98 0a,1 98 0b;Sou t h& Ll s u r pns l n gl yl i t t l et he o r e t i c ia a swe l la se mpi ic r l a o s t s wo r kha sb e e ndon eont her ol eo fo ppo r t uni t yc i nt hee x p e r i me n t a lga mngt r a d i t i o n. Thi sl a c kofr e s e a r c ho no ppo r t uni t yc os t si sunde r s t a nda bl ec on s i d e r i ngt hef a c tt ha tmos te x pe ime r n t alga m ngr e s e a r c h s of a rha sb e e ndonewi t ht h ef o r c e dp一 a ypa r a d i g mi n wh i c ha l ee X i (o pt i onpl a ye dn or ol ea ta l1 . Wh a ta r et h ei mpl i c a t i on so ft hei r L t r Odu c t i o no f o ppor t u ni t yc os t sf o rt he6 fc c ( i v e n e s so fOFFi nt he s e l e c t i v epl a ys i t u adon?Toa J I S We rt hi sque s t i on,W e or ga n i z e da n o t h e rc ompu t e rt ou ma me n toft hePD n e t wo r k ,t hi st i mcw it hc l e ∬i n c l us i ono fo ppor t un i t y c o s t s , ht h ef i r s tt our na me n tweor ga ni z e d,a l lPDr c 1 a t i on s h j p sh a dt hei dc ndc a Zp a yof fma dxi nwhi c h CCII , CD=-I ,DC=2 ,a n dDD=0 . 5Noo p portun i t yc o s t se xi s t e dt he r e ・Th a ti s ,i n s of arasd l ePa r t ne r k e ptc oo er p a t l n g,t he r ewa snoi n c e nt i vef o rpl a ye r s t os e e ka n o t he rpa r t ne r ・Ac u r s o r yl oo ka tpe r s on la a s we l la sb u s i n c s sa ndf o -a lr e l a don s h i psa r oundu s woul dl e l Ju st h a t払i ski n do fn 0 0 ppomJ n l t yc o s te n vi r o n me n ti sr a t he rr a r e ・Fo re xa mp) C ,i nt h e t yC o s tenv ir o nme n ( .L in dawoul d be n 0 0 ppo r t u n l e f e r st oc o o p cT a l i o n .a n dDl od e f e c t i o no r S Th es y mb o lC r n o n c o o F ) e r a t ' I O n ・ T h eW a l t ) ci st h ep a y o f r t ot h ep l a y e r wh o s ec h o i c ei s r e p 岱 e n t e db yt h eE i f S 【 c h mC 暮 e r Wh e r 山e p a J t n e r ・ s c h o i c e i s t h eo n e t , J ' r e S e n t e db yt h es e c o n dc h a r a c t c r ・F o r e x a mpl e .CDニ ー lme a l ) S r 【 h a l t h ep l a y e r wh oc o o p e r a t e s r c c 亡 i v e s" 1 i n u sIp oo l wh e nt h ep a t l ・ n E : ∫ d e l cc t s . 281

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s a t i s f i e da te xa c t l y仏es a mel e v elw it ht woda t i n g part ne r s , Boba n dDa re , s ot ha ts h ewoul dha v en ot h l heo t he r ・Or ,i t l ngt Ol o s ei nc hoos i n gon eov e rt ne w e rha p p e n st ha tabu ye rofahous ef i ndsani c e r hou s ea ta一 owe rpr i c ea f t e rs h eh a sc l os e dt h ede l・ a hes e c on dt our na me n t . Wec ha n g e dt 山si nt I nt hes e c on dt o ur na me n( ,oppo r t uni t yc os t swe r e i nt r o du c e dbyma ki ngt hepa yo fma t r i xva r i a b l e . Ea c h r e l a t i o n s hi pwa sa s s i gne di t suni qu ePDma t r i x, a t l dt h e e nt r i e so fe a c hPDma t r i xwe r enot r e vea l e dt opl ay e r s i na dv a n c e .Thu s .PJ a ye rAma yo bt a i n5poi n t si na ga mewi t hPl a ye rawh e nbot hcoo pe r a t e ,3poi n t si n t e ,8 a not he rga mew仙 Pl a ye rC whe nbot hc o o pe r a pol o( Si nye t a n ot he rga mewi t hPl a ye rD, a n ds of or t h. Ea c hma t ixco r ul db ea s ymme t r i c l. a Fu r he t r mor e . e a c h pl a yc rc o u 一 dl e a m on l yt h epa yof fh eors het a me d; 【 h c pl a ye rc oul dno tl e 町nAJ l le nt r i e so ft hema t r i x ,e v e n t hepl a ye r ' sownpa yof f s ,unl e s st hep一 a ye re xp e r i ・n i sr e pr e s e nt sas i t u a t i or )i n e n c e da llf ou rc e 1 1 S whi c h. f o re xa mpl e , Bobi ss a 也s f i e dw油 Ka t y, t h ec t J ト r e n td a t i n gpa r t ne r ,bu(s t i Ht h i n ksa boutap os s i bi l i t y 山a t t he r ei sa ne v e nbe t t e rpa r t ne rou t t he r e. He r e, OFF ma ypr o du c eap J ' e ma t u r eCOmm it me nt .Tha ti s ,a n a ye rma yk e e ppl a yi n gWi t hac oope r a t i v epa r t OFFpl n e re v e nwh e ni t i spo s s i b) et oge t amu chb e t t e rde a l b y d e s e r t i ngt h ec u r r e nt , c oo pe r a t i vep a r t n e r . RuJ e so ft heTour name J l t I nv i t a t i o n st ot hes e c on dc omput e rt our na me n t we r e B e n(ouHos o c i a ld i l e mmar e s e a r c he r si r LFe bma r yo f 1 99 3,a n dat ot a 】of23s t r a t e ie g spa r dc j pa t e di nt he t ・ Ther ul e so ft het o ur na me nt a ndar e po r t of t o u ma me n 山ef i r s Hou ma me nta c c ompa f l i e dt hei nv i t a t i on.Fo r c on v e ni e n c es a ke,wew il lca lls u b it m t e ds t r a l e gl e S pt L ye r S ・ThenJ l e soft h et ou r na me J l tma ybes umma r i z e da sf ol l ows . 1 .Ent r i e ss hou l dbewr i t t ehi nt h ef or mt ha t c a nb e t r a n s l a【 e di T l t OaC OmPut e rPr o gr a m. 2.Ea c hpl a ye rs hou l dha veas e l e c t i o ns t r a t e g y a n da na c t i ons t r a t e gy. 3・Thes e l e c t i o ns l r a咋gyl Su s e dt ode ci dewh om t hep l a ye rwa n t st oi n t e r a c tWi t h. 4.P一 a ye r swi l l b emat c he dw it ha not he rpJ a ye ra 1 d f o r maPDpa i rf or t het r i a l ba s e don山ep】 a ye r s ' a n dt hepa r t ne r ' spr e er f e n c e sa sde t e r mi n e db y t he i rs e l e c t i o F L S t r a t e gl e S . Howt hema t c hi n ga c ・ ・ t u a l l yt ookp7 a c ew il lb ee xpl a i n e dl a t e r . ea c t i ons t r a t e gyde c i de swhe ( he rt oc oo pc ト 51Th a t eo rd e f e c ti nt hePD ga mepl a ye di nt he ma t c he dpa i r . 6・Theo nJ yi nf oml a t j ont hepl a y e rc a nu s ei si t s ownp a s te xp e r i e n c e -f o re a c hoft hepa s tt r ト a l s ,whom t hepl a ye ri nt e r a ct e dwi t ha n dhow ma n y poi nt st he p一 a ye re a me d i n t h a t j nt e r a c bon. 28 2

Re pl i c at i on sa ndt r i a J s ・ n c ovc r a l l pe r f o r ma n c eofe a c hp l a ye rwa sd e t e r i ne m db a s e dont her e s ul t s打o I T I at ot al o f6, 0 0 0r e pl i c a t i o ns , 500r e pl i c a don s i ne a c ho ft h e1 2c o ndi t i ons( ob ed i s c u s s e dl a t e r . Ea c h r e pl i c a donc o n s i s t e do f2 00t ia r l s ・ Howma n yt ia r l st o u s ej nt het ou ma me nt wa sde t e r mi ne db yap r e l i ml na r y a na l y s i sw id lI . 00 0t ia r l s ,whi c hi ndi c a t e ds t a bi l i t yof ' ia r l s ・ つ mepa r dc i p a nt so ft het ou r t hepa t t e ma f t e r200t na me nt ha dn ot be e ni nf or me do ft henl l mb e ro ft ia r lst o beu s e di nt het ou r n a me nt . Ea c hr e pl i c a t i ono r` ' Ba me ' ' s t a r t e dw it ha na s s i gnme n tOfpa yof fma t ixt r oe a c hof a l l c omb i l ) a E i on so ft hepl a ye r s . Ho wt hea s s l gnme nt Of pa yof fma t r i c e swa sdo newi nbee x pl ine a dl a t e r .

r ni t i a Ja s s i g nme l I tOfpyoL rmat ic r e s. At d l e b c gj nn l ngO fe a c hga meorr e pl i c a t i on,e a c hofdl e -r e l a dons hi psa moJ l g23pl a ye r s 253 -( 23汁22)+ 2 wa sa s s i gn e daul u qt J e ,a S ymme t r i c lPDma a dx. Spe c i f i c a l l y,e a c hpl a ye rwa sr a ndoml ya s s i gne dt hef oト l owl n gt hr e cv lue a si nr e ht i on s h i pt oe a c hoft heot he r 2 2pl a ye r s : ba s ev a l u e , c o s t ofc oo pe r a t i on, a n dr e wa r dJ n gPowe r . TT l ea c t u a le nt ie r sofe a c hPDma 打i xwe r e c a l c t ) l a t e di nt h ef o HowJ n gma nn e r : L Thep a r t n e rr e c e i ve st hep】 a ye r ' sb a s ev lu a er e 一 ga r dJ e s soft h epl a ye r ' sa c t i or l . C S , t hepl a ye r ' sc os t ofc0 2.I ft h epl a y e r c oop e T a t 0p e r a t i oni ss u bt r a c t e dko mt h epl a ye r T spa yof f , a n dr e wa r di n gpowe rxc os tofc o o pe r a 血n ( b ot hoft hepl a ye r s )i sa d de dt od l ep a r t nC r ' s pa yof f . 3II f t hep l a ye r d e f e c t s , pa yof fof ne i t he r山epl a ye r no rt hepa r t n e ri sa f f e c t e d. l b i e sofaPDma t ixa r r ed e Ta bl e1s h owshowd1 ccl t c r mi ne d・A s a ne xa l n Pl e,l etu sc o ns i de rar e l a dons h i pbe t we e nPl a ye r sXa ndY.Su p pos ePl a ye rX ha s b e ena s s i gne d3f o rba s eva lu e,If o rc os to fc oope r a t i o n,a nd2f o rr ewa r di n gpowe r ,a r L dPl a ye rY ha s be e na s s i g ne d2f o rb a s eva l u e,1f o rc os to fc o op er a do n,a l l d4f orr e wa r di ngpowe r .Ther e s u l dngPD ma t r i xi ss howni nTa b 一 e2・Ea c hpl a ye rwa sr a J l do ml ya s s i gr L e d22s e t soft hos et hr e ev lue a s ,on es e t ore f a c hpa r t ne r ,a t払eb e inn g mBOfe a c hr e pl i c a t i o m Ea c hr e pT i c a l i ons ( a r t e dw it hi n de pe n de ntr a L t dom a s ・The′ i nvi t a t i o ns e ntt opos l gnme r l tOft he s ev a ) u e s t e n t i a lpa r dc i p a nt si nal et Ou r n a me Z l tha di n f o r ma t i o n e ,bu tt her a nge soft het hr e eva J u c st o a b oL t tt hi sr uJ het J S e di nt het ou r J l a me ntWa sn otdi s c l os e d. 6 -

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f e c t o rr a d l e rt h a nac o op e r a t o ri n s of a ra st hef or me r ga y eab e t t e rd e a lt ha nt hel a t t e r .Thei mpo r t a nc eo f t hi sf e a t u r ei sf u r t he rhi hl g i ht g e dbyt hef a c tt h a tt he t o ps e v e np e r f o r me r ss ha r e d jtaswe l 一 ,e x c e ptf or WEATI正RCOCK,whi c ht o oki n t oa c c o untt h epa r t ne r ' Sa c donb e s i de st hes c or eon l yund e ral i m i t e ds i ト ua t i on.Ano t he ri mpor t a ntf e a t u r eofDOG i st ha ti t ne v e ri nt e r a c t swi t hapl a ye rwh oe ve rg a v ei (ane ga ・「 met o ps e v e npl a ye r sha dt hi sf e a t u r ea s t i y es c o r e we l l . Co ns i de ingt r hef a c tt ha tt heout c omeo fmut u a l c oop e r a t i onc oo ) dben e ga t i v ei nt hi st ou r na me nt , i ti s a n t ・ e a s y【 ou n de r s ( a J l dwhyt hi sf e a t u r ewa ss oi mpo r t Wi t ht hi sf e a t u r e,t hepl a ye rc a ne l i in m a t er e ) a t i on s hi psd e s dne dt obeH f ut i l e Hbyf a t e・Howe v e r ,t hi s f e a t u r ei snoHhe o r e t i c a J l yv e r yl nt e r C St J n g.b e c a us e n oti nc l udi n g山i sf e a t u r ei nt hes t r a t e gyi sl i k e l yt o b edu et ot hepa r t i c i pa nt ' So v e r s i ght ,notbyd e s i B n・ Al t ho u ghhow t hepa y of fma t r i c e swou ) db ede t e r e r ,t h epo s i ne m dwa se x p l a i n e di n仇ei n yi t a t i onl e t t s i b i l i t yt ha (mu t t ) lC a oo p e r a t i o np r o duc e san e g at i y e ou t c o mewa sno tma dec x pl i c i ( .Ev enon eoft hea u ho t r so f血i sa r t i c l ewhos u bm it t e das t r a t e g yC a l l e d CONFUCI OUSf a i l e dt oc on c e i v eoft hi spo s s i bi l i t y 1 5 t hove r a J l de n de du pw it har e l a t i y e J ypo o rr e s ul t( ll a ) .i n c i d e nt ll a y,i ts houl db enot e dt ha ta l lo ft he s t r a t e gi e stha tc ons i de r e don l ythea ct i o n( c o o pe r a t i ono rde f e c t i on )oft hepa r t n e rn a ( u r a J l y一 a c k e dt h i s f e a t u r ea nde n de du pw it hi nt h el owe rha l foft hepe r r o ma n c e一 i s t .Pl a ye r sw it ho neoft he s es t r a t e gl e S ・ , c ou l db es t uc ki nanJ t i ) er e l a t i on s hi pwi t han i c e( i ・ e c oo pe r a t i v e )pa r t J l e r . I ns ho r t ,DOGi sani c ea n dt ' c o ol "a c t o r .DOG i s ni c ei nt hes e n s et hd ti tne v e rbe t r a y st hepa r be run d e ra n yc i r c u ms t an c e s . I ti sc oo Hnt h es e n s E Bt h a tonl y t heou t c o mema t t e r s ;i td oe sn otp a ya n ya t t c ndor Lt O whe he t ro rnota l ePa r t n e ri sc oo pe r a t i v e .DOG ne rwh oe v e rg) v c si tan e ga t i v eouト de s e r t sapart C o menoma t t e rhow c o ope r a t i v et h epart n e ri s ・Ar e t he s et wof e a t ur e s .ni c e ne s sa n dc o ol ne s s .t h eo nl y r st ha tma d eDOG t heov e r wh e l in m gwj T L nC rOf f a c t o t het ou r n a me n t ?Toa n s we rt hi sque s t i on,weh a r et o e xa in m emor eC re a ul f l ys i il m a r i t i e sa ndd i f f e r e nc e s ofDOGw it ht heot h e rt o pp er f o r me r s .s A me nt i one d e a r l i e r ,DOGs ha r e sc oohe s swi t hma nyo ft heo t he r t o ppe r f omc r s .r nl uS ,C OO] n e s ss e e mst oh a vema d e DOG ago o dpe r f o r me r ,b utn ott hec hm a pl On.How dwi t hc oo J n e s s ? a bo utn i c e n e s sornj c c ne s sc ombi n e Toa n s we rt h i squ e s t i on、wec o ndu c ( e da na d di t i o na l t ou r na me n ti nwhi cht hea c t i o E IS t r a t e gyOfa not he r e c ondpl a c ei nt h et ou r na me nt , pr og r a mt h a twont hes ORDI NARYHUMAN,wa sc ha ngc df rom t h eo r i gト na lm t ou n c on di t i o na lc ooperat i on.1 0Ther e s u l to f c hdi f f t r e nt 仙i sa ddi t i on a lt ou r na me n twas notmu -

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H^YAS HIAYA MAGI S Hl a n dYa ma g i s h i ( 1 99 4) , i sal i k e 一 yc a n di da t ef ora ne x p l a r ) a t i o no fthehi ghp e r f o r ma n c eo fDOGb e c a u s ei t et ha tun l q u e i l yc ha r a c t e iz r e sDOGa mon g i st hef e a t u r t h et o pp e r f o r mc r s ・ 1 1Fu r t h e rs i mu l a dons ( u di e si n whi c hNEL r r RALDOG,wh oa c t e de x a c t l yt h es a me wa ya sDOGe x c e p tt ha tt hes i mpl ea v e r a g er e pl a c e d Bt hee x d l ep o s i t i v e l ybi a s e da v e r a g ei nc a l c ul a t l n p e c t e dpa yo f ofi nt e r a c t i o n sWi h as t t r a n g e r ,wa s a d d e dt ot h ee x i s t l n gp l a ye r sd e mo n s t r a t e dt h a ti ti si n f a c tt he加s t f u ln a t ur eofDOG( o rt hepo s i t i v ec og n hv cb i a si ne s t i ma t l n gthee a nl l n gSd l a tC a nb eob t in a e df ro mi n t e r a c t i on swi t has t ra n ge r )t h a tma d ei t b yf rt a heb e s tP e r f o r me ri nt het ou ma me n ( . 1 2As s ho wni nt h el a s tc ol u mno fTa b l e3,DOGwa sa ga i n t hew in n e rbyal a r g ema r gl n,a n dd l en C WJ ya dd e d NEL T r RJ u DOGo c c u p i e dme r e7 t hpl a c ea mon g2 4 p l a y e r s . Ⅰ (i so bv i ou sthatther e s u l t so ft h ec ompu t e rs i mu 1 1 a t i on sd e p e n do nt h ec h oi c eofpa r a me t e r s . 刀l er e l a e ,( oo t t l e r t i v ea dv a n t a g e ofDOG,f o re xa mp) s t r a t e g i e sd e p e n d so nho ws e r i ou st h et l l a n S a C t Z ' 0 1 Z t s , t h ed a ma g ec a u s e db yt hepa r t ne r ' se x p l oi t a t i ve c o s . ・ a J l dt heo p po r t u ni t yc o s t s ,s i z e so ft h eb e n e b e h a y ir f i c i a lo p p o r t u n i t i e sou t s i d et h ec u r r e n tr e l a t i o n s h i p. a q r e .Fu 仙e r mo r e ,t h er e s u l t sh a v eb e e npa rt l yb a s e d o nt h ei n 廿o du c t i ono fa bs o l u t ez e r oi npa yo f f s .I n mo n e t a ry t r a n s a c t i on s ,a b s o l u t ez e r oi sme a n i n gf u l b e c a u s epo s i t i v ev a l u e si mp l yp r o f i t sa n dn e g a t i v e y lu a e si mpl yl o s s c s ・Ont heot h e rh a nd,t hi sd i s t i n c t i o nb e t we e np r of i t sa n dt os s e si sn ots oc 一 e a rwh e n hema t t ic r e sr e p r e s e n tp s y c h ol og i c a )r a he t rt ha ne c o n o mi cp a yo f f s . 1 3Thus ,wed or L O ti n t e n dt oc l a i mt ha t DOGi su n i v e r s a l l yd i eb e s ts t r a t e gyi nt h es e l e c dv e i p l a ye n v i r o n me n tw it hah i h l g e v e lo fo p po r t u n i t y c o s t s ・W he t h e rh a y i n gah i h) g ¢ v e lo ft r u s tb e c o me s na a dv a n t a g eo rd i s a dv a n t a g ea l lde pe n dso nt h eb a L a n c eb e t we e nt r a n s a c t i onc o s t sa n do p po r t u ni t yc os t s ・ Wha twei n L c n dt oc l a i m.i n s t e a d,i st h a th a v i n ga ト

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h i hl g e v e lo fms t( o rov 予 r e s t i ma 血nofs t r a n B C T S 'C 0 0 p e r a t i v e n e s s )b e c o me si n c r e a s i n gl ya d va n t a g e o t l sa s o p po r t u n i t yc o s t si n c r e a s er e ) a l i v et o 打a n s a C bo n c o s t s . l J wEATHE RCOCK, ( h cL h i r 仙e s t p c J f o T mC r i nl h ct o u r n a me n t . h a das i mi l a TP O S i t i y eb i a sf o r s t mn g c r si t Hh es e n s eth a ( i t u n c o n d i t i o n ll a yg a v 叩n O n l yt oS l r a J l g e r S . Ho we y c r . o l h e r i d i o s y n c r a t i cf c a t u J Y S ( 0 0 ma n y t Ome n t i o nh e r e s e e mt oh a y e k e p ( i t f r o mb e i n g t J l C l o p a s t y "a S p C C L i n p e r f o r T r l e r . F o r e x a mp l e , WEATHもR COCKh a da''n h a i i L d c f e c t e dt l T T p r O V O k e du r L d e r c e r t inc a i r ・ i t s a c t i o ns t r a t e g ys u c ht c t J mS L a T I C C S . 1 7 T h i s a d d i t i o n a l s i mu l a t i o nu s e do n ) y4o f t h e0 r i g j n a l 1 2c o n d ト l i o n s . Bo 山DOGa J l dNE UTRALDOGp md u c e s山eS a J T I Ce x p e c t e d p a y o 〝 ■ o l i n E e r a c l j n gw仙as L mJ l g C r Wh e ni T l t C r a C t i o nd o ∝J I O l i T l v o l y el l e g a L i y eo u l c o mc s . T h u . S , o n l y4c o n d i l i o n st h a t i n y o l y e dt h e S e di l l ( h ca d d i t i o T l a l s i mu ht i o J l . l o wc s 1 l e v e l o f b a s ev a 血ewe托u 1 ) wh e na l l c n 山e s o r 【 h ema l dc c s aJ tP O S i l i v c . L h ct r q s l l nga s p e c t o f DOGo r a n yo t h e rt n J S l i n gs t mt e g yJ T uyb t ! f o ml u l a t c di 一 l 0 l I I C t VCm g e ・ P I O L lL si ne s 暮 i 一 wa y s . s u c ha s t J s i n gt h ea v e r a g eO f t h ea b o v ea m・ J l i n gt h 叩r O r L t S t Ob eo b t a i n e df r o mas t T n Z l g C r ・ 2S 6

Dj s c u s s j o m Re s e a r c ho nPDsa n ds o c i a ld i l e mma sh ast r a d i t i o n a l l yd e a l twi t hi s o l a t e dr e l a t i on s h i p sh m wh i c h pl a y e r sh a dn oc h o i c et oe s c a pe .Na t ur ll a y,s u c htradi t i o n a lr e s e a r c hha ss t u di e dwh a tHa y a s h i( 1 99 3) c t i o ns t r at e w,t ha ti s ,h owt oc ho o s eb e ・ c a l l e dt h ea t we e nc o oF X : r a t i o na n dd e f e c t i o n.Wi t ht h ere c E : nti n t r o d u c do no ft h es e l e c t i v epl a yp打a d i gmi l l a l es oc i a l a Tt ha ts uc h d i l e mmar e s e a r c h, h owe v e r , i tbe c a mec J e a c t i o ns t mt c g yha smu c h一 e s si mpo r t a n c et ha npr e v i o t l S l yc o ns i d e r e d・I J laS i t ua t i oni nwh i c hpl a y e r s r t n e r s ,ho wt oc ho o s epa r t c h o o s e山e i ri n t e r a c t i o J IPa n e r si so ft h eu t mo s ti mpo r t a n c ei nde t e r ini m n gt he o v e r a l lp e r f o r ma n c eo ft hepl a y e r ・Thec e n t r dqu e s ht h es e l e c t j y ep l a ypa r a di gm,t h e n,i sa l e t i o nw it c hoi c e0 fp a r t n e r si nt heur l C e r t inwo a dd. Fa c i n g" s o c i a lun c e r t a i n t y ' ti nwhi c hi n t e r a c t i o n p a r tn e r sh a v ei n c e n t i v e st oe x p l o i tot he r s ,s u c ha si n PDs ,p eo pl eo 允e nf o r T nC Omm it me n tr e l a t i o n s h i ps wi t hp a r t i c u l a rp a r t n e r s( T.Ya ma is g hi& Ya ma is g h i . 1 99 4) .Rub b e rt r a d i ngi nSou t hEa s tA si a .a sd i s c us s e db yKo1 7 o c k( 1 994 ) ,i saGo o de x a mpl eo ft hi s . hs ha r pc o n t r a s tt or ic et r a d e st ha tt a kepl a c ei n a n on y mo u s .o p e nma rke t s ,m a t t ) r a lr ub be rh rv a e s t e d l yba °e dbe t we e napa r t i c f r o mr ub be rt r e e si st y pi c a l u l a rg o ve rf a mi l ya ndab T a d e rf a mi l y,s o me t i me s ov e rs e v e r a lg e ne r a t i o n s .Ko l l o c ka t t r i bu t e dd l i sd i f f e r e n c et ot hed i f f e r e n t i a 日e v e lofunc e r t a i n t yi n s ・ Th eq t J a l i t yo fr ic ei st r a ns p a r e nt v o l v e di nt h et r a d e t ot hee y e so fas e a s on e dt r a de ra nde ve nt ot h ee y e s ofo r d i n a r yc on s u me r st os o mec x t c n t Jnc on t r a s t ,t h e qu a l i t yo fr ub b e ri si mpo s s i b l et Odi s c e mu n t i li tha s b e e np r o c e s s e df o rmon t h s .Buy i n gr ub b e rf ro ma gr owe rt h u si nv o l v e sah j hl g e v e lo fu nc e r t in a t yc o n c e r n i n gt h eq u a l i t yo ft hec ommod i t y・Thes i mpl e s t s ol u t i o nt ot h ep r o b 一 e mi st ob u yon l y舟o mp ar hc u l a r gr owe r swh oha v epr o vc L )t ob et us r t wo r t h y. Ko ユ l oc k s i mul a t e dt h et wot yp eso fma dC c t s ,t her ic ema r k e t wi t hn opo s s i b i 一 i t yo fc h c a t i n BO nL heq ua 一 i t yo ft h e c o mmo d i t ya n dt her ubbe rma r k e twi t hs u c hapo s s i bi l i t yo fc h e a t i n g,i nal a b o r a t o r ya n dd e mo n s t r a t e d t h a tc o mm ihe n tp e l a don s hi p sb e t we enapa r dc t J l a r s e l l e ra n dap a r t i c t ) l a ybu y e rwe r emuc hmo r 61 i kc l y h er ic ema r t oe me r g ei nt h er ub b e rma r k e t血a ni nt k e t ・ T he抗n d i 叩 t ha th i hs g o c j a lu n c e r t in a t ypr o mot e s c o mm it me n tf o r ma do nb e t we e npa r hc u l a rpa r t i c ト pa n t sh a ss i n c e be e nr e pe a t e d l yr e pl i c a t e db y i & Ya ma is g h i a n d h i s c o l l e a gt J e S Ol a y a s h Ya ma gi s h i ,1 99 7・ , T. Ya ma is g h i , Co o k, &Wa t a be , i n e Jl a y a s h i .Ta k a ha s h i , 皮 p r t l s s ;T・Ya ma g i s hi ,Wa t a b 9 6; T・ Ya ma g i s h i , Ya ma g i s hi . Ya l T l a gi s h i , 1 9 a s h i ,&Wa t a b e ,1 9 95 ) .Th eh i g hp e r Ta k a h a s h i .Ha y f o r ma n c eo ft h eOPT s t r a t e g yi nt h es e l e c dv ep 一 a y envi r o n me n td e mo n s t r a t e db yHa ya s hi( 1 9 9 3 ) ,T. Ya ma gi s h ie ta l ・( 1 9 94) .S c h u e s s l e r( 1 98 9 ) ,a n d Va n b e r ga n dCo n g I e t or L( 1 99 2)i nf a c tc ome s&o mi t s -

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s u c c e s si nf o r ml T l gaC O mm it me n tr c 】 a t j ons hj pwi t ha c oo e pr a t i v epa r t n e r ・` ` Fi n dani c epe r s onwhoha s ne v e rb e t r a ye da n ds t i c kw it hhi mo rh e rf o r e v e r "i s a ye r ,a n di ti sa l s ot hepo l i c y t hemo t t oo ft heOFFpl ma nyo ft hes u c c e s s f u lpa r t i c i pa nt si nt hel a b o r a t oz γ e x pe r i me nt sde s c ib r e de a L dj e ra dopt e d.Ⅰ na nuれ c e r ( iれwo a r l di nwhi c he v e r yo n eha sa ni J I C e n ( i vet oe xpJ o i to t he r s .pa J t n e r SWhoha v ef o r me damu t u l) a y c oo pe r a dv ec omm it me n tr e l a 血J I S hi ph a v enoi n c e nt i vet ol e a v et her e l a t i o n s hi p( ort ob e t r a yt hepa r t n e r . whi c hs u r e l yme a n st h ee n do ft her e l a don s hi p) . Ho we v e r .t h i si son l yha l fo ft h es t or y・Us i n gt he e xa mpl eo fr i c ea n dr ubb e rt r a de s .Ko l ] o c k( 1 99 4)a ト bi bu t e dt hel a c ko fc omm it me n tr e l a t i o n s hi psj nt he t r a d i n gofr ic et ot hel ow l e v e Iofun c e r t a i n( yJ r L v o) v e di nr i c et r a d i n g.Thu s ,bu ye r sofr ic ea r enot s t r o T I gl ymot i va t e dt of om c omm it me ntr e l a t i on s hi ps wi h pa t r t i c u 】 r gr a owe r s .Ont h eot he rh a nd,i tdoe s no tp r o y i deu swi t hapo s i dv eT e a S O J lf orbu ye r sof r i c en o Hof or mc omm it me n tr e l a t i on s hi p s .Ar ebu ye r sofr i c ei ndi f f e r e ntt obu y i n gonl yf r o m pa rt i c t J l a r rf ri e nd s )a n db u yi n ga tOp e n gr owe r s( ma ybet h ei ma r k e t s ?The ya r enot ;t he yha v eapo s i L i v cr t : a s on f o rb u yi n ga to pe nma r ke t s . 取e ywi l Ho s cop por t un i t i e st ob u yb e t t e rqua 一 i t ync oa tal owe rpnc ej ft he y b uyo n 7 yf r o mPa r t i c ul a rgr owe r s .Us i ngt e r i nol m o g y e mpl o y e di ne c ono mi c s ,f or mi ngaC Omi mt me ntr da t i o ns hi pwi t hapa r t i c ul a rpa r t ne ri n c t l r Sa nOppo r t u n i t yc o s t ・Ri c et r a de r sp r e f e rope nma r k e t st opr i va t e t r a de sb e ca us et h ega l np r ov i d e db yt r a di n gw i( ha pa r t i c u l a rpa r t ne r( a s s ur a n c eofq t J a T i t y)i s) e s st han t hel os si n c u r r e db ydoi ngs o( t heo ppo r t u n i t yc os t s ) ・ Fo r i mn gac omm it me n tr e l a t i on s hi pw it hapa r t i c ul a r pa r t n e rr e du c e st r a n s a c t i o nc o s t s -t hel os sf r o m ge レ t i ngal o wqua l i t yc ommo di t ya n dt h ec o s Hos e c u r e t ha ts u c hl o s swou) dn otha ppe n. Wha ti sc dt i c a lhe r e i st h et r a d e ofbe t we e nt r a r ) s a c t i onc os t sa n dt h eop po r t u叫yC o s t s .l na ne n v i r onme nti nwh i c hs o c i a l un c er t in a t yi sh i g h.t hepot e n t i a lka n s a c t i oz ]Co s t wou l db eh i ghunl e s son ede a l sonJ yw it hat r us t wor t h ypa r t n e r . For ml n gaC O mm iE mc n tr c l a t i o J I S h i pwi t h apa r L i c u T a rt r us l wo r t h y・ ・ pa J l n e ri n c ur so ppo r t u nl t y c os t se y e T Ii nt hec a s eofr ubb e rt r a de r s .bu ts u c hoppor t uni t yc o s t sa r emu c hs ma J ] e rt ha nt hepot e nt i a l h ' a n s a c L i o nc o s t si ny oJ ve di nde a l i n gwi t hs t r a n ge r s ・ n es 血a t j oncon s t r u ct e df o rt h es e c o n dc omput e r t ou na r me n ti st h eon ei nwhi c hp 一 a ye r sha dt ob a l a n c e t r a n s a c t i o nc o s t swi t ho ppo r t unl t yC OS T S .I fapl a ye r wa sc o nc e me d on l y wi t ht r a n s a c don c o s t sa n d f o r me da . c omm it me n tr e l a t i ons hi pw it hapa T t i c u J a q t r us t wo r t h ypa r t n e rt ooS oon,O ppO r t t it m yc o s t sof t e n e x c e e de dt hes a vJ J l gSOft het r a ns a donc o s t sa si s de mo ns t r a t e db y山er e 一 a t i v e l ypoo rpe r f o r ma n c e iOf t h es i mp】 eOPT,t hewi nne roft hef i r s tt ou r na men t . ¶l er e s ul t so ft hes e c on dt ou r na me n tf ur t h e re mpha s i z et hei mpo T t a T ) C eOfha vi n gah i ghl e v e loft r us tj l ▲ S t r a nge r sj nas i t u a t i onc ha r a c t e r i z e db yah i h Z g c v e 王 -

o fo p p o r t un l l yc os t S ・Ha v i n gah i ghky e lo ft us r ti n s t r a n g e r s( wha tT.Ya ma is g h iA Ya ma is g hi ,1 9 94, c a J l e dg e n e T l a Lt T WLo rt hede f a ul te x pe c t a t i onf o r o t h e rp e o p l e ' st us r t wo r t h i ne s s )pr ovi de sa na dv a nt a g e t od l ep l a y e rb e c a u s ei tp r e ve nt st h epl a ye rh m f o r in m gac omm it me n tr e l a t i on s h i ppr e matu r e l ya nd e n c o t J r a B l n gt hepl a ye rt oe x pl o r eb e t t e roppo r t uni de s ou t s i det hec u r r e n tr e l a don s hi p.77 1 a ti s ,打u s ti l lt he a b s e n c eofe v i de nc eo ft r us t wo r t hi n e s s ,a sade f a ul t o p t l O J ) ,a Sahe u ds t i c ,c r e a t e sar i s kpr one n e s st h a t c a nb er e wa r d e di nt her i h 日ypeo g fe nvi r on me n t .I t a l 一 o wsf o re x p) o r a doT l . f o rdi s c ove r y・ So, t he r et hi sa n i n h e r e n tt e n s i onbe t we e ns a f e t ya n dc o mm it me n t .o n t heo neha n d,a n dr is ka n da dve n t u r e ,Ont heot he r . Thi st e n s i o npl a y st hec cn t r lr a o l ci nYa ma gi s h i ' sr c s e a T C ho n b' u s t ・Ac c o r di ng t o Ya ma is g hi ' S( T. Ya ma Bi s hi .1 998. , T.Ya ma is g h i ,Cook .& Wa t a b e,i J ) pr e s s ;T. Ya ma gi s hi & Ko i ya m ma ,1 995; T. Ya ma gi s h i& Ya ma is g hi ,1 9 9 4)" e ma n c i pa t i ont h e o r yo ft r u s t : 'g e n e r a lms ti sc ons i d e r e dt opl a yt he r o l eo fe ma r l C J pa l l ngp eO p】 e舟o mt hec on丘n e me ntof e x i s hn gr e l a t i on s hi psbypr ov i di n gboo s t e rpowe rf o r l a un c h i n gt he m血・ om t hes e c u it r yo fo l dr e l a t i ons h i p s i nt ot heu n kl 1 0WJ IWor l do fo ppo r ( uni de s ・ Be i n ghs t f u li ma nun c e r t inwo a r l d,a l t hou h e g n c o u r a g l n g Pe opl et oe x pl o r e be t t e ro ppo r t u ni t i e s , S e e mst oma k epe o pl ev uJ n c r a bl et oe x pl oi t a t i onb y d e f e c t o r s ・Howev e r ,pa s tr e s e a r c hc or l S i s t e z ) dypr 〉 i d e se v i d e n c etha tb e i n gt us r t f ulo fot he r so rha v i ng ahi h) g e v e Jo fge n e r a lt r t L S tdo e sno tn e c e s s a il r yi mp一 ygu l l i b i l i t y,a se ide v L I C e di nar e v i e w ofr e s e a r ch ont r t f S lb yRot t e r( 1 98 0) .Se c ond,f a ct o ra n lys a i s s ( u di c so fq t l C S t i o nni ar ei t e msr e l a t e dt o加 s tc o n s i s t e T ) t l yi n d i c a t et ha tb e i n g加 s t uJofo f t he r si ng e ne r a l a n db e i ngc a u t i ou si ndc a T i ngw it ho t he r sa r et wos e pa r a t ef a c t o r s( Chum&Ca mpb e l ) .1 97 4;払 pl a n,1 97?・ , ma gi 血i .1 98 9;T.Ya ma g j s hi i M・Ya ma Ei s hj& Ya 1 9 88. ,T.Ya ma gi s h i皮 Ya ma Bi s h i ,1 99 4) .Tbi l ・ d.i n a ne xp e r i me n tofs oc i a ld i l e mma .Or be l la ndDa we s . ( 1 9 93 )de mon s t r a t e dt ha tt us r t Rz Jpa r t i c i pa nt s do b e t t e r( h a T Il o w hl S t C r Si nas e l e c t i vepl a ye n vi r o n me n ti mwh i c hpa r t ∫ c i pa nt sha dac hoi c eofj oi ni n go r no t j ol n l n gS o c i a ldJ le mma s . Ar e pl i c a t i onoft hi se x pe ime r n tw抽 s e ve r a lde s i st )C ha ng esb yWa t a na be a n dYa ma gi s h i( 1 9 97)a l s opr ov ide sa l le mpi r i c a l s u p po r tt ha th i ght r u s ( e r sdoa He a s ta swe l la sl ow t r us t e r si nas e l e c t i v ep一 a ye n vi r on me nt .Fi na ll y,e xp e r i me nt a le v i d e n c ei sn owb e i n gc ompi l e dt ha th i g h o r ma t i ont ha ( h ・ u s t e r sa r ei nf a c tmor es e ns i t i v et oi nf po t e r L t i a I l yr e v e a l st h et r t z s l wo r 也j nc s so fi n t e r a c t i on pa r t J l e r S( Ko s u g i皮 Ya ma is g hi ,i np r e s s )a nd a r e mo r ec a pa b l eo fdi s c e r nl n gc o o pe r a t o r s丘om d e f e cⅩi k u c h j , t o r si n al ' e l a t i ve ) y s ho r te nc o unt e r( Wat a n a b e , 皮Ya ma Bi s hi ,1 997; T. Ya ma gi s hi ,1 998 ) . Themo s ti mpo r t a ntJ e s s on f ro m t h ec o mput e r t ou ma me nl s -c o mpu t e rs i mul a dons ,a ndl a b or a t or y e x pe r i me nt sdi s c u s s e di nt h i sa r t i c l ei st ha tn i c e ne s s ch

287

HAYAS HI &Y AMAGI S Hl ( Axe l r o d,1 98 4)o rb e i n gc o op er a t i v ei st h en e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o nf o rapl a y e rt ob es u c c e s s uli f nt hes e l e c t i v e pl a ye n v i r on me n t ・ Al s oa si n l PO r t a r L ti st h el e s s o nt ha t n i c e n e s sha st ob ec o mpl e me n t e db yL t p r u d e n c e / ' hew in n e ro ft hef i r s tt o u r n a me nt .i sn i c ea n d OFr,t n e v e rde f e c t s . Att hes a met i me ,i tn e v e ra l l owsi t s e l f t os t a yl naV ul n e r a b l ep os i t i on .I tde s e r t st hepa r t n e r a tt h ef i r s ti nc i d e r L C eO fb e t r a y a l・Wh e nt h es e l e c ( i y c p l a ye n i vr on me n ta l s oi n vo l v e so p po r t u ni t yC o s t s , wh i c hi samor e一 i k e l ys i t u a t i oni nt her e a lwo r l dt ha n hee t n vi r on me n tt ha ti n v o l v e sn oo p p or t un i t yc os t s , b e i ngn i c ea n dp ud r e n ti sn ol on g e rs u f f i c i e n t ・Fo ra ha te n vi r o nme n t . heo rs h e p 一 a ye rt ob es uc c e s s f u li nt swc l l . Ax e l r o d' S( 1 98 4 )c o mp u t e r ha sl obet r us t ula f t ou ma me n tp r o du c e dc o n v i r l C l n ge v i de n c et h a tc o o p e r a do ni spo s s i bl ea mo n ge go i s t s . Th ec o mpu t e rt o u r n a me n t s a n d a dd i t i om l C a o mpu t e r s i mu l a do n s cf ur he t rd e mo n s t r a t et ha tc op r e s e n t e di nt hi sa r t i c l o p e r a t i o na mon ge g o J S t Si spo s s i bl ee v e nwhe i nf u t u r e i n t c r a c t i o n sw it ht h es a mep a r t ne ra ren ota s s ur c d・ Wh a ti sr e qui r e df o ra ne g o i s t i cpl a y e rt oa c hi e v emu , t ua lc oo p e r a t i oni ns u c hi nt e r a c t i on si sb e i n gni c e p r u de n t .a n dt r us t ul f ,t ho u ghs u c ha ne BO I S t i cp l a y e r wo u l dn o tb ec a ne de go I S t i ca n ymo r e . e tu L sf i n ll a yp oi n tOu Hh ef a c tt h a tt h ema j o rc o n c l u s i o no ft h i ss t t J d yi sa l mos tat a u t ol o g y・Ha v i nga hi hl g e v e lo ft us r ti sa d va nt a ge ou si r La ne n ir v on me n t i nwh i c ht hel e v e lo fo p po r t un i t yc o s t so ff o r in m ga c o mm it me n tr e l a t i o ns hi pe x c e e d st h es a v i n gsO f t f a ns a c do nc o s t s .Th i s ,ho we v e r ,do e sno ' tma ket h i s s t u d yl e s sme ni a n g f u li na n ywa yb e c a us 8t hego a lo f heh t e u i rs t i cu s eo fg a met h e o r yl i e se x a c t l yl n i t -po l n t l n gO u tt hee x i s t e r L C eO fat a u t ol o g J C lr a ca ( i on s h i pb e t we e nt h en a t u r eo fi nt e r de p e n de r I c ca n d n a a dv a n t a g eo fha v J n gaPa r t i c u l a rps y c h ol o gi c a l t r it a .Be f o r eu s .Or b dla n d Da we s( 1 991 .1 9 93 ) p o l nt e dou tt hee x i s t e n c eofas i mi 一 a rt a u t o l o gyb e t we e nf a l s ec on s e n s u sa n dt he i rV e r s i o no ft hes c ) e c t i v cp l a ye n v i r on me n t .77 1 eS u c c e s sO ft hi sl i n eo f r e s e a r c he n d e a v o rwi l ld e pe n do nou ra b i l i t yt oge n e r a t eot h e rt a u t ol o gi e sOft hi sk i n d;a swege n e r a t e mo r ea n dmo r eo ft h i st yp eo ft a u t o l ogi e s -O rt y pe s o fi nl e r d e pe n de n c i e st h a tr e n de rpa dcu J a lpS y C h 0 1 0 gl c a lt r a i t sa da p t i v ea dv a nt a ge s -wew il le n ic r h o u ra r s e n a lf o run d e r s t a n di ngh t J ma nbe i n g sa ss o c i a l b e i n g s . l

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Re f e r e nc e s c r , M. D. . S t a n ky . E. A. . 皮Tc£ ( a L S i o J l , L. ( I 9 9 6 ) . As h l o c k , D. , S J n u C k P r e f e 托n t i a l pJ t n e rS e T c c t i o ni na nc v o ) u l i o J l 町yS l u d yo f p n s o n e I ● i d i l e mma . Bi aS y s / em, 3 7 . 9 9 I 2 5 . Ax e l r t ) d . R・ ( I 9 8 4 ) ・ T 7 z ee v o L J L I L L , I ) O Jc a o J l uL Z t i o t l . Ne wYo r k : Ba s i c Bo o k s . . 良Ri c h a r s o r L . P ・ I. ( 1 9 8 9 ) . Th ec y o ) u t i o no f i L ) d i r e c t r e c ト Bo y d . R・ p r o c i l y . S o c i a l Ne E t t , E J t 血.J J , 21 3 2 3 6.

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Ch u m , K. . 良Ca mp b c l l . J ・ B・ ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Di me n s i o n a l i t yo f t h cRo n e T h t e r p e r s o n a J Tnt s t Sc dc ・ Ps y c J Z Q E o gi c a L Re po T E . 3 5 . I 0 5 9 -1 0 7 0 ・ Da wcs , 氏, M. ( 1 9 8 0 ) A S o c i a l d i l e mma s . AJ l t I J L a L Re v z ' e wa /Ps y c ho L o R y . 3 ) . ) 6 9 -L 9 3 . . R. M. ( 1 9 8 9 ) . S 暮 A E i s t i c a J c i r t e r i af o r e s t a b l i s h i n gat ml yf ds c Da wcs c o n s c n s u sc f f e c LJ o J L mL Z La /Ex pe T i me n l a LS o c i a lPs y c J z o L o B y , 2 5 .I -1 7. Dc u L s C h , M. , 良K l a u s s . R. M. ( I 9 6 0 ) . Th e e f f e c t o T l h J t a t u p o ni n t B r ・ p e t s o n a l b a E g a i J l i t l g ・ J o L J ma t o f・ 4 b r L O T mL T L L Z A dS o c i a l Pqc h o L o g y . 6 I .1 8) -1 8 9 ・

E d n e y , J ・ J・ . 良Hrp c r ・ C・ S・( 1 9 7 8 ) ・ T he c o J T L mO n Sd i l c J T L ma : Ar c I v i c wo Ec o n l r i b u l i o n s丘o mp s y c h o l o g y・血v J ' r o 1 7 mB n L a tMu1 l L t . 2 . 4 9 ト5 0 7 . 0 g e n z e r L( 1 9 7 9 ) IG a p ・ e sa smo d e l sa /s o c i a l I ? h e no me r t a .S aE I Ha mb u r g e r . F r a n c i s c o ・ . F r e c ma J I . Ha y a s h i . N, ( 1 9 9 3 ) . F mmてI T F OR T ATt oOt T r F ORTAT. S o c L ' O I o g L c uL7 7 1 c c T ya n dM亡 L h o d s ,8 .1 9 3 2 , 1 9 9 丸J t J n C ) ・Eme r g e n c eO Ic o o pe 和t L o t 7L no n e s h o t Ha y a s h i , N・( pn ' s o n e r ' sdL L E m雌 a n dl h e, o L ea/1 nw LP a p e r p r c s c n l e da L d l C 6 t hhI C ma L i o n a l Co n f c r E : n C BO nS o c i dDi l c mma s . Wa s s e n a A r . Th cNc ( h c d a J l d s . Ha y a s h i . N・( 1 9 9 5 b ) ・ Eme r g B J I C BO rC O O P Cr a d o mi no n e s h o t p r i s o n c r . s d i l e J n m且 S a n dt h e r o l eO f t ms t . J op a n e s eJ o u T 7 WL a /PJyc h o / o e y , 6 6 .1 8 4 -1 9 0.

Ha y a s h i , N. . J i m . N. ,皮Y a J 7 1 a g i s h i , T. ( 】 9 9 3 ) . P d s o n c r ' sd i l e mma n e t wo r k : Ac o mp u t e r s i mu l a t i o no f s t T a t C g i c s I J be a r c J J i nS o c L ' a J Ps y c h o l o g y ,8 ,33 」1 3.

Ha y a s h i . N. . AYama g i s h i . T. ( I 9 9 7 ) . As o c i o ・ r c l a l i o E I a J b a s i s o f u i ト r a t i D n a r ' c o o p cr a ht l : ne A x p c d mc n t a l s t u d y . J a pa n e ∫ eJ o u T ・ t l L Z L o IP s y c h o t o B y .6 7 .4 44 451 . D. . 也R a s mu s c n . E.( 1 9 8 9 ) . Co o p e r a t i o ni l l ar C P C a l c d Hi r s h l e i f c r . p r i s o n e E S ' d i l e mmaw if ho s t r a c i s m. J o 〟 ma .O fEc o t 7 0 1 N' eBe h q v I ' 0 ,4 r ) aOr B a T L i z aLi o n .) 2 , 8 7 -1 0 6 _ S h i . NL . 良S h j J 1 0 t S t 血. H・ ( I 9 9 3 ) . An c x p e r i mc r l l ds t u d y J i r L , N・ , HA y a o f p d s o n e r ■ s d i l c mE l ) an e t wo r k : Th ef o r ma l i o r L O f c o mm il me m t ・J a pL Z n e S eJ o u ma Lo fE耶 r E me J I L L Z ESo c L ' a t i ns e l c c t i Wd y a d s Ps y c h o L o g y , 3 3 , 21 3 0.

Ka p l a J ! . R・ M・( 1 9 7 3 ) ・ Co mp o n e n t s O f t us r t : No E co r L u s eO f Ro t t e r ' s s c a l e ・ Ps y c h o E o g l ' c a L Re po t l . 3 3 ,1 3 11 4 ・ aCCUKi k u c h i . M・ . Wa t a n a b c , Y. . 良Ya ma g i s h i . T, ( 1 9 9 7 ) . J u d g mc m t 【 a c yo f o L h c r ' s t us r t wo r l h i n C S S a n dg e n c r dt us r t : Alle X p C r i mc n t a l s t u d y J a pat ) e s eJ o L L ma L a /Epe T i mE n t a E S o c i dPs yh o t o g y . 3 7 . 2 3 3 6 . Ki l c h e r . P ・ ( ) 9 9 3) ・ T T I CC V O ) u t j o no f h u mB L na l t E t J i s m. J o t F ma L o /PJ z L . 9 0 . 4 9 7 51 6 . L o s o phy

Ko l l o c k . P ・ ( I 9 9 4 ) ・ T h e c me r g e n c c o f c x c h a J l g e S t n ) C l u r e s : nc A x p c ト i me n t ds t t l d yo f u n c e J l a j n l y . c O mm it mc n l . a n dt ms E . ^me r L c D 凡 J o 打 mL Z L 0 /S o c L ' Q t o gy .J W. 3 1 3 3 4 5 . .& P a r k s ,C.D.( 1 9 9 5 ) JJ I L e r p e r s o n a lr c l a l i o n s : Ko mo r i I a ,S・S・ Mi x c d ・ mo t i y ei z l t C Z a C l i o l 一 . A t uu a L Re v i e wo /P s y c J K ' L o g y . 4 6 . 1 8 3 2 0 7 . Ko mo r i E a . S . S . . 良P a r k s , C. D. ( 1 9 9 6 ) . S o c i a L d E ' L E I T L n W. Bo u l d e r . CO: Wc s t v i c w. Ko s u g LM・ . &Ya ma g i s h i , T. c mp r e s s ) , Tn J S t a n dg 此i b i l i t y . J q p a n e s eJ o E L ma t 0 /hy c J z o bg y . K托P S . D. M. . Mi l g r t ) m, P . , Ro b c r t s . I . . &Wi l s o n , R. ( 1 9 8 2 ) . Ra t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o ni J l r J r l i t e l yr e p c a L e dp r i s o n e r ■ s d i l c mma Jo L L r n a L o f E c o Mmi c乃e o r y . 2 7 . 2 4 5 2 5 2 . Ku h l ma n . D. M. . 良Ma z s h dJ o . A. ( 1 9 7 5 ) . l n d i v i d u a J d i E l e r c n c e si n t h e g a r n B mO l i v e s o f o wn , r e l a t i v e , a J l d j o i n t g a i r LJ o 〟 r r L a L o f R e ∫ c a J I C I J j T I t ' e r s o n a I E o ・ , 9 , 2 4 【 ト2 5 I . hwl c r , E ・ ) . ( 1 9 8 6 ) . Bi l a t e r a l d e t e r r c I I C Ca J l dc o n mc t s p i r a l : Al h e o ・ r e t i c a l a J l a l y s i s ・ 1 m】 ; ・ HhWI e r ( E d ・ ) , Ad v a I T C C SL ' t z g r o u pp r o 一 c c s s e s( Vo l . 3 p p . 1 0 7 -1 3 0 ) . Gr c c n wi c h . CT: J AL Ma z wc l l , G・ . &S c h l n れD・ R・ ( 1 9 7 2 ) ・ Co o p c mL i o J l i T l aL h f C C ・ P e r S O n p d s o n e r ■ s d i l e ・ mma ・ J o J L ma L a /P c r = s o t u z L L oa n dS o c i a l P s y c J z o L ・ o g y . 2 L3 7 6 3 8 3 .

SELECTI VEP LAY s i c k , D. M. , KI J h l ma n. D・ M・ . &CMI P OS I F・ Mc C】 i n 【 o c k , C. G. . Me s ( 1 9 7 3 ) .Mo t i v a t i o n a lb a s e so rc h o i c ¢主 nt h r e e c h o i c ed c c D mS . J o u maLa /且甲e r i me J 7 t aLSo c L ' L Z LPpc J J OI o g y・9 ・ p o s e dg a L n e 5 7 2 5 9 0 . Me s s i c k . D. M. , 良Br e we r , M. a. ( 1 9 S 3 ) . S o l v i n gs o血 I dikr t u T ) a S ' : A r c v i e w. I nL. W7 1 c c l e r( 臥 ) . Re v , . e wo Jpe r s o , ' ab ' O・ a n ds o c j aE g y( Vo l . 4. p p. 1 ト1 4) . Be y c r l yHi l J s . CA: S a g e ・ l ' J yC ho l o Mc s s i c k , D. M. . AMc Cl i n t o c k , C. G. ( 1 9 6 8 ) . Mo t i v a ( i o n db a s e so E J i me n t a Jg a me s . J ou ma Ea /E坪e n . me T l t dSo c i a l c h o i c ci nc xpc PサC hol o g y . 4.1 -2 5, or b e l l .I . .良 Da wes ,良.M.( 】 9 8] ) .So n ld A i T e mma s .T J IG・M・ Ed s . ) .Pr o gr e s n' nW L i e d∫ Oc i aL s l c p h 8 n S O n&I . M.Da v i s( ps y c ^o L o g y( p p . 3 7 -65 ) . Ne wYo r kWi ky ・ or b e l J . I . . 良Da we s , R. M. ( 1 9 91 ) . Ac o g T t j t i v c血s e r t h c o r yo r c o o p ・ C ・・ 4 me r i c a nPol i t i c alSc i e ' I C CRe v jew ・鉱 e r a l o T S 'a d y a J l t a g 51 5 -5 2 8 . dl . I . . ADa We S . 氏. M. ( 1 9 9 3 ) . S o c i . Awe l r a J t. C O O p C r a ( O r sa d or b ) C・ ^me r L ' c L Z nS ol v a J l t a g C . a L l dt h eo p 1 1 0 nO f n o t p L a y l n gt h eg a J T c j o L og L c aLRe vi ew . 5 8 , 7 8 7 8 0 0 . Or b c l l , I . . Sc h wa r t Z S h e a . P. I 良Si mmo n s . A. T, ( 1 9 8 4 ) . Doc o o pcra【 O r sc xi lmo r er t x l d i l yt ha nd e f e c t o r s ?Ah W Lc a / IPo J f t j c aLSc i e n c eRe v i e w.7 8 .1 4 7 -J 6 2. i l t . D. G. . AKi mme l , M. ) . ( 1 9 7 7 ) . Twe J l ( yy e a r sO f e x p e r i me n t a J p r u g 肌i n g : Cr i t i q u e . s y n t h e s i s . a nds t l g g e S f i o n sf o r t h eft l l u℃・ ノ hnu atRe v i e wo fhy c h oL o g y , 2 8 , 3 6 3 3 9 2 . ト Ro t t e r . ) . a. ( I 9 8 0 ) . J n t c r p c r s o n a l l r u S l . hs t wo 血i n e s s . a n dB I J l l i b i i l y. ^me I . i r a nhy c I J Ot O gL ' s L . 3 5 .ト7 . t J l t . C. E. ( 1 9 8 0 8 ) . Co mmi t J T l e n t a n ds a t i s f a c t i o ni nr o ma n t i ca s Ru s b s o ci a t i o n s : Al c s to r【 h ei n y c s t me n L mo d e LJ o J L mt Z Lo JEq, e n' me r l f a L Soc L ' L Z L hyc ん〝 I o Ry . ) 6 ,1 7 2 -1 8 6 . l l . CE. ( I 9 8 0 b ) . Sa t i s f a c t i o na r L dc o J l l mi l me n l i nf dc n d s h i p s ・ Ru s b u Re pr e s e l T l at L ' v eRe s e ar c hL ' J Z Soc i al Pqc h oL L > B y .)I . 9 6 -I 0 5 ・ Sc h 亡 E r , T. J .( 1 9 6 7 ) .Al h c o r yo Ts o c h】c oo r d i n a L i o J la PP l i c a b kt O s . So c L ome l r y .3 0 . 215 2 3 4. ix m c d mo t i y cg a me Sc h u c s s kr . 良. ( 1 9 8 9 ) . Ex i t t hr e a t s a n dc oo pe r a t i q nu m d c r a n o n y l l i l y . J ou nl L Z La /Con PL c t Re s ol 〟t j o T F . 3 3 ,7 2 8 7 4 9 . So u t J l . S. I . , &LJ o y d , K. M. ( 1 9 9 5 ) . S p o u s a l a J L c ma 暮 i y e sa n dn uT i t d di s s o J u t i o n. ^me r i c m So c t ol o gi c aIRe v i e w.6 0 .2ト3 5. SL a n l e y. E. A. . As h l o c k暮 D. ,良Te s f a t s i o n , L.( 1 99 4日 t e r z L l e dp r i s o nr ' sd i J c mmawi l hc h o i c ea n dr c f u s a lo fp aJ t ne r S .I nC・G・ Ed・ ) , A, l l J i c L ' aE t l f e . pr e c e e 血 がV O I 〝 meJ 7( Sa n l aFe i La J l g t O n( i n s t j t u t es t u d i e si T I( h es c i e I I C C SO fc o mp l e x i t y, p p・1 3ト1 7 5) ・ Re a d i n g. MA: Ad d j s o n Wc s J e y. st r o cb e 、 W. , 良F r c y. a. S. ( ) 9 8 2 ) . Se l f i n E e r e s (a J ) dc o l ] 叫i v ca c L i o J l : Th e , e c o n o mi c sa n dp s y c h e l o g yor J Nb l i cg o o d s I Bdl i s hJ oL L maL o g y . 2J .1 2J -I 3 7 . o /So c L ' aL Ps yc h ol Takaha s l l i , ド. . &Ya magi s hi . T. ( 1 9 9 6 ) . S o c i a l r c E a t i o na J f ot l n 血血r ) S of a J L r u i s ( i cb c h a yi or . JL ) Pa r t e S eJ o L L 1 7 1 a L a /Er puj mL nl oE Soc i a l hy c ho l o C y . 3 6,I -I1 .

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Te s f a f S i o J l . L. ( 1 9 9 5 ) ・ AL T ad en e t wor kga meWi l he nd og e no wpar t ・ t ) e rs e t e c h . o n( Ec o n o mi cRe p . No . 3 6 ) . me A s :l o waSt a l eUn i v e mi l y . De p a T t J l l e n l o f Ec o n o mi c s . Thi b a u E , I .W. .良Ke l l e r .f l .H・( 1 9 5 9 ) .T hes oc i al pS y C J z oL o g yo f Ne wYo r k : Wi l c y ・ gr o u ps . t y, mo r n J i t y. a nde x i t . Va n b e r g . V. . &Co T l g l e t o n . A. ( 1 9 9 2 ) . Ra l i o n a l i Ame T i c a t l Po t j L i c a LSc i e n c eRe v i e w.8 6 .41 8 -1 3I . Wa l a J l a b e .Y. .良Ya ma 由s h i ,T.( 1 9 9 7 ) .W h e n' L f h l s cc o n s c n s u s ' ' s t o p sb e i n g. f h J s e ' ' : ne A x p c r i me J l t ds l u d yw ihO T I C S h o t p r i s on sd i l e mm a ・T heJ a paT Z e S eJ o L L r T l Ot0 /Ps yc J J Ot O g y .67 , 42I -1 2 8 . Wy c r ,R.S.( 1 9 6 9 ) .P J di c l i o no fb e ha v i o ri nt wo p e r s o ng am es. J oJ Wn L Z L 0 /Pe r wT l aL j qla n dSoc i L Z L P3 yC A oL J ? g y .) 3, 2 2 2之38 . Ya r n a gi s hi , M. , 也Ya ma g i s h j . T. ( 1 98 9 . De c c mb c r ) . 7 ' r u s l .c o mml t ・ me n t .a n dt hede v e l o pme nta /ne h"r ks I T u 亡 L uT l C S .Pap e rp r c ・ s c nL ed. T d . t h E ! Wo r k s h o pf o lt he' l Be y o n dBu T C a u C r a LRcs耶 h ' Pr o j c c t : ' Ho n gKo J l g . IT T I eP r o v i s i o no fas a J I C t i o n j n gs y s t e mi nt h e Ya m. l g i s h i . T. ( J 9 8 8 ) Ul l i t e dSl a t e sa n dhp a J l .So c i alh yc ho L o B yQ〟ar t e T br .51 , 2 6 5 _ 2 7I . ( 1 9 9 0) . Soc i L 7 L di L e J r mO S .To k y o: Sc i e n c ePt c s s . Ya ma g i s h i . T. h K. S. Co o k , a. Rn c , AJ . Y即n a g i s h j . T. ( 1 9 9 5 ) . So c ' l a J d i l e mma s . c( Eds ・ ) , As oo t . aLpJ y C J E Ol o gkat岬 T O aC hl os oC i at 抑・ Ho u s 5 ) .Bo s t o n : ll A y n&Ba c on . c hot o C y( 31 ト3 3 Ya ma is g h j . T. ( 1 9 9 8 ) ・ Th es r r u c L t L r e0 /t r L L S t . I 7 1 J ) ee v ot J L I j o n or yga me s ' , Au 1 7 ds o c l ' e oI ・ To k y o: To k y oUn i v e r s i t yPT C S S . o fmL Ya ma g i s h i . T・ .CD O k , K・S・ .AWa l a b c .M.( i np r e s s ) . Ur f C C J t a j n l y, t r u s t a r l dc o ml T I 血a n t f o r ms ( i o ni r ) t J 7 8Un i t e dS暮 a t e sa n dJ a p a J l . Ame T L ' c q I Z J o u mL Z E o JSo c j o L o B y . Ya ma g i s h i .Tl .& Ha y a s h i .N・( 1 9 9 6 ) ・S e l e c t i v ephy :S o c i a l c l n b e d d e d n e s so fs o c i a 一 d ue mma s . hW. a. G. Li e b r B Z l d皮D. M・ Mc s s i c k( Ed s ・ ) . Fr o l Z t i e r sL ns ol : j ot di L e ' T Z mOSr e S e L Z r C h( p p. 36 3 13 8 4 ) . Bc t l i n , Gc ml a n y : Sp r i l l g e r ・ Ve r J a g . Ya ma g i s h i . T. ,Ha y a s h i . N. -皮 Ji l l ,N.( 1 9 9 4 ) .P ds o n c J ・ . Sd i l c mma J l e t WO r k s :S c l c c L i o ns t r a t e w v e r s u sa c t i o ns t r a t e g y .l r -U. Sc h t l J z . W. AJ t m, 良U. Mt J e Hc r( Ed s . ) . So c i a ldi L e mT W n T J d c oo pe l l di o n( p p ・ 2 3 3 2 5 q ) . Bc di n, Ge ma n y : Sp dn g c r Ve r l a g. a J m. H. ( I 9 9 5 ) . Si g n i f i c a n c ea J l dt h es t r t J C Ya J T u l gi s h i . T_ . &KD miy l u r eo fl nJ S t :1 1 Ⅶo t c t i c a Ja T L de mp i r i c a lr e s e a r c ho nl r u s ta J l d L I t E C J a l i o J は. I NSSJ oL L mDt .2 .ト5 9 . c o mmi l me Yama g i s h i .T. ,Wa t a b e ,M. ,Ha y a s h i ,N. .Ta k a h a s h i ,N. ,也 Ya ma g i s h i , M. ( I 9 9 6 ) . Tr t J S t a n dc o mmi t T n C n 川r L d c rs o c i a l u n ・ c crt a i n t y. Re J C L Z r C hi nSo c i al J ㌔yc Aot o g y .JJ .20 621 6. Ya mz l g i s J l i . T. . 皮Ya ma g i s h i . M. ( 1 9 9 4 ) . Tr u s t a n dc o mmi t me n ti n ( h eUn i L c dSL A T E Sa T . dJ 叩a L L .MoL L ' v al j otl a n dBhoL L ' o n,J8 . 1 2 9 -) 6 6. h i .T. ,Ya ma g i s h i .M・ .ThhJ l a S h i .N .. Hayas h i .N, .皮 Ya ma g i s Wat a t 汚, M. ( I 9 9 5 ) . TnJ S la ndc ol n J T l i l mc n t ro mlaEio J ) :J h c xp er i mc n z a ls t u d y -J a p a〝e s eJ o L L maLo /軸 e r i m en t d Sorl . aL PJ yL : ho l o g y . 3 5 , 2 3 3 4,

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