Party membership in Italy 8

Download PDF
5 downloads 0 Views 384KB Size Report
Comment
Feb 16, 2015 - ed (free donation). 14. –. X. –. –. X. X. –. –. S ource: P arty S ... statutes the category of 'party supporter/sympathizer'. In the case of LN this cat-.
d

!"#$%&)()*(#+%3$, $,&:,-%4 3%6%;$#,. 3'

±









3'/ ±









±









,'9 ; 8'& ;

 

 

 

 

06 ±









±









H4

CGH

@(:'.*.+* LQIRUPDWLRQ +$-(:0.(+6*.+*:".* (62+-2"1 2EOLJDWLRQWRJHW (62+-2"1 2EOLJDWLRQWRJHW (62+-2"1 ± 2EOLJDWLRQWRJHW (62+-2"1 @(:'.*.+* LQIRUPDWLRQ %(:'.*.+*/+6.0/.* %")%"&"6.0.(2"& @(:'.*.+* LQIRUPDWLRQ %(:'.*.+*/+6.0/.* UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV +$-(:0.(+6*.+*:".* (62+-2"1

6RXUFH3DUW\6WDWXWHVDVLQWKHLUZHEVLWHV3DUW\6WDWXWHVDVLQZZZSROLWLFDOSDUW\GEFRP DFFHVVHGRQ 2FWREHU 6DQGULDQG3DXZHOV%DUGLHWDO 1RWH )RUPDODFWLYHUROH 5LJKWWRYRWH %RWK ,QÀXHQFHWKURXJKGHOHJDWLRQRUUHSUH9 VHQWDWLRQ 1RIRUPDODFWLYHUROHDQGQRYRWLQJULJKWV

HYHQWKRXJKLQVRPHFDVHVWKHVHOLVWVDUHWKHQDSSURYHGE\SDUW\PHPEHUVZLWKLQ WKHORFDOEUDQFKHV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKRXJKWWKDWHQUROOHGPHPEHUVRIWKH06 /06*1(%"/.-5*&"-"/.*/061(10."&*,+%*:"6"%0-*"-"/.(+6&*2(0*.'"*)0%.5*7"$&(."3 2YHUDOOZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKH3'WKHPHPEHUVRI,WDOLDQSDUWLHVVHHPWR HQMR\IHZHUULJKWVWKDQWKHSDUW\PHPEHUVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV%HVLGHVWKHLUOLPLWHG (62+-2"#"6.*(6*.'"*1"/(&(+69*#03=            40 40 40 40 40     

6RXUFH3DUW\PHPEHUVKLSVXUYH\±VHHZZZSURMHFWPDSSHX DFFHVVHGRQ2FWREHU  4+."P*4B*S*4+.*020(-0$-"

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

8329-003.indb 131

2/16/2015 10:57:22 PM

 J#26#5&D5."4#&%$&56A (YHQVRRXUGDWDVHHPVWREHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKSUHYLRXVDQDO\VHVRQ,WDOLDQSDUW\ PHPEHUVKLS %DUGLDQG,JQD]L0XOp ZKLFKKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKH 1"/-(6"* +,* )0%.5* #"#$"%&'()* (6* D.0-(06* )0%.("&* (&* -(#(."1* #0(6-5* .+* .'"* &(E"* +,* WKHJUDVVURRWVEDVHEXWGRHVQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\DIIHFWWKHTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\RI #"#$"%&N*#+$(-(E0.(+63*G2"6*/+6&(1"%(6:*.'"*)+&&($-"*6+69*%"&)+6&"*$(0&"&8*:(2"6* WKDWPRVWDFWLYHPHPEHUVPLJKWEHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHVSRQGWRWKLVNLQGRIVXUYH\ 3'6(/DQG06PHPEHUVUHPDLQTXLWHDFWLYHZLWKLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHSROLWLFDO +%:06(E0.(+6&3

?:,/35+0:, ,QWKLVFKDSWHUZHH[SORUHGWKHPHDQLQJQDWXUHDQGUROHRISDUW\PHPEHUVKLSLQ ,WDO\:KDWHPHUJHVIURPWKLVLVWKDWWZRSDUDOOHODQGRSSRVLQJWUHQGVDUHFXUUHQWO\ 1"2"-+)(6:P*+6*.'"*+6"*'0618*0*:"6"%0-(E"1*1"/-(6"*+,*.'"*#0&&*)0%.5*#+1"-*061*06* (6/%"0&"*(6*+%:06(E0.(+60-*)"%#"0$(-(.5*+,*D.0-(06*)0%.("&8*061*+6*.'"*+.'"%*'0618* DFHUWDLQUHVLOLHQFHRILGHRORJLFDOSDUWLVDQWLHV,ISDUW\PHPEHUVKLS¿JXUHVDUH FOHDUO\DQGSURJUHVVLYHO\GHFUHDVLQJHLWKHULQREMHFWLYHRUVXEMHFWLYHWHUPVWKLV JHQHUDOL]HGGRZQZDUGWUHQGLVOHVVDEUXSWWKDQLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV0RVWRIWKHQHZ RUJDQL]DWLRQDOPRGHOVDGRSWHGE\,WDOLDQSDUWLHVUHGH¿QHVLJQL¿FDQWO\UHGH¿QHWKH UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHSDUW\LWVPHPEHUVDQGYRWHUVDQGWKHJUHDWPDMRULW\RI FXUUHQWSDUWLHVDUHFOHDUO\HOHFWRUDOO\RULHQWHGUDWKHUWKDQDLPHGDWEXLOGLQJDFORVH DQGVWUXFWXUHGUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKHLUPHPEHUV +RZHYHUQRWRQO\GR,WDOLDQSDUWLHVVWLOODSSHDUWRDFWXDOO\QHHGPHPEHUV±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

8329-003.indb 132

2/16/2015 10:57:22 PM

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

8329-003.indb 133

2/16/2015 10:57:22 PM