Passion, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Wireless

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[5]. Also working in the DeForest booth at the 1915 Exposition was Elman Myers, .... Better Radio And Television Broadcast Transmit Tubes Are Developed for A ...
Passion, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Wireless Radio: The Secret History of The Start Of Silicon Valley In the opinion of

Roger Melen July, 2013

Timeline of How Silicon Valley Initial Started What Was to Become the Global Network Revolution Beginning In1909 by Actions At Stanford University and Local Startup Company Federal Telegraph (Science+Money+Entrepreneurial Spirit) Year

Key Players

Events

Locations

1880

James Maxwell & Heaviside

Publication Maxwell’s Four Vector Laws of Electromagnetics

England, Germany

1906

Tesla, Marconi & Fessenden

Multiple Trans-Atlantic Ocean Radio Two-Way Telegraphy Transmissions

New York, England, Maryland

1908

Lee de Forest

De Forest tinkers to invent the vacuum tube diode and then the revolutionary triode vacuum tube he calls the Audion which he ultimately licenses to Western Electric for $50,000 in 1916. These triode vacuum tube components evolved to provide the necessary amplification, power handling and oscillator frequency stability to make mass consumer grade radio practical

San Francisco and Later in 1909 at Palo Alto with Federal Telegraph

1909

Cyril Elwell

Formed Federal Telegraph after Stanford graduation to produce ship to shore communications systems. He get investment from many Stanford professors.

Palo Alto, CA

1912

Lee de Forest

Lee de Forest finally made his Audion tube perform as an amplifier while working since joining Federal Telegraph in 1920

Palo Alto

1912

Cyril Elwell

Federal Telegraph first builds San Francisco to Hawaii Network using 12kW Poulsen generator and then beats 100kW Fessenden spark transmitter to the amazement of US Navy in ship to shore range in tests near Washington DC.

Washington DC, Maryland

1915

Peter Jensen

1911 Jensen comes from Denmark to help produce Poulsen generator at Federal then after a year tinkers to make the first loudspeaker by his company Magnavox in 1915

Napa, CA

1916

Lee de Forest

1916, Lee de Forest had finally perfected his Audion for its most important task, that of an oscillator for the radiotelephone transmitter which would replace arc radio transmitters.

1917

James Moorhead

Stanford Graduate (class of 1910) forms Moorhead Laboratories forms to produces receiving vacuum tubes for ten years until he was put out of business by patent lawsuit with eastern receiver vacuum tube cartel of Tesla, RCA( Flemming), Western Electric.

San Francisco. CA

1921

Ralph Heintz

Stanford student Ralph Heintz forms Heintz and Kaufman semi-custom radio receiver and high power transmitter shop in San Francisco and ultimately hires Bill Eitel to make vacuum tubes who later leaves to form Eimac with Jack McCullough

San Francisco, CA

1922

Thomas Gray, Ernest Danielson

Development begins on early to market highly expensive $250 high performance 45 kHz i.f. super-heterodyne receiver shipped in 1924. U.S. Department of Commerce licensed 26 radio stations

San Francisco, CA

1922

Frederic Kolster

Envisions and Persuades Federal Telegraph develop a $150 consumer affordable TRF (tuned radio frequency) radio receivers for a broader consumer market under brand Federal Brandes. Eventually Kolster Radio was spun off as a separate public company

Palo Alto, CA

1922

Frederick Terman

He, the future father of Silicon Valley, after receiving Stanford MSEE (June, 1922) interns at Federal Telegraph furthering his direct field education in the realities of entrepreneurship necessary for his next 60 years at Stanford building an environment of Passion, Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

Palo Alto, CA

“Radio Related” Nicknames

A Brief Collage History of Pre-“Silicon Valley”

• Arc Alley • Cradle of Radio Engineering

Artist’s wife Susan listening to “Doc” Herrold broadcast Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

The Telegraph Provided Critical Information for Economic Development in the Late 1800s

1891: Telegraph Wires and Undersea Cables Linked the World Creating a Market for Wireless Telegraph In the 1890s numerous inventors rapidly developed early science, technology and methods of radio telegraphy. • • • • •

Nikola Tesla Oliver Lodge Gugleilmo Marconi Karl Braun, Reginald Fessenden

Marconi

Tesla

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy

1866-1978 Wired Telegraphy Evolves Into Wired Facsimile and Data Transmission Date

Event

1910-1925 Federal Radio & RCA Were Early Wireless Major Companies Date

Event

1866

First successful transatlantic telegraph laid

1900

Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company established

1866

Western Union merges with major remaining rivals.

1900

Reginald Fessenden realized the first (distorted) radio-telephonic broadcast using a highfrequency spark transmitter

1867

Stock ticker service inaugurated.

1906

1870

Western Union introduces the money order service.

1876

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1908

AT&T gains control of Western Union. Divests itself of Western Union in 1913. AT&T offers Teletype system.

Fessenden demonstrated first two way trans Atlantic broadcast advanced the merits of the continuous wave and the heterodyne principle. Heterodyne reception was not fully practical for a decade until the development of the oscillating vacuum-tube. He formed in 1903 the National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO) to finance this two way Atlantic system technology which never was commercialized. The company ultimately was sold to Westinghouse in 1920, and the next year its assets, including numerous important Fessenden patents, were sold to the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Fessenden ultimately received over 500 radio patents.

1909

Federal Telegraph is formed in Palo Alto, California. initially under Engineer Cyril Elwell in 19011 with Beech Thompson an local financier becomes CEO.

1912

RMS Titanic sinks rapidly killing 1502 passengers after sending multiple telegraphic messages of the pending disaster raising public perception of th e importance of the shipboard radiotelegraph

1912

Federal Telegraph enters major field competition with using 12kW Poulsen generator 100kW NESCO spark transmitter and wins resulting in many subsequent US Navy contracts.

1924

1930

Inauguration of the direct stock ticker circuit from New York to San Francisco. High-speed tickers can print 500 words per minute.

1945

Western Union and Postal Telegraph Company merge.

1914

Radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic submarine communication cables

1962

Western Union offers Telex for international teleprinting.

1917

U.S. Government took charge of the patents owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the US

1968

Western Union places Westar satellite in operation.

1917

Edwin Howard Armstrong invents super-heterodyne receiver and subsequently receives patent which would become highly valuable.

1976

In the United States, the data transmission protocol is defined by the Bell 212A modem. Group 2 and 3 Facsimile standard is established capable o f sending high speed sub-minute images of paper on telephone wires.

1919

US government requested General Electric create an American-owned radio company, and thereby created a short term monopoly of long-distance radio communications GE bought the American Marconi company and incorporated it as the Radio Corporation of America (RCA).

1922

Radio Telegraphy Stations Built Partially Owned By Federal Telegraph at San Francisco, CA, Honolulu, HI, Los Angeles, CA, San Diego, CA, Portland, Ore, Panama City, Panama Canal Zone, Shanghai, China, Harbin, China, Peking, China, Canton, China

1926

1978

1900 Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company established a net of coast stations in Britain for ship-to-shore communication. In 1901 Marconi received the first signal in Britain from across the Atlantic Ocean. These were taken over by the British General Post Office in 1910, but for more than a decade the Marconi Company enjoyed a monopoly on maritime radio equipment sales by virtue of an agreement with Lloyds of London to only insure ships that used their equipment. In 1909 Marconi received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

1906 Reginald Aubrey Fessenden working for the US Weather Service realized the first radio-telephonic broadcast and the first two way trans Atlantic radio communications. He subsequent company http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy

http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us

Beating East Coast Wireless Cartel The Palo Alto Based Federal Telegraph Company Expanded Rapidly And By 1922 To Form A Wireless Global Network The San Francisco Bay Area was the West Coast Center in 1922 of Wireless Technology

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts were the much larger East Coast Centers in 1922 of Wireless Technology

Federal Telegraph Stations Located at:

• • • • • • • • • •

San Francisco, CA Honolulu, HI Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA Portland, Ore Panama City, Panama Canal Zone Shanghai, China Harbin, China Peking, China Canton, China

Economic Opportunities Created by The Widespread US Telegraph Funded the Evolution Palo Alto Wireless Radio

Ship to Shore Broadcast Radio Radio

Aircraft Radio

Satellite Radio

RADAR

Hewlett Packard Palo Alto

Litton

Varian

Palo Alto

Transcontinental Railroad and Telegraph

Magnavox

Eimac

Ampex

Napa 1915

Redwood City

Redwood City

Kolster Radio San Francisco 1924, 8 tube TRF

Federal Telegraph Palo Alto 1909

Dalmo Victor Redwood City

Heintz-Kaufman Redwood City

Maxwell’s Laws

High Power Vacuum Tubes Audion

Klystron

Synchrotron Nuclear Medicine

Microwave Power Vacuum Tubes

1880

1940

Cyril Elwell Founded Federal Telegraph Establishing Palo Alto as the Cradle of Radio Engineering (Stanford Radio Engineer, 1907 AB Electrical Engineering, 1908 Engineers Degree)

Poulsen Generator Produced By Federal Telegraph

Commemorative Plaque placed in Palo Alto in 1970

Cyril Elwell was a pioneer in radio research and founded the Federal Telegraph Company, which became Palo Alto's first large industry built to support World War I naval communications. Born in Australia of American parents, Elwell worked his way over on a ship in 1902 and studied at Manzanita Hall in Palo Alto to prepare for engineering studies at Stanford University. Following the 1906 earthquake, he tested a radio theory by stringing an antenna from the dome of the heavily damaged library--an act that got him ordered off the campus by Trustee Timothy Hopkins. Nevertheless, Elwell managed to complete his engineering degree at Stanford and get in on the early development of long-distance radio. Elwell had taken a high-paying job developing electric smelting, but his former professor, Harris J. "Paddy" Ryan, persuaded him to quit and investigate a wireless telephone system whose developer had died young. He bought a house at 1451 Cowper St., on the Embarcadero Road corner, built two 75-foot wooden masts, and broadcast to a station in Los Altos five miles away. Elwell realized that only continuous-wave transmission would allow good quality telephony and, with backing from top Stanford faculty members, went to Denmark to bring back a Poulsen arc generator. With later enhancements, this device laid the basis for the Federal Telegraph Company. Elwell also organized a radio research team, which included Lee de Forest, that developed the amplifying and feedback functions of the audion, a key step opening the way for long-line telephones, radio and later television. Although Elwell didn't stay in Palo Alto long (he left in 1926) , he established the community's identity as a cradle of radio engineering. In later life he retired to Los Altos. • • • • • •

• • •

Federal Telegraph Company started out in Palo, California Alto in 1909 producing arc-type wireless transmitters. Funded by Stanford's first president, David Starr Jordan, along with William Crocker and other Stanford affiliated entrepreneurs Future "father of Silicon Valley" Fred Terman spent a summer internship there Lee De Forest joined in 1912 to create better versions of his audion tube. Charles Litton worked for Federal Telegraph started in 1927 after working at Bell Labs and headed tube engineering. Cecil Howard Green (later the founder of Texas Instruments) worked for Litton during that time in the tube lab at Federal. Peter Jensen helped Poulsen develop his continuous wave arc transmitter that made voice transmissions from a radio station at Lyngby near Copenhagen in 1905 and then Jensen goes to Federal Telegraph to works on Poulsen Generator. In 1911 he leaves Federal with fellow empolyee Edwin Pridham to form ultimately form Magnavox to produce their moving coil loudspeaker in Napa. Frederick Kolster was the head engineer from 1921 through much FTC's history. FTC moved to New Jersey in 1926 and in 1931 it was purchased by ITT. The name of Federal Telegraph Co. was changed to Federal Telephone and Radio Company around 1940.

• First ship-to-shore wireless communications in the U.S. (from the Cliff House in San Francisco, in 1899) • The first ground-to-aircraft radio is demonstrated, at the Tanforan racetrack in San Bruno 1910 • 1909 Charles Herrod created the world's second regular broadcast radio station.

Peter Jensen Edwin Pridham 1909- 1911

Magnavox Loudspeaker 1915

Lee de Forest 1911-1913

Formed in Palo Alto in 1909 by Cyrl Elwell with Funding by Stanford's first president, David Starr Jordan, along with William Crocker, C.D. Marx and other Stanford affiliated entrepreneurs

1909

Frederic Terman 1922 Summer Intern

Audion De Forest Radio and Telegraph 1915

Frederic Terman Stanford Professor

(Stanford Radio Engineer, 1907 AB Electrical Engineering, 1908 Engineers Degree)

Charles Litton 1928-1935 Head of Federal Telegraph Tube Lab

Litton Industries 1932

Stanford students Bill Hewlett David Packard

1934 Hewlitt Packard

$50,000 license to Western Electric

Stanford Electronic Laboratories Tube Lab

Cecil Green Texas Instruments

Frederick Kolster head engineer 1921

Leonard Franklin Fuller Chief Radio Engineer at Federal Telegraph built and installed high power arc transmitters

Leonard Franklin Fuller Professor and Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley Kolster Radio Corp 6-8 tube AC and DC Radios 1928-1950

Lee DeForest

Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) • over 180 patents • invented the diode and triode vacuum tubes in 1906 and 1907 • joined Federal Telegraph in 1909 to improve triode vacuum tube for a practical application • one of the fathers of the "electronic age," • brought sound to motion pictures. 1. 1906,[3] de Forest filed a patent for diode vacuum tube detector, a two-electrode device for detecting electromagnetic waves, a variant of the Fleming valve invented two years earlier. 2. 1907 he filed a patent for a three-electrode device vacuum tube device commonly called the triode. It was granted US Patent 879,532 in February 1908. The device was also called the de Forest valve and the Audion,

De Forest had, in fact, discovered this invention via tinkering and did not completely understand how it worked. De Forest had initially claimed that the operation was based on ions created within the gas in the tube when, in fact, it was shown by others to operate with a vacuum in the tube. The device was subsequently carefully investigated by H. D. Arnold and his team at Western Electric (AT&T) and Irving Langmuir at the General Electric Corp. Both of them correctly explained the theory of operation of the device and provided significant improvements in its construction.

Moorhead Laboratories, James B. Moorhead, 1910 AB Electrical Eng. Stanford Moorhead Labs “Electron Relay” vacuum tube Otis B. Moorhead was born January 9, 1893 in San Francisco. Not much is known about his early life but he claims to have started experimenting with wireless by the age of eight.[1]. While in his teens he held various positions in wireless telegraphy both on land and sea. In 1914 he was a radio inspector for Marconi Wireless and worked with a Major Allen Forbes, then an assistant inspector for Marconi.[2] As one of the perks of being an inspector, Forbes mentions that they would often eat all the fruit in the ship's radio shack during their inspections.

1915 Moorhead worked evenings in the DeForest booth at the Panama-Pacific Exposition selling audions and saw them as an opportunity to make money. DeForest charged high prices for his audions and only sold them as part of his detector units. He told Forbes that he was going to manufacture tubes, copied after DeForest, and that DeForest was such a poor businessman that he would never sue them. Forbes put $200 into the venture, and $500 came from a man named Kendrick. It's not known how long Forbes and Kendrick remained in business with Moorhead, but they certainly provided the capital to help get him started. An office was set up on the 4th floor on 650 Mission Street in San Francisco with a P.O. Box for an address.[4] Apparently Moorhead was more concerned about a suit then he admitted to Forbes as some early sales were made through a Real Estate office to hide his location.[5]

In 1915 Moorhead worked evenings in the DeForest booth at the Panama-Pacific Exposition selling audions and saw them as an opportunity to make money. DeForest charged high prices for his audions and only sold them as part of his detector units. He told Forbes that he was going to manufacture tubes, copied after DeForest, and that DeForest was such a poor businessman that he would never sue them.[3] Forbes put $200 into the venture, and $500 came from a man named Kendrick. It's not known how long Forbes and Kendrick remained in business with Moorhead, but they certainly provided the capital to help get him started. An office was set up on the 4th floor on 650 Mission Street in San Francisco with a P.O. Box for an address.[4] Apparently Moorhead was more concerned about a suit then he admitted to Forbes as some early sales were made through a Real Estate office to hide his location.[5] Also working in the DeForest booth at the 1915 Exposition was Elman Myers, a DeForest employee at the time. Myers was later to become known for producing the RAC and Myers tubes, also without benefit of a DeForest license. Forbes mentions that Moorhead probably met his wife, Barbara Myers, while working at the booth.[6] The implication is that Barbara Myers was related to Elman Myers, perhaps his sister.

According to B.F. McNamee, a former chief engineer for Moorhead Laboratories, Moorhead and E.T. Cunningham collaborated on the initial design of a gas detector tube.[7] This occurred in early 1915, but Cunningham did not advertise his Audiotron until October of 1915.[8] They soon went their separate ways, but this early union explains the great similarity between the Moorhead tubular and the Cunningham (Audiotron) tubular. This early affiliation is mentioned in the first Moorhead ad[9] of July, 1916, which states in part: "The former manufacturers of the Audiotron are now manufacturing a new and better Tube." Moorhead and Ralph Hyde, a former G.E. lamp factory superintendent, produced the first Moorhead tube, the tubular Electron Relay, in 1915. The production facilities were crude, the exhaust manifold only handling 10 tubes that would be on the pump all day.[10] This tube was not advertised and the exact details of construction not known, but presumably was similar to the Electron Relay advertised the next year. Forbes states that sales were good but tube quality poor. Enough of these tubes were sold to attract the attention of DeForest, who brought suit in early 1916 seeking an injunction against Moorhead to stop manufacture of the Electron Relay. Since the validity of the DeForest Audion patent was being challenged in the courts by Marconi, an injunction was not granted but a bond was required as a condition of continued production until such time as the Audion patent dsipute was settled. After posting the required indemnity bond, the first Moorhead ads appeared. It should be pointed out that at this time Moorhead was only 23 years old.

http://www.bill01a.com/articles/moorhead.htm

Dr. Kolster Originally founded Kolster Radio as a division of Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto to produce consumer radios.

The early formation of The Kolster Radio Corporation was in 1924 as a merger of several wireless companies. It supplied the radio portion of Columbia radio-phonographs. The Mackay (Postal Telegraph) companies bought all their communication equipment from Kolster, and Kolster supplied a minimum of onethird of the wired radio apparatus used by wired Radio, Inc., a subsidiary of North American Company. The company went out of business in 1931 due to the depression. All of the company's assets were sold in 1931 to ITT for $3,000,000 and a new company called Kolster Radio Inc. was formed.

Dr. Frederic A. Kolster Was Previously Famous For His Invention Of His Radio Used By Ships At Sea During WWI.

Kolster K-21 TRF 8 tube TRF radio $160

Patent royalties and costly tubes provided short lived advantages for the TRF radio design Armstrong in New York in 1919 was able to rapidly put his Super-heterodyne invention into practice as well as others such as Remler in San Francisco, and the technique was rapidly adopted by the military. However, it was less popular when commercial radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, mostly due to the need for an extra tube (for the oscillator), the generally higher cost of the receiver, and the level of technical skill required to operate it. For early domestic radios, tuned radio frequency receivers ("TRF"), also called the Neutrodyne, were more popular because they were cheaper, easier for a non-technical owner to use, and less costly to operate. Armstrong eventually sold his super heterodyne patent to Westinghouse, who then sold it to RCA, the latter monopolizing the market for superheterodyne receivers until 1930. By the 1930s, improvements in vacuum tube technology rapidly eroded the TRF receiver's cost advantages, and the explosion in the number of broadcasting stations created a demand for cheaper, higherperformance receivers.

Remler Company (Norco), San Francisco in 1922 was the first Silicon Valley Radio Maker With The Remler Super-Heterodyne

Since the Pioneer Days of Radio the Remler Super-Heterodyne has maintained its reputation for Reliability. EIGHT years ago EIGHT tubes-EIGHT tubes today. Eight years ago radio suddenly boomed. Hundreds of stations sprang up. Confusion and congestion of the air lanes and over-lapping of signals showed the crystal set up for the toy that it was, and thousands of radio fans demanded a new receiver to meet the new conditions. Anticipating this demand by two years, Remler engineers had quietly and perseveringly set to work to perfect the Super-Heterodyne in 1922. The new receiver was not released until May, 1924, when it had proved itself to be a "super" receiver capable of conquering the chaos of the air. From 1924 to 1929 Remler continued to manufacture the Super-Heterodyne, using this original circuit with only minor changes. These years of experience in building the Super-Heterodyne are built into the new 1931 Remler Super-Heterodyne, which is engineered to the table-sized model in conformity with the modern demand for economy of space. The first "Remler 45,000 cycle Super-Heterodyne" looked like this. It was a massive brute two feet long with a loop aerial almost three feet. high. It required several tuning adjustments and additional micrometer tuning devices as compared with the single control used today. The 1924 Remler cost more than two hundred dollars. The new 1931 Remler SuperHeterodyne, with all of its modern refinements, costs just about one-third as much as the Remler of eight years ago.

http://antiqueradios.com/remler/remler.shtml

Frederick Emmons Terman

Frederick Emmons Terman was an American academician. He is widely credited with being the father of Silicon Valley

Charles Litton From left, David Packard, William Hewlett and Fred Terman greet one another during the dedication of the Electronics Research Laboratory's HewlettPackard Wing in 1952.

1900 June 7, 1900 Frederick Emmons Terman is born (Stanford BS Chemistry, MSEE 1922) (MIT SCD EE 1924) 1905 Moves with family from Indiana to California. 1910 Settles permanently at Stanford when his father Lewis Terman joins Stanford Education Department faculty. 1914 Begins experimenting with radio as a "ham" operator. 1920 A.B. in Chemistry from Stanford University. 1922 Engineer's Degree in Electrical Engineering from Stanford. 1922 Summer internship at Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto. 1924 Sc.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from M.I.T. Offered teaching position at M.I.T., but because of first onset of tuberculosis, declines appointment. 1925 Begins half-time teaching in Stanford E. E. Department. 1926 Begins full-time teaching at Stanford. 1927 Appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering. Co-authors Transmission Line Theory with W. S. Franklin. 1928 Marries Sibyl Walcutt, graduate student in psychology, on March 22. 1929 Birth of Frederick Walcutt Terman, March 10. 1930 Appointed Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. 1931 Birth of Terrence Christopher Terman, September 3. 1931 Federal Telegraph moves to New Jersey as part of ITT 1932 Charles Litton Builds a Tube Lab at his new startup company in Redwood City. 1932 Publishes book, Radio Engineering. 1935 Publishes Measurement in Radio Engineering. 1935 Birth of Lewis Madison Terman, August 26. 1936 Terman requested Charles Litton to volunteer to help Stanford create a tube research lab 1937 Becomes full professor and Executive Head of Electrical Engineering Department. 1938 Publishes-Fundamentals of Radio. 1938 Terman offer Dave Packard a research assistantship on an idea proposed by Russ Varian for a “wide grid rf power tube in Charles Litton’s Tube Laboratory off of Stanford campus. Dave Packard gives Litton credit for help when Hewlett-Packard got its start. 1940 Publishes Radio and Vacuum Tube Theory. 1941 Elected President of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 1942 -45 Director of the Harvard Radio Research Laboratory, engaged in military research on radar countermeasures. 1943 Publishes Radio Engineers's Handbook. 1944 Appointed Dean of Stanford's School of Engineering, succeeding Samuel B. Morris. 1945 Awarded honorary Sc-D. from Harvard University. 1946 Decorated by the British government for wartime research. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences. 1948 Receives Presidential Medal of Merit. 1950 Awarded Medal of Honor by the Institute of Radio Engineers. 1952 Co-authors Electronic Measurements with Joseph M. Pettit. 1953 Elected chairman of the Engineering Section of the National Academy of Sciences. 1955-65 Provost of Stanford University. 1959-65 Vice-President of Stanford. 1964 Acting President of Stanford University, February to August.

1932 ,

Litton Industries.



Charles Litton was a magician of glass vacuum tube manufacture, father of the first practical glass-blowing lathe to mass produce tubes and other glass-based radio components.



Charles Litton was born in the Bay Area and graduated with degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Stanford EE ENG in 1925. He worked at Bell Telephone Laboratory 1925-1927 on vacuum tubes. From 1928-31 he returned to California and worked as head of the Federal Telegraph Tube Laboratory. Litton Industries was formed in 1932.



In 1936, at Fred Terman's request, Litton volunteered to help Stanford create a tube research lab. Terman later wrote to Litton of one "Dave Packard" who had accepted an assistantship in the lab funded by a $1,000 grant from Litton. "I think he is the best-qualified man that one could conceivably hope to find," wrote Terman.



During WWII, Litton helped Raytheon develop the magnetron, a microwavegenerating electron tube that greatly enhanced the range of radar at a time when the U.S. very much needed a defensive edge. In the years following the war, large defense contracts helped Litton Industries grow to rival the great companies of the East Coast and lay the technological foundation for the revolution that would transform Silicon Valley in succeeding decades



Litton was a magician of glass vacuum tube manufacture. He designed and built the first practical glass-blowing lathe, using it to mass-produce tubes and other glass-based radio components.

Charles Litton Charles Litton built his own ham radio set at the age of 10

Better Radio And Television Broadcast Transmit Tubes Are Developed for A Broader Market Overcoming RCA Broadcast Monopoly

Eimac 1934 Eimac 150T Tube

Bill Eitel (amateur radio call sign W6UF) Went to Los Gatos High School and learned mechanical skills at his fathers quarry and his uncles small scale sport’s car production facility prior to working for Kaufman

Bill Eitel, W6UF and Jack McCullough, W6CHE convinced Kaufman company president Ralph Heintz,W6XBB to allow them while employees at Kaufman to develop a transmitting tube that could operate at lower voltages than those then available to the amateur radio market, such as the RCA 204A or the 852. The saw the opportunity from this experience to build even better high power broadcast tubes.

Jack McCullough (W6CHE) Attended California School of Mechanical Arts in San Francisco with Charles Litton.

Russell and Sigurd Varian Brothers Invented The Klystron Revolutionizing RADAR and Ultimately Microwave/Satellite/Healthcare Radio Power Transmission

Russell Varian worked early in his career for Philo Farnsworth in his tube laboratory in San Francisco. He in 1937 invented the concepts of the Klytstron Microwave Power Generation Tube. Sigurd Varian

Russell Varian

Varian Associates was founded in 1948 by Russell H. and Sigurd F. Varian, William Webster Hansen, and Edward Ginzton, to sell the klystron and small linear accelerators. The klystron tube could generate high power electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies. This and other electromagnetic equipment which they produced are widely used in Aircraft Radar and Medical Applications.

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments next to what is now Sears in Mountain View ; his plan was to develop a new type of "4layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transistors. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from Bell Labs, but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again. Instead he founded the core of a new company in the best and brightest new graduates coming out of the engineering schools.

391 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California

When Shockley decided his lab would no longer research silicon-based semiconductors, a group later widely known as the Traitorous Eight decided to start their own company. [2] The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Sherman Fairchild's Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts. In 1957, Fairchild Semiconductor was started with plans on making silicon transistors – at the time germanium was still a common material for semiconductor use.

Eight Early Employees of Shockley Transistor Left After a Year of Work To Form Many Other Transistor And Semiconductor Companies Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore founders of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel Eugene Kleiner co-founder of the Kleiner Perkins venture capital firm. Roberts, Jean Hoerni and Jay Last founded what became Teledyne Julius Blank co-founded Xicor. Victor Grinich became a professor at UC Berkeley and Stanford University.

Intel Computer Processor Chips Beginning in 1970s Have Dominated the Worlds Advanced Semiconductor Processing and Computer Technology

The historic marker at the Fairchild building at which the traitorous eight set up shop and the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented

The building at 844 Charleston Road, Palo Alto, California, at which the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented

Eleven Market Driven Technology Waves: Wireless to Wireless 1. 1909 Birth Of Ship to Shore Radio Market 2. 1922 Birth of Consumer Broadcast Radio Market 3. 1927 Frederick Emmons Terman Becomes Assistant Professor At Stanford 4. 1939 Birth of RADAR and Two Way Radio Transceiver Market 5. 1950 Birth of Consumer Broadcast Television Market 6. 1957 Birth of Satellite Communications Market 7. 1959 Birth of Silicon Transistor Using Planar Process Market 8. 1965 Birth of Integrated Circuit Market 9. 1973 Birth of Computer Processor Chip Market 10. 1983 Birth of Networked Computer Market 11. 1993 Birth of Internet Market 12. 2000 Birth of Digital Cellphone Wireless Market

The End

Reference Material

Silicon Valley as a Technology Center was First Established in 1909 at Palo Alto, California With The Rise in Popularity of Ship-to-Shore Marine Wireless Telegraphy For Silicon Valley The Establishment of Maxwell’s Laws of Electricity (1870) and the Multi-line Transcontinental Telegraphy by Western Union Along the Recently Built Transcontinental Railroad Were Important Early Preceding Events. 1. 1909 (Federal Telegraph) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Telegraph_Company First ship-to-shore wireless communications in the U.S. (from the Cliff House in San Francisco, in 1899); 2. Charles “Doc” Herrold (San Jose, California) in 1909 created the world's second regular broadcast radio station 6XF which ultimately became the current station KCBS in 1949. Charles Herrod was a Stanford graduate (1900 Physics). 3. Triode vacuum tube by Lee De Forest at Federal Telegraph 1912 (Palo Alto). (the Audion ultimately adapted by Bell Labs and widely deployed for telephone relay amplifier use) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_DeForest 4. Moving coil loudspeaker (Magnavox in 1915 Napa, CA, Peter Jensen, an ex-Federal Telegraph employee in 1910 evolved into what became Magnavox) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnavox http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/recording.technology.history/jensen.html 5. Tomlinson I. Moseley in 1921 established the Dalmo Manufacturing Company in San Francisco. This was a machinist’s job shop where he built such things as permanent-wave machines, thermostats, and electric dental equipment. Dalmo Victor, developed the first, and was the leading manufacturer of airborne radar antennas. In 1966, Dalmo Victor was producing 90 percent of the nation’s submarine antennas and made the communications antenna system for the first U.S. spaceship to the moon. 6.. Electronic television (Farnsworth Radio and Television, San Fransciso, 1927) http://www.nndb.com/people/662/000024590/ 7. . Heintz & Kaufmann (Ralph Heintz Stanford student, W6XBB, went to San Francisco, 1926 to install wireless radios on ships) made the 24T Gammatron to compete with RCA (New Jersey, 1919) after RCA refused to sell tubes to them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimac http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA

8. High power radio frequency transmitter vacuum tubes (Eitel-McCullough, Founded by Bill Eitel and Jack McCullough, 1934 in San Bruno) 9.. Klystron Tube (Varian, Russel and Sigurd Varian 1937/1948) early radar 10. Precision electric motors for radars, and the audio tape recorder (Ampex, Alexander M. Poniatoff 1946/1947, San Carlos) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampex 11. Audio oscillators and modern test equipment (Hewlett and Packard, 1939) 12. High power vacuum tubes(Litton Industries 1947, Redwood City) Charles Litton set up the Vaccum Tube Lab at Stanford for Terman. Cecil Green -- later to found Texas Instruments -- worked for Charles Litton (himself later to found an eponymous company) there, as well. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Litton,_Sr.

13.Sylvania, a major producer of vacuum tubes for communications starts Sylvania Electronic Defense forms in Mountain View In 1953,. With the primary purpose of this division was to consolidate the company's work in military electronics, formed the new electronic defense laboratory in Mountain View, California. http://www.vintagesylvania.net/?page=history 14. Magnetic hard disk drives and the winchester sealed disk 1953 (IBM San Jose) 15. Lockheed Electronic Research Lab in Sunnyvale 1956. 16.. Shockley Transistor, (Mountain View, 1956) r&d of four layer diode 17. Philco Western Development Laboratory Satellite Communication Systems (Western Development Lab, Palo Alto 1957)

18. Fairchild Semiconductor (Mountain View, 1957) silicon transistor manufacturer.

Silicon Valley as early as the 1930’s became a center of atomic theory and electromagnetic technology scientific advancement in Physics Research Facilities at UC Berkeley and Stanford 1.

Ernest O. Lawrence and P.D. Livingston (1932) developed electromagnetic technologies for his invention of the Cyclotron at U.C. Berkeley

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence

. Cyclotron was built with large 80 ton magnets originally used in another research project at Federal Telegraph

2. John Lawrence (brother of Ernest) and Robert Stone. (1940) Founded Radiation Therapy at U.C. Berkeley 3. 1946, Felix Bloch at Stanford expanded Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique for use on liquids and solids, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952.[3][4]N 4. Research at SLAC has produced three Nobel Prizes in Physics: 1976: The charm quark—see J/ψ meson[4] 1990: Quark structure inside protons and neutrons[5] 1995: The tau lepton[6] SLAC's meeting facilities also provided a venue for the Homebrew Computer Club and other pioneers of the home computer revolution of the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984 the laboratory was named an ASME National Historic Engineering Landmark and an IEEE Milestone.[7] SLAC developed and, in December 1991, began hosting the first World Wide Web server outside of Europe.[8] SLAC has also been instrumental in the development of the klystron

Federal Telegraph Early Days 1911-1917: Beech Thompson Becomes CEO Establishing Federal Telegraph Dominant West Coast Installer. San Francisco & Honolulu Were The First Two Working Stations Enabling Access to the Emerging Big Federal Government Sale on the East Coast Under Beech Thompson's, CEO, management the company commenced to prosper and in 1912 established a circuit between San Francisco and Honolulu using 30-kw. arc transmitters and "tikker" detector receivers. The circuit was satisfactory during darkness, and contracts were obtained with the Honolulu papers for the daily transmission of news. The Honolulu station was constructed under the personal supervision of Elwell who, upon his return from Hawaii, convinced Thompson and the other directors that they should endeavor to interest the Navy in their equipment. Elwell proceeded to Washington with a 5-kw. and a 12-kw. set and gave demonstrations. The 5-kw. transmitter was excited by an independent source, whereas the 12-kw. had the field coils directly in series with the arc. The smaller set gave unsatisfactory performance, but the 12-kw. did exceedingly well. The Navy was then testing the Fessenden 100-kw. synchronous rotary spark gap equipment, and Elwell managed to convince the Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering and the Head of the Radio Division that the Federal equipment should be given a comparative trial. This was accomplished over the strenuous objection of Dr. Austin, of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, who was unable to agree that the 30-kw. transmitter could possibly compete with Fessenden's 100-kw. giant.35 Navy officials were so certain that the Federal equipment would be unable to compete with their Fessenden transmitter that they required the company to install its equipment in their new Radio (Arlington), Va. station in such a manner that, after its removal, there would be no evidence of its having been installed. A further proviso required the installation to be completed prior to 1 December 1912. This equipment did not have to be removed because of failure to compete with the Fessenden equipment. On the contrary, it practically overwhelmed the Fessenden unit, becoming the Navy's darling of the World War I period. 36 The Federal Telegraph Co. soon became a Navy-subsidized firm and was purchased by the Government during World War I.37 The first Federal equipment purchased was for the Panama Canal Zone station. The specifications for this equipment were so prepared that only the Federal Co. could meet them. This procedure provoked protests from the Atlantic Communication Co. and the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. of America. The substance of the protests was that the specifications restricted competition by describing apparatus that only one manufacturer could supply. This the Bureau admitted to be a fact, and it had been to assure this fact that the proposals had been so advertised. In explaining this, the Bureau noted that it had made extensive investigation of the questions involved and, as a result of its investigation, had specified the apparatus which, in its judgment, would best suit the purposes of the Navy. Such was the ordinary procedure in all commercial transactions. To accept protests to the extent of changing specifications to include apparatus that it did not desire would be to admit that the ordinary commercial procedure was not open to a Government department, whose experience, research, and decisions would thus become secondary to the clamor of rival manufacturers. While the Bureau considered the above protests as an effrontery, it went on to explain its action. There being two fundamentally different systems of radio involved, namely, the spark system or system of damped oscillations and the system of continuous undamped oscillations, sometimes called the Poulsen system, there was a matter of choice. All the other so-called systems bearing proper names such as Marconi, Shoemaker, Fessenden, De Forest, Telefunken, etc., were but variations of the spark system and did not represent real differences so far as fundamental classification was concerned. When comparative tests clearly demonstrated the superiority of the Poulsen system the Navy's course of action was clear. One of the most gratifying features of the situation to the Bureau was that, through the Navy Department's help and encouragement to the Federal Co., which held the American rights to Poulsen equipment, an American company was assisted in developing a system that was to inaugurate a new era in the history of radio. Therefore, in concluding his commentary on the Navy's decision to act as it did, Lt. Comdr. A. J. Hepburn, USN, wrote: As the matter stands we alone possess the sure knowledge to foretell a revolution in the art of Radio. That revolution will come whether with or without our help. But whereas on the one hand we stand to gain the credit that comes of clear-cut, scientific investigation, confident judgment and decisive action, taking the leading place in a progressive movement, on the other we are placed in the position of indecision, timidity, self-mistrust--in short, inefficiency.38

http://earlyradiohistory.us/1963hw11.htm

1922 Moodys Report for Federal shows: •

U. S. Govt. as a war necessity took over and operated the Company's stations in San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Cal., Portland, Ore., and Honolulu, T. H.



25% interest in the Pan-American Wireless Telegraph & Telephone Co



$13,000,000 capital, 50% of which is owned by the Chinese Government and 50% by the Federal Telegraph Co. This latter company has under construction for the China-Federal Radio Co. the building in Shanghai, Harbin, Peking and Canton of wireless stations. The Chinese Government pays the Federal Telegraph Co. for its share of the construction by delivering them $6,500,000 8% Gold bonds, guaranteed by the earnings of the Department of Communications of the Chinese Government. The Chinese Government has contracted to purchase from the Federal Telegraph Co. its 50% interest in the China-Federal Radio Co. for $6,500,000, payable during ten years from Jan 1, 1921, with interest until paid at 8%. For the first ten years after completion the Federal Telegraph Co. is to receive outright 50% of net earnings of the China-Federal Radio Co.

San Francisco, CA Honolulu, HI Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA Portland, Ore Panama City, Panama Canal Zone Shanghai, China Harbin, China Peking, China Canton, China

http://earlyradiohistory.us/1922fed.htm

Jane Morgan: Electronics Historian Online Archive of California: http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8zs2x4v/admin/

Subjects Morgan, Jane, 1916-2008. De Forest, Lee, 1873-1961 Mosquini, Marie, 1899 Elwell, C.F. (Cyril Frank), 1884-1963 Farnsworth, Philo Taylor, 1906-1971 Fuller, Leonard Franklin, 1890-1987 Heintz, Ralph M., Sr. Hewlett, William R. Mayes, Thorn L. Packard, David, 1912-1996 Perham, Constance Perham, Douglas Pratt, Haraden Terman, Frederick Emmons, 1900-1982 Varian, Dorothy, 1907 Varian, Russell Harrison, 1898-1959 Varian, Sigurd Fergus, 1901-1961 Eitel-McCullough, Inc. Federal Telegraph Company Heintz and Kaufman Hewlett-Packard Company Varian Associates Authors, American--California. Inventors--California. Electronic industries--California--San Francisco Bay Area. Radio--History. Wireless telegraph--History.

Morgan, Jane, 1916-2008. Jane Morgan was born Rachel Jane Harnden in Montana on April 17, 1916. In the mid-1920s, she started going by "Jane" and around 1928 or 1929, adopted her step-father's surname "Mauerhan." Jane attended UC Berkeley, Occidental College in Los Angeles, and graduated from the University of Southern California in 1938 with a Bachelors degree in Philosophy. She was commissioned in the first class of officers in the Women's Auxiliary Corps of the U.S. Army in 1942, serving in Europe from 1943-1947 as an Intelligence Officer. She married Robert Morgan in 1948 and had two daughters, Carol and Susan. Morgan worked as an assistant secretary for the Institute of American History at Stanford University and volunteered as a secretary for the Perham Foundation as well as serving as a board member. In 1962, Morgan wrote a biography of inventor Lee de Forest that was published as a serial in "Trails for Juniors" and "Junior Life" magazines. After her de Forest project, she was commissioned by the Santa Clara County Office of Education to write the history of electronics development in the San Francisco Bay Area, which resulted in the publication of Electronics in the West: The First Fifty Years in 1967. Morgan continued to work as a freelance writer in Northern California. In her later years, Jane moved to Southern California to live near her daughter Carol. Morgan died on August 23, 2008 in San Diego, California. De Forest, Lee, 1873-1961 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest Mosquini, Marie, 1899 Marie Mosquini (1899–1983) on October 10, 1930; Mosquini was a silent film actress, and she and DeForest remained married until his death in 1961. Elwell, C.F. (Cyril Frank), 1884-1963 http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1995_Jan_18.CREATR47.html Farnsworth, Philo Taylor, 1906-1971 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth Fuller, Leonard Franklin, 1890-1987 Chief radio engineer at Federal Telegraph built and installed high power are transmitters Heintz, Ralph M., Sr. http://www.scaruffi.com/svhistory/sv/chap75.html Hewlett, William R. Mayes, Thorn L. (W6AX) Wireless historian (books and articles) Packard, David, 1912-1996 Perham, Douglas http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8x92bv3/entire_text/ Pratt, Haraden Terman, Frederick Emmons, 1900-1982 Varian, Dorothy, 1907 Varian, Russell Harrison, 1898-1959 Varian, Sigurd Fergus, 1901-1961 Eitel-McCullough, Inc. Federal Telegraph Company Heintz and Kaufman Hewlett-Packard Company Varian Associates Authors, American--California. Inventors--California. Electronic industries--California--San Francisco Bay Area. Radio--History. Wireless telegraph--History.

Thomas Lee Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering Time: 4:15 pm Location: Panofsky Auditorium. Event is open to the public. Most histories of Silicon Valley begin with Shockley, Fairchild and the transistor. Occasionally, they'll go as far back as Hewlett and Packard. Few seem to be aware of the important prehistory that made all those developments possible. The first high-tech giant in the area was Federal Telegraph and Telephone, founded in 1909 by recent Stanford graduate Cyril Elwell as the Poulsen Wireless Telephone & Telegraph Company. Funding was provided by Stanford's first president, David Starr Jordan, along with William Crocker and others. By the end of the first World War, Federal was building 500kW continuous-wave transmitters based on negative-resistance arc oscillators, having beaten well-established rival General Electric for the Navy contract. The first Stanford PhD in electrical engineering was awarded to Leonard Fuller for the breakthroughs that permitted Federal to construct such high-power transmitters. Federal nurtured intellectual seeds that would flower here and elsewhere. Lee de Forest carried out his most important work on the triode vacuum tube while at Federal. Future "father of Silicon Valley" Fred Terman spent a summer internship there. Cecil Green -- later to found Texas Instruments -- worked for Charles Litton (himself later to found an eponymous company) there, as well. In a pattern that would become familiar, Federal spawned numerous spinoffs, including Magnavox and Jensen, before ultimately disappearing into history. A surplus 80-ton magnet donated by Federal to U.C. Berkeley arguably enabled the finest tribute: The gift's recipient, Ernest Lawrence, built his cyclotron around that magnet, and ultimately won the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics for that achievement. Lee's talk will focus on the Federal-dominated pre-silicon years of Silicon Valley, and will demonstrate that the patterns of today's high-tech industry are simply minor elaborations of historical motifs that were established a century ago.

What's less well known are the many other important tech milestones that precede "time zero" of the standard story: - First ship-to-shore wireless communications in the U.S. (from the Cliff House in San Francisco, in 1899); - First regularly scheduled radio broadcasts (by Stanford dropout "Doc" Herrold), from San Jose; - First ground-to-aircraft radio, demonstrated at the Tanforan racetrack in San Bruno; - First VC-funded electronics startup (Federal Telegraph, founded by Stanford graduate Cyril Elwell, with funding from Stanford president David Starr Jordan and others; it counted among its employees future "Father of Silicon Valley" Fred Terman, and first Stanford EE PhD and future Berkeley EE dept. chair Leonard Fuller); - Discovery of electronic amplification by Lee de Forest at Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto; - First megawatt-level continuous wave transmitters (using arc technology, by Federal Telegraph); - First demonstration of electronic television, by Philo Farnsworth at his San Francisco lab on Green Street. The talk will begin with a quiz ("Who *really* invented radio?") to prime the pump, and end with a light-speed overview of developments after Farnsworth, up to the founding of Fairchild. presenter(s) Thomas H. Lee received the S.B., S.M. and Sc.D. degrees in electrical

"How Arc Alley became Silicon Valley" Professor Thomas Lee, Stanford University Abstract In most technology histories of this region, "time zero" is the birth of Hewlett-Packard on 1 January 1939. Then Shockley arrives in 1955. Three years later, the IC gets invented, and the history of Silicon Valley unfolds in earnest. Stanford and Berkeley are somehow involved in Important Ways, orchards disappear, and boom and bust cycles of ever-increasing amplitude appear as constant companions. What's less well known are the many other important tech milestones that precede "time zero" of the standard story: •1899: The first ship-to-shore wireless communications in the U.S. takes place (using gear hastily installed at the Cliff House in San Francisco) •1909: "Doc" Herrold begins the first regularly scheduled radio broadcasts, from San Jose. •1910: The first ground-to-aircraft radio is demonstrated, at the Tanforan racetrack in San Bruno; Lee de Forest joins Federal Telegraph in Palo Alto, where he soon discovers that his vacuum tube can amplify (Federal had been founded by Stanford graduate Cyril Elwell. Future "Father of Silicon Valley" and Stanford Provost Fred Terman works at Federal, as does future Berkeley EE dept. chair Leonard Fuller.) •1912-1920s: Federal builds a succession of radio transmitters throughout the region, as well as abroad. •1927: Philo Farnsworth demonstrates electronic television at his San Francisco lab on Green Street. Cliff Gardner builds first camera tubes at Berkeley lab. •1930: Fuller arranges for giant (80 ton) surplus magnets from Federal to be donated to Berkeley. Ernest O. Lawrence would then receive the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics for the cyclotron built with those magnets. The talk will begin with a quiz ("Who *really* invented radio?") to prime the pump.

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Artist’s wife Susan listening to “Doc” Herrold broadcast

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Itherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Itherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Itherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

The historic marker at the Fairchild building at which the traitorous eight set up shop and the first commercially practical integrated circuit was invented

The building at 844 Charleston Road, Palo Alto, California, at which the first commercially practical integrated circuit Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Itherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012 was invented

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012

Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region (Stanford Business Books) Martin Kenney

Electronics in the West: The First Fifty Years Jane Morgan (Author)

Wireless Communication in the United States: The Early Development of American Radio Operating Companies Thorn L. Mayes (Author)

Reference: Paul Wesling, KM6LH, IEEE SF Bay Area Council, Presented at ITherm, San Diego, June 1, 2012