Smart District through IoT and Blockchain Cristian Lazaroiu Department of Power Systems Polytechnic University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
[email protected]
Abstract— The increasing trend of people moving to urban areas and the associated urbanization process require facing challenges regarding city infrastructures capability to cover citizens needs for energy, water, transportation, healthcare, education, safety. The smart urban technologies represent an important contribution to the sustainable development of cities, making smart cities a reality. The concept of Home Automation must be considered in relation to the new technologies and the new smart users and the house will no longer be regarded as a single entity, but as a fundamental part of the new concept of city. The idea of smart cities is developing extremely rapidly, integrating smart grid, services, building, house and appliances, these subsystems must be able to interact, connect, and control remotely, collaboratively, to achieve a better quality of life, sustainability, energy saving, social and economic development. The widespread of Smart City depends heavily on the capability of users to understand and handle the ICT, IoT and BC. The paper designs a smart district model that is the step necessary to build a Smart City using new technologies and the role of an efficient energy management system integrated into a platform based on an IoT and BC approach for a replicable model and can be implemented. Keywords— Home and Building automation; IoT; Blockchain; Smart Grid; Smart devices. I. NOMENCLATURE
IoT: Internet of Thing ICT: Information and Comunication Technology BC: Blockchain KNX: Konnex BCU: Bus Coupling Unit BPS: bit-per-second ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line II. INTRODUCTION The global market for smart meters and home automation will grow to $ 44 billion by 2025, and the market potential for smart home devices is in high grow [1], not only for energy efficiency but for security, welfare and health services are becoming more important and the future house will incorporate more technology connected to the network, all the devices being intelligent and interoperable systems. The European Commission has predicted that by 2020, there will be 50 to 100 billion devices connected to the Internet [2]. Nowadays, there are a smart metering for energy, water and gas, production from solar systems, electrical charging stations, health appliances, entertainment and security
Mariacristina Roscia
Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Bergamo, Dalmine (BG), Italy
[email protected] appliances. All of these will be able to provide the control actions and optimal management of the new homes. The smart character consists not only of the fact that all connected systems will be controlled, but also managed in a timely and optimal manner [3]. The paper is a demonstrating how the Smart District can be realized by including IoT and BC. The most important systems are analyzed and examples are presented for a general application investigating: Energy; security and safety; environmental management; communication and information; in addition to the application of electric vehicles and bikes, automated external spaces etc, to implement the quality of life and then to build a Smart City. III. IOT AN OPEN SMART HOME PLATFORM The concept of IoT can be considered as an extension of existing interaction between humans and applications, through the new dimension of "Things". [4]. IoT is mainly determined by technology, and not by the needs of users. Instead, Smart City was born to improve the quality of life and solving the problems in modern cities [5]. The waste management, transport, energy, water, education, unemployment, health represent some of the problems that need to be solved [6]. Smart City plans to deal with these challenges efficiently and effectively using ICT [7],[8] and IoT, that collaborates with the different technologies of the subsystems within a smart city, such as smart home, smart building, smart grid. The smart home requires a multidisciplinary approach and key elements for proper designing features are as shown in Fig.1:
Figure 1: Environment IoT for Smart Home The components that physically allow building a home automation system are: Supervision and Control; Sensors and actuators; Intelligence (centralized, distributed, mesh); Friendly Interface for user; Memory for parameterization and events data; Standards for communication;
Interoperability. Wired or wireless systems All these components must be able to communicate and collaborate with each other even remotely. The main objective will be to provide all information from sensors communicating among them and to develop a network for connecting the hardware and the software to exploit the existing network [4]. Figure 2 show a smart home through the IoT, where it is possible to connect each device, each system of production and management of energy, health monitoring, air quality, well-being and comfort according to the needs [9]. Purchases (food, clothing, services, etc.) can be managed automatically through IoT, for example by anticipating the needs of prior purchases or the ability to have documents directly without having to move from home, as will be shown in the model.
Figure 2 : Smart District through IoT The purpose is to mix different technologies like wired and wireless systems. This is justified function of the extension, cost, choice of customer, the time imposed to insert the technology into smart district. In addition, it depends if the structure is under reconstruction or is new, the wireless transmission being used instead of wired systems. Projects and home automation applications are many and depends on the user's choice. Therefore, this paper shows an application model in a Smart District and as can evolve into a larger connected system, as Smart City. IV. AUTOMATION MODEL FOR SMART DISCTRICT The area concerning the discussed proposal is located in Bergamo, Italy, the center is designed to be automatically managed both by individual inhabitant users, as well as for the collective management of security and outdoors from a control center located on-site for granting access to authorized persons within the residential area. Figure 3 shows the rendering of Smart District case study.
Figure 3: Smart District
Two types of units were considered: - single unit: the sizes are 63 m2, is configured with a bedroom, bathroom and living area and is designed for up to 2 peoples; - double units: the size is 64 m2, is configured with 2 single bedrooms, 2 bathrooms or a bathroom, it comes with optional bedroom and living area; - outdoor has been configured for ensuring maximum comfort to people living in these structures, as well as offering little relaxing corners around the park. Within the whole area of the park Wi-Fi connection for all users will be available. In a smart home, the main requirement is that the various electrical and electronic components are able to communicate with each other. For the communication to be efficient, i.e. as quickly as possible, avoiding congestion or loss of information, it is necessary that there is a common line controlled by an intelligent device. For the project under consideration, the distribution system of the bus-based system was selected. The intelligent device that oversees the dialogue between the information is called BCU. The information is transmitted on a cable that can be twisted pair or coaxial cable, the speed of the information flow being measured in baud. The baud rate specifies how fast the data are sent over a serial line. It is usually expressed in units of bps. The BCU is also the component that deals with the processing of analog information in digital. 4.1 Standard / Protocol The KNX standard has been adopted as protocol. The system architecture (see fig.4) contains: - KNX / IP interface; - Wireless system (ZigBee, EnOcean); - 6LoW PAN - Smartphone/Tablet.
Figure 4: Architecture of Automation for smart district
The KNX/IP interface is connected to the home network through the modem-router, the connection being made through cable [10]. The APP accesses the control of home automation functions carried out by the KNX system via the KNX/IP interface, which is always achieved through the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) modem-router: Local Access: the APP reaches the KNX/IP interface through the WiFi home network; Remote access (Internet): APP reaches the KNX/IP interface by accessing the ADSL modem-router from the "public" side, or by the service network provider. The file obtained, after finishing the configuration process, can be transferred to the devices via Bluetooth, email, etc. At this point, the APP can import the file and be initiated.
4.2. Home automation interface The user interface allows communicating with the system, collects the commands and sends them to the central unit, signaling return produced messages. The system can work through many sub-systems equipped with integrated display, specialized in appropriate control operation. It allows remote control of home automation via internet: either by dedicated App or with a laptop with web browser. The interface allows the management of all functions (lights, shutters, climate, alarm, security, safety, video cameras, etc.) with the exception of some specific data. It displays commands and statuses via icons on maps, images, floor plans. The ultimate goal of a home automation system is the total control of all services and the possibility to conduct new complex operations. This is possible only if several simple systems are connected and controlled in a smart way, as in MESH system as shown in fig.5. Air quality
Light flow
Sensor and Actuators
Pressure
Bluetooth
Desigo
Enocean 4G
LTE Ethernet
X10
DALI
WiFi
NFC LON
Networks and Protocols
INSTEON BACNET
Motion
Temperature
Humidity
Table 1: estimation of solar energy generation
3G Z-WAVE
6LoWPAN
Satellite Communication
KONNEX
Distributed Ledger Permissionless (Public)
Permissioned (Private)
Applications Smart Economy
Smart Education Smart Citizens Smart Traffic
according to the needs. Home automation applied to photovoltaics will become the "brain" of these installations. This represents a system that allows to automatically govern the self-generated energy flows. A home automation system for governing the photovoltaic installation with storage system controls the operation of the inverter, the charge/discharge of the battery and other components of the system in order to: consume the energy produced by the PV installation; automatically turn on functions at the occurrence of conditions (for example, if there are clear sky conditions); recharge the batteries; exploit the batteries before purchasing by smart grid; monitor each plant production and injection/absorption by smart grid. The data of the PV systems, regarding irradiation and production, are obtained using PVGIS of the European Community [11]. Table 1 reports the data obtained using this website, by inserting the location characteristics. For designing the photovoltaic installations, based on simulations, the best results are obtained for tilt angles 35° and 37°. By investigating the monthly productions, a tilt angle of 37° conducts to better results in the colder months of the year, and worse results in the months from the middle of the year.
Figure 5: Mesh system Smart Energy
Smart Health
Smart 4.2.a.Energy Technology TheSmart use Transportation of homeSmart automation systems for control and Home monitoring various domestic loads to a reduction of total Smart Smart Smart Smart Parking Environment Living Buildings energy consumption. Also, it enables the remote management and diagnosis maintenance for each smart device. In addition, the users can maintain under control their consumption, they have the capability to action for reducing their consumption as much as possible, both when they are at home or outside the home, by: timer setting of the lights according to user requirements; photovoltaic system management and control of the loads; fiber optic sensors for better night signaling; programming of different scenarios based on user requirements; the electric system overload monitoring; integrated thermostats for easier use and control of the air conditioning system; monitoring and real-time recording of consumption data (temperature, energy consumption, water, gas). For example, when the dew point is reached, a motor is activated that regulates the temperature such that to prevent condensation on the floor. The control of the actuators and valves for heating is managed by a visualization software
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Location: 45°40'57" North, 9°38'23" East, Elevation: 221 m a.s.l. Solar radiation database used: PVGIS-CMSAF Nominal power of the PV system: 2.5 kW and 10.0 kW (crystalline silicon) Estimated losses due to temperature and low irradiance: 13.3% (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 2.7% Other losses (cables, inverter etc.): 14.0% Combined PV system losses: 27.5% Ed: Average daily electricity production (kWh); Em: Average monthly electricity production (kWh); Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per m2 received by the modules (kWh/m2); Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules (kWh/m2). Area: 60 m2
Power Plant: 2.5 kWp
Fixed system: tilt angle=37°, orientation=0° Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly average Total for year
Ed 4.63 7.27 9.25 9.29 10.4 10.8 11.7 10.8 9.34 6.63 4.75 4.22
Em 144 203 287 279 322 325 364 335 280 206 143 131
Hd 2.33 3.73 4.99 5.15 5.87 6.23 6.8 6.28 5.28 3.6 2.47 2.13
Hm 72.2 105 155 155 182 187 211 195 158 112 74.2 66.1
8.27
251
4.58
139
3020
1670
Power Plant: 10 kWp Area: 240 m2 Fixed system: tilt angle =37°, orientation=0° Ed Em Hd Hm 18.5 575 2.33 72.2 29.1 814 3.73 105 37 1150 4.99 155 37.2 1120 5.15 155 41.5 1290 5.87 182 43.4 1300 6.23 187 46.9 1460 6.8 211 43.2 1340 6.28 195 37.3 1120 5.28 158 26.5 823 3.6 112 19 570 2.47 74.2 16.9 523 2.13 66.1 33.1
1010 12100
4.58
139 1670
Therefore, 2 additional simulations have been conducted to quantify the monthly and annual production of each housing block (area of 60 m2) and that of the entire complex (area of 240 m2), the data are summaries in tab.1. The smart energy management system controls all energy flows completely independent: the electricity that is not
immediately consumed is used to charge the lithium-ion batteries. Only when the energy from the battery is totally consumed, the load is supplied from the Smart grid. The intelligent storage system is equipped with an embedded network server. Clear and simple graphs show the performance of the PV system, the state of charge of the batteries, the energy flows of electricity produced for self consumption, the efficiency of the solar energy and CO 2 savings. The correlation between electricity consumption, financial return and use of solar energy can be displayed by e.UserApp making it easier to optimize their consumption. 4.2.b. Security and Safety The task of the home automation system is to act in order to increase the levels of security and safety [12]. Video surveillance to increase the security of persons and property. Providing input to the recognition of intruders and the reconstruction of events and are associated with an alarm system. A light signal is activated and an alarm is notified by SMS to a smartphone. The cameras have a range of 95 ° and cover distances up to 60 m. The cameras are combined with specific software to help analyzing and interpreting the images taken by the cameras themselves. With the association of the "Motion Detection" to the cameras, video surveillance systems become real alarm systems, generating an alarm signal in case of motion detection. After successful detection, information and the scanned images are sent to the police. Two cameras, in particular one that overlooks the gaming planes and the one facing the pool, will also be active during the day with another function. The images recorded by these cameras can be displayed on tablets through a dedicated App, so that parents can monitor their children even from more distant parts of the park, as a relaxation area or bar.[13] A KONNEX fire system and flooding detectors provide more security features and building monitoring. Alarms from smoke and water sensors can be reported on a local display, as well as remotely. Perimeter alarm: the grounded system for perimeter intrusion detection allows the detection of the crossing point with a resolution of 2 meters through the use of two underground cables that remain completely invisible outside. Volumetric alarm: the volumetric sensors signals to the control unit, through an electric signal, the movement within an area under control of the same sensor. The volumetric sensors are equipped with infrared that detects the human heat and identify whether it is a human being, an animal, an inanimate object. Lock with fingerprints: the security doors can have lock with fingerprints. Alternatively it allows to enter with the insertion of a code 4.2.c Environmental Management The home automation system can optimize the efficiency of air conditioning system controlling the system for finding the best compromise between people needs and the efficiency energy. For example it is possible to start or stop the heating and/or air conditioning when a window is opened, can turn
on/off the air conditioning if the outdoor temperature exceeds a settled value. The home automation system allows to interact dynamically, thanks to all the sensors present, both for the regulation of energy and also for better maintenance. A user interface, is elaborated to allow the comfort system, coordinated and integrated with advanced equipments, can manage and monitor in a single solution the heating, cooling and air exchange processes. The possibility of remote control of air conditioning and heating can be used to set a temperature before returning at home, finding the ideal temperature. In this way, unnecessary switching will be avoided, resulting in energy saving and reduced emissions. 4.2.d Lighting Interior lighting: for achieving energy savings,. LEDs and motion detectors are installed to control lighting, ensuring a smart and efficient energy consumption. Through the permanent measurement of illuminance level, the motion detectors is able to turn on/off the artificial light when daylight is insufficient/sufficient. The motion detector evaluates - if the artificial light is switched on - if after switching off, the amount of daylight is sufficient. Shutters automation: automated shutters provide better insulation of windows. By opening and closing with the change of light and the outside temperature, the airconditioning and heating costs are reduced. Automation sun blinds: for the smart home are installed automated sun protections, similar to the blinds. To do this it is sufficient to insert a tubular motor inside the cylinder around which the fabric is wound. The command can be sent immediately. This solution does not require wall works in order to hide the electrical cables. External irrigation: The controller allows for intelligent programming considering the local weather, the water needs of the garden and the current weather season. Also, it can be connected via WiFi to a helper application capable of controlling specific parameters such as type of soil, the black spots, areas exposed to full sun, local water constraints, etc. Outdoor lighting: the latter should in fact be automated in order to go on and off according to the existing light. All outdoor lighting is designed to work with the energy produced by the photovoltaic system and stored during the day in the batteries. Figures 9-11 are rendering images showing the results of luminance simulations: the outside lighting was designed to have sufficient illumination for visibility within the whole area, particularly along the paths that connect the 4 buildings between them and each main entrances.
Figure 9: Simulation of Outdoor lighting of Smart District, general view
Figure 10: Simulation of Outdoor lighting of SD, entrance view Figure 13: Rendering of a single unit with the location of sensors
Figure 11: Simulation of Outdoor lighting of SD, paths view Figure 14: Map of a double unit with the location of sensors
Scenarios home automation: are useful to control multiple operations on the system with a single action, scenarios are varied and customizable according to the needs and requirements and can be changed very easily, can be realized through : switch; icon on the App, into a fixed touch screen, any laptop in the house or a mobile device, as long as the there is authorized to enter the system; a cyclic programming hourly, weekly, monthly; SMS message (only authorized mobile phones). upon the occurrence of a certain condition given by the state of other plants on the system. A gateway ensures a permanent broadband connection to allow connection to the Internet into home computer and all smart appliances, both for the transmission of data, that for the remote control. Table 2 reports the legend of the different symbols. Figures 12‒13 illustrate the arrangement chosen for the different sensors in the single unit type, while Figures 14‒15 depict the arrangement chosen for the different sensors in the double unit.
Fig 15: Rendering of a double unit with the location of sensors
4.2.e Innovative Smart Park In the park (see Fig. 16), Quick Response (QR) codes are located. When scanned through the app allows to access video games, interactive stories and fairy tales also told in different languages in order to facilitate their learning. Therefore, within the park, the WiFi service is settled to be free. The Smart park is divided into different areas:
Table 2: Explanation of symbols Sensor for Environmental Management: Water-Gas-Smoke-Humidity sensor, motion sensor activating lights, thermostat, etc. Sensor for security: infrared sensor for detecting persons; automatic windows closed; biometric fingerprint sensor; alarm to emergency services (police, fire, ambulance, doctor, etc.) Interactive touchpad for multimedia functions; managing internal lighting; Internet display
Figure 12: Map of a single unit with the location of sensors
Figure 16: Rendering of Smart Park with the location of sensors
smart playground: Inside the park there are gaming facilities that can produce energy through their movement. The facility is equipped with a turbine connected to a storage battery, which is used to provide electrical power in addition to that produced by the photovoltaic system. Swings, slides, movement games are therefore designed to produce energy through the activity of the children : 1 hour of play in each unit may also generate 31.5 watts, as it serves to power 20 light bulbs for an hour.
smart relax: the park benches have been positioned to give the possibility to recharge mobile phones, tablets and laptops. To meet the needs of customers, it was decided to install the multi-touch interactive bar tables for reading newspapers, TV, internet, games or share files, video, photographic images, and view maps. It can be equipped with a USB input, object recognition and proximity sensors. As for the bar, the customer, once accommodated, may type on the screen the order that is sent via wireless to the counter or the kitchen depending on the type of order. smart parking: sensors on the floor of each parking detect if the seats are free or busy and if the place is free or paid. The system is designed to accelerate the car park and decrease congestion and emissions. The information is collected and sent over the mobile network of the city. The information are then displayed on smartphones via an App, which guides drivers to a free space. The application also allows the payment of the parking if it is not free. The floors were positioned such that, through walking, to be able to transform the kinetic energy into electrical energy, producing about 2.1 W per hour. The generated energy can be accumulated and stored or immediately used for the illumination of the road on which the flooring is installed, or for example for the operation of maxi screens. There are required 5 tiles to produce the energy needed to light a bus stop all night. Info Point with a Smart Card: it can be possible to purchase a prepaid card, which will replace the normal entrance fee to the park. The card will be fitted on the back of a bar code, which must be positioned in front of a special reader to record input, output, make purchases, pay for parking. In this way it will also have control over the people staying in the Smart District. Smart swimming Pool: the automatic management of this pool it is managed remotely. Its functions are: - controlling and monitoring of water quality per la minimizzazione the use of chemical agents, prolonging the duration of the saline chlorinator; - allowing the installer the remote access to all functions, ensuring a secure and comfortable component management and significant savings in consumptions: the control of variable-speed pumps ensure the lowest consumption and levels of filtration and optimal water quality, coming to save up to 90%. Electric Bike Sharing it is proposed the use of “Electric Mountain Bike” most efficient compared to simple electric bikes. The initial investment exceeding a normal bicycle, the cost of recharging is almost zero. The autonomy of the e-bike is included in a range between 3080 km. In order to fully make the operation sustainable, the charging stations and bicycle storage for PV plants. Where this is not possible, it can be approximately estimated the cost of a refill, assuming the use of a typical battery and 36V and 10Ah with capacity of 0.36 kWh and the electricity cost of about 0.11 €/kWh, the price would be less than € 0.04 per charge.
By exploiting the potential of smartphones and cloud computing, eSocialBike improves the overall experience of the e-biker according to a new paradigm of e-bike manufacturer-user-based real-time support and activation of social dynamics. The system consists of 3 elements: - electronic onboard the bike that constantly monitors the battery; - smartphone APP that communicates via Bluetooth with the vehicle. If necessary, the applications sends directly to the factory all the parameters necessary for the diagnosis, evaluation of faults , real-time status of aging and health of every vehicle; - social APP through which the e-biker can interact with the internet, sharing on social media and a dedicated social network "green" the carried paths and saved CO2 emissions every day. car sharing: the advantage is derived by a more rational use of vehicles, decreases the number of cars per capita and the necessary space for their car parking. The reservation and the choice of vehicle is possible through an APP for smartphones that locates on the screen all the available cars, also indicating each charge level. After choosing the car, the customer can book it at least 15 minutes prior to rental. The systems can be equipped with user identification, authorization service, the notice of the end of charge by sending a text message to the user and the payment of the fee if applicable. Into the park are installed charging stations: - Low Charge 8 hours - Quick Charge 1.5-2 h - Fast Charge 30 minutes Considering the use of a vehicle with a 22 kWh battery and with a range equal to 150 km it can be observed that is sufficient approximately 1h and 30 minutes for full charge and 30 minutes to charge 34% of the battery with a Quick system Charge (400 V for the use of 22 kW). In order to minimize the impact on public land use, each recharging infrastructure will allow simultaneous charging of 2 vehicles. The stations are equipped with universal connections for charging cars and scooters. Especially the scooters will use the 230 V voltage produced by the inverter (of which the charging station is equipped) and their power supplies, while cars will connect with the electric cable of the car. To encourage the purchase of electric vehicles it is recommended, as is already happening in some cities, to provide free of charge services or to limit the cost (about € 1.5-2). Finally, it can also be set an additional fee to be paid by the user if the car is not removed after charge completion.[14] WiFi Network System: through laptop, netbook, and mobile phone. Navigation will be free, without any registration process for those already recognized inside the park through the smart card. The repeater stations are reaching 40 m and are placed on the lighting columns. To cover the entire area of the park, 3 repeaters are required. By providing free wireless access in the park area, some
service limitations to ensure quality and continuity over time can be taken [15]-[16]. The limitations that would allow an appropriate level of quality for all users are: -restrict Web sites access through controlled content -closing the router ports used by services such as peer2peer. -limiting the bandwidth available to each device. V. BLOCKCHAIN PLATFORM Blockchain is a new technology, for peer-to-peer protocol or transaction platforms that uses decentralised storage to record all transaction data. These mechanisms, called “DApp” (decentralised application) or"smart contracts", operate on the basis of individuals (eg quantity, quality, price specifications) that allow stand-alone adaptation of distributed vendors and their potential customers. BC is optimal for topology as network as IoT. The proposed architecture is hierarchical and consists of smart devices into Smart District, can involve into Smart City, an overlay network and cloud storages coordinating data transactions with BC to provide security and privacy. Different types of BC depending on where in the network hierarchy a transaction occurs, and uses distributed trust methods to ensure a decentralized topology. BC technology in the smart devices area will become increasingly important for a field of application, as it allows prosumers, ie families that not only consume, but also produce energy, to buy and sell energy directly, with a high degree of autonomy. Another area of application that can be integrated with BC technology is that of smart devices. A well-equipped buildings with distributed energy resource systems (in this case: solar energy) in a decentralized peer-to-peer power grid. All buildings are interconnected through the conventional power grid, with transactions being managed and stored using a BC platform, described in figure 17.
Figure 17: Blockchain platform- Distributed ledgers
This set-up shows what a future distributed power grid managed autonomously by a local community. Implementation of the project requires smart meter technology and BC software with integrated smart contract functionality: smart meters are required to record the quantity of energy produced, BC software is required to effect transactions and smart contracts are needed to carry out and record these transactions automatically and securely[17]-[18].
In each BC an algorithm is used, with token, also called consensus mechanisms, to generate a unique, specific HASH (encrypted or encrypted) corresponding to the information contained in the block. HASH algorithms (such as PoS-Proof of Stoke or PoW Proof of Work), are used to convert arbitrary length data to a fixed length, thus creating a hash. No 2 encrypted messages can be based on the same hash value, nor the hash value will provide information as to the content of the message, see fig.18.
Figure 18: Blockchain architecture
Once the verified and correct version of a block is obtained from most other blocks, along with the other network participants, the BC can extends. As intelligent devices can communicate via IoT, through the BC you can send and store information and transactions, peer to peer[19]. With this new technology, the market can reach a point where a single person with single solar panel can participate in the end user market. In the future, the project is planned to be operated by a cooperative community organization, with neighborhood residents being the shareholders of the company. At present, no automated APP and/or automated software solutions have been developed, but BC technology appears to be a key element for increased cost competitiveness, leading to rapid deployment of Smart City. VI. CONCLUSION A big limitation for the development of Smart Home is caused by the difficult of interoperability of different home devices. The current offer is not yet adequate to such a need: 87% solutions (129 products and services Smart Home based on available IoT technologies in Italy and internationally) are vertical, not integrated between them. Interoperability - the ability to easily communicate with other devices from different manufacturers - represents a crucial condition for the development of the Smart Home market. In the next future smart home, devices and sensors will be connected through secure, reliable and high bandwidth networks. This is possible through the use of IoT, which allows the connection of millions of devices and Blockchain. The application in the paper wants to be a "prototype model" that can be replicated in different cities, implementable not only for optimal energy management, but also all the elements that smart citizens can use to improve the quality of life.
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