10 hours. = 24 hours. Table 8 gives all the results. Remark : the weighted average opening time has been calculated as follows : ex. : living room, all houses :.
OCCUPANT INTERACTION WITH VENTILATION SYSTEMS 7 t h AIC Conference, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK 29 September - 2 October 1986
PAPER S.3
A DETAILED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WINDOW USE AND I T S EFFECT ON THE VENTILATION RATE I N 2400 BELGIAN SOCIAL HOUSES
P
. WOUTERS
D.
DE BAETS
Belgian Building Research Institute Lombardstraat B
-
,
41
1 0 0 0 BRUSSELS
Belgium
A l a r g e i n q u i r y campaign began i n 1985 on 100 s o c i a l housing
e s t a t e s and 2,334 f a m i l i e s were v i s i t e d . The h o u s i n g estates were s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r a g e , l o c a t i o n , t y p e of b u i l d i n g ( d w e l l i n g / a p a r t m e n t ) and h e a t i n g system. The main purpose of t h i s paper is t o e x p l o r e t h e d a t a r e c e i v e d concerning window u s e i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e e f f e c t of t h e inhabit a n t s on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n rate.
The summertime and w i n t e r t i m e
s i t u a t i o n was a n a l y s e d and d i f f e r e n c e s between i n d i v i d u a l dwell i n g s and a p a r t m e n t s were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y can be summarized as f o l l o w s
-
;
a r a t h e r good d e s c r i p t i o n of window u s e i n Belgian s o c i a l houses was achieved
1
t h e impact of window u s e on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e is e s t i m a t e d .
. INTRODUCTION
A l a r g e i n q u i r y campaign was conducted on some hundred s o c i a l
housing estates i n Belgium.
A t o t a l number of 2,334 families
(1,115 i n d i v i d u a l d w e l l i n g s and 1,219 a p a r t m e n t s ) were v i s i t e d between January 1985 and November 1985. s t u d y were
-
The major aims of t h e
:
t o g i v e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e overview of b u i l d i n g damage i n t h e housing s t o c k of t h e N a t i o n a l Housing S o c i e t y and t o g i v e i n d i c a t i o n s f o r r e n o v a t i o n oppor t uni ti es ( 229,000 d w e l l i n g s and a p a r tments)
-
t o make a s t a t i s t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d a t a b a s e on i n h a b i t a n t s ' behaviour w i t h r e g a r d t o v e n t i l a t i o n and energy use.
T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s only a l i m i t e d p a r t of t h e d a t a i n r e l a t i o n t o i n h a b i t a n t s f behaviour
.
F i r s t l y , a s h o r t overview of r e s u l t s concerning t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r opening and c l o s i n g windows and doors is given.
The major
p a r t t h e n d e a l s w i t h t h e u s e of windows and doors i n w i n t e r and
summertime, i.e. p o s i t i o n , frequency and d u r a t i o n of opening, and time of day.
A combination of t h e s e d a t a , w i t h assumptions
concerning a i r flow r a t e s through open windows, have l e d t o t h e e s t i m a t i o n of a i r change r a t e s .
2. MOTIVATION FOR OPENING AND CLOSING WINDOWS AND DOORS
People were asked t o i n d i c a t e t h e importance of s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r opening and c l o s i n g windows.
Four answers were p o s s i b l e .
The p o s s i b l e answers and t h e p e r c e n t a g e s are g i v e n i n T a b l e s 1 and 2. Very important
Important
Less
import a n t important Average (1 1 (01
(3)
(2)
-to a i r
53
42
3
2
2-47
- t o remove bad smells
40
41
6
13
2.08
17
42
14
27
1.49
13
27
18
41
1.11
10
26
23
40
1.05
6
20
23
49
0.81
-to avoid condensation - t o remove smoke - t o renew stained a i r by h e a t i n g - t o reduce temperature
Table 1
-
Reasons f o r opening windows ( % of answers). The last column g i v e s t h e weighted average of t h e 4 answers ; where
-
very important
A
important = 2
-
= 3
less important n o t important
= =
1
0.
Important (2
Very import a n t (3)
Less Not important important Average (1 1 (01
-to maintain the inside temperature
64
31
2
2
2.56
-to protect a g a i n s t bad weather
37
43
5
15
2.02
-to avoid draught
34
42
9
16
1.95
-to preserve safety
34
31
10
24
1 -74
- t o avoid o u t s i d e pollution
16
32
24
27
1.36
-to preserve privacy
13
28
25
34
1.20
- t o avoid outside noise
14
24
25
37
1.15
Table 2
-
Reasons f o r c l o s i n g windows o r t o hold them c l o s e d ( % of answers, t o t a l of each l i n e is 100 $).
The l a s t column g i v e s t h e weighted a v e r a g e of t h e 4 answers; where
-
:
very important
- important
- less
=
=
3
=
1
2
important
not important
= 0.
3. HOW DO PEOPLE USE WINDOWS ? 3.1.
Basic a n a l y s i s
Four q u e s t i o n s were asked w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e window u s e i n d i f f e r e n t rooms.
A t o t a l of 8,955 answers f o r w i n t e r t i m e use
and 9 , 3 2 3 f o r summertime use were given. 3.1.1.
Question 1 :.Position of the window
Table 3 g i v e s t h r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s and t h e number of answers ( u s e i n w i n t e r t i m e and u s e i n summertime) i n percentage and i n a b s o l u t e f i g u r e s (between b r a c k e t s )
Answer
.
WINTER
SUMMER
-i
Window never open
27
(2,460)
L.
Window a j a r
53
(4,700)
33 (3,090)
A
Window wide open
20
(1,790)
57(5,350)
Table 3
+
9
(880)
Number of rooms w i t h such window u s e
(Percentage and a b s o l u t e number) A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between summer and w i n t e r e x i s t s : 1
of t h e 4 rooms is never v e n t i l a t e d i n w i n t e r , w h i l e t h i s f i g u r e becomes o n l y 1 of t h e 10 rooms i n summer.
P r e f e r e n c e is given
t o windows a j a r i n winter and wide open i n summer.
3.1.2.
Question 2 : How many times do you open the window ?
Table 4 g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s . The percentages are i n d i c a t e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e number of rooms where windows and doors a r e opened.
I
Answer
SUMMER
WINTER
S e v e r a l times a day
6
(380)
12
(850)
+
Once a day
7
S e v e r a l times a week
7
(420)
4
(290)
r
Once a week
6
(400)
3
(190)
81 (5,140)
Table 4
- Frequency
82(5,950)
of window opening ( % )
% of windows a r e v e n t i l a t e d once a day. No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s between summer and w i n t e r t i m e . Interpretation
3.1.3.
: 80
Question 3 : What is the average opening time ?
Four answers were p o s s i b l e .
~ C o n t i n u o u s l y nis r e l a t e d t o t h e
fourth question.
Answer
SUMMER
WINTER
-
A few minutes
21(1,380)
3
(280)
Less t h a n one hour
46 (2,990)
8
(680)
+
S e v e r a l hours
12
Continuously d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i n d i c a t e d i n Table 6
21 (1,340)
Table 5 Interpretation
: As
+
(810)
21(1,760) 68 (5,740)
Average opening time ( % )
one can e x p e c t , t h e opening time i n w i n t e r
is r a t h e r s h o r t ; i n 66% of t h e c a s e s l e s s than 1 hour.
I n summertime, 90 % of t h e windows a r e open a t l e a s t s e v e r a l hours a day.
Question 4 : At what time of the day are the rooms
3.1.4.
ventilated ?
Nine answers were p o s s i b l e (see Table 6)
Answer E a r l y i n t h e morning
- I n t h e morning -:
A t noon
- In
-
the afternoon
I n t h e e a r l y evening
- I n t h e evening - During t h e day
i
A t night
Day and n i g h t
WINTER 3
(300)
32(2,860)
SUMMER 2
(220)
6
(540)
4
(400)
2
(180)
5
(480)
3
(260)
1
(100)
0
(30)
2
(230)
1
(110)
19 (1,740)
58 (5,490)
29 (2,640)
11 (1,070)
4
(330)
16 (1,540) I
Table 6
- D i s t r i b u t i o n ( i n $1 of time of t h e day f o r v e n t i l a t i n g t h e room.
I n t h e c a s e of w i n t e r t i m e , t h e morning p e r i o d is f r e q u e n t l y answered, c o n t r a r y t o summertime where p r e f e r e n c e is g i v e n t o " d u r i n g t h e dayw. Remark
:
E a r l i e r s t u d i e s showed t h a t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n given by i n h a b i t a n t s can be d o u b t f u l .
One should t h e r e f o r e be
c a r e f u l and pay more a t t e n t i o n t o r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s t h a n t o absolute figures.
D e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s of window u s e a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e t y p e of room 3.2.1.
How many windows/doors are opened and in which position ?
Table 7 g i v e s an overview of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e answers f o r s i x d i f f e r e n t rooms and f o r t h e whole dwelling.
A separa-
t i o n between i n d i v i d u a l dwellings and apartments has a l s o been made.
Interpretation
. There is no s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e between apartments and
d w e l l i n g s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e number of rooms which are never ventilated.
.A
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s i n p r e f e r e n c e of window po%
sition ments
:
p r e f e r e n c e is given t o t h e p o s i t i o n " a j a r f f f o r a p a r t =
:
wintertime
:
almost 85 $ (62 / (62+13)) of t h e windows a r e opened " a j a r w i n t h e c a s e of a p a r t m e n t s , w h i l e 65 % ( 4 5 / (45+25)) was t h e c a s e f o r i n d i v i d u a l dwellings.
summertime
:
45 $ of t h e windows a r e opened I1ajarn f o r a p a r t A ments, 30 % f o r i n d i v i d u a l dwellings.
. The number
of l i v i n g rooms which a r e never v e n t i l a t e d i n
w i n t e r t i m e is much higher t h a n t h e average f i g u r e f o r t h e e n t i r e house
:
52 % a g a i n s t 27 %.
57 $ of t h e l i v i n g rooms i n i n d i v i d u a l dwellings a r e never ventilated.
. The bedrooms a r e more v e n t i l a t e d t h a n t h e average room. 90 $ of a l l t h e p r i n c i p a l bedrooms a r e v e n t i l a t e d i n winter4 time.
. The window p o s i t i o n "wide open"
is very seldom used i n winter-
time i n t h e c a s e of l i v i n g rooms, k i t c h e n s and bathrooms of apartments. 3.2.2.
Estimation of opening times
The c o l l e c t e d information d i d not g i v e us d i r e c t i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e d u r a t i o n of v e n t i l a t i o n , and t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n is important f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s . The answers were t h e r e f o r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o d u r a t i o n times. I t is e v i d e n t t h a t such t r a n s l a t i o n is r a t h e r s u b j e c t i v e .
ASSUMPTIONS :
- Frequency Several times a day/a week
-
Duration time a few minutes
.
+
l e s s t h a n 1 hour s e v e r a l hours continuously
+
.
+
.
+
+
we suppose twice a week
0.25 hour
0.75hour 2 hours e a r l y i n t h e morning
=
2 hours
i n t h e morning
=
2 hours
a t noon i n t h e afternoon
=
3 hours
=
3 hours
i n t h e e a r l y evening i n t h e evening
= =
3 hours 3 hours
during t h e day a t night day and n i g h t
=
10 hours
=
10 hours 24 hours
=
Table 8 gives a l l t h e r e s u l t s . Remark
:
t h e weighted average opening time has been c a l c u l a t e d a s follows :
ex.
:
l i v i n g room, a l l houses : Table 7 : 52 % a r e never opened
- 37
Table 8
:
-
+
% a r e opened a j a r 1 1 % a r e wide open. average opening time a j a r = 1 ,0 h/day average opening time wide open = 1 , 3 h/day.
weighted average opening time
=
(0,52 x 0 + 0,37 x 1 + 0,11 x 1 , 3 ) h/day 0,51 h/day
+
0,5 h/day.
=
SUMMER
WINTER D + A
Dwell.
Ap.
D + A
Dwell.
Ap.
1. Weighted av*
rage opening t i m e for a l l the rooms
-
l i v i n g room
0.5
0.4
0.7
6
5
7
kitchen
1.1
0.9
1.4
7.0
6
7.5
w
bathroom
1.4
1.6
0.9
7.0
7.5
6
-
bedroom 1
3- 8
4.0
3.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
-
bedroom 2
2.9
2.9
2.9
10.0
10
10
bedroom 3
2.4
2.2
2.8
9.5
9.5
10.5
2.0
2.0
2.1
8.5
8
9
l i v i n g room kitchen
1 .O
0.8
1.2
6
5
6.5
1.5
1.2
1.8
6.5
6.5
6.5
2.1
2.5
1.5
7
7.5
6.5
"
bathroom bedroom 1
4.1
4.5
3.8
12
12.5
12
.C:
bedroom 2
3.4
3.3
3.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
bedroom 3
2.7
2.7
2.7
10.5
8.5
13.5
entire house
2.8
2.9
2.6
9
9
9
l i v i n g room
1.3
1 .O
1.8
8
6.5
9.0
i .
kitchen
1.7
1.6
1.9
8
6.5
9.5
r
bathroom
1.6
1.6
1.3
8.5
8.5
9.0
bedroom 1
4.3
4.2
4.5
12
11.5
12
bedroom 2
3.7
3.6
4.1
11
11
11
bedroom 3
3. 4
2.8
5.1
10.5
10.5
11
entire house
3.0
2.6
3.8
9.5
9
10.5
'-
" entire house
1 2. P
4
-
Window ajar
3. Window wide
open
-
-
Table 8
-
Average d u r a t i o n t i m e of window opening a s f u n c t i o n of s e v e r a l parameters (hours/day)
Interpretation Table 9 g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e e n t i r e house.
SUMNER
WINTER D
Window ajar
+
A
Dwell.
2.8(53)
2.9(45)
2.6(62)
Window wide open 3.0(20)
2.6(25)
3.8(13)9.5(57)
Weighted average
Table 9
2.0
2.1
2.0
Dwell.
D + A
Ap.
9 (33) 9 (26)
Ap. 9 (42)
9 ( 6 4 ) 10.5(50)
8.5
8
9
Average opening time f o r t h e 2 window p o s i t i o n s and weighted a v e r a g e ( t h e f i g u r e s between b r a c k e t s are t h e frequency of occurance
-
%)
(hours/day).
The a v e r a g e opening time of a l l t h e windows i n a house is 2
;
hours a day i n w i n t e r t i m e and 8 hours a day i n summertime.
-
Higher values a r e found f o r bedrooms and lower v a l u e s f o r l i v i n g rooms and k i t c h e n s . The opening times f o r windows " a j a r t 1 a r e more o r less t h e
same as f o r windows "wide openw.
- The
a v e r a g e opening time f o r t h e whole house is 8 % i n winter-
time and about 35 % i n summertime. These v a l u e s can be compared w i t h t h e formulae of Lyberg [ I ] and D e Gids C21 Lyberg
:
cte
H. A T =
De G i d s : H
=
=
180
... 260
A + B T
where A
=
10 and B
H
=
percentage of open windows ($1
T
=
e x t e r n a l temperature (OC)
AT
=
=
0.65
t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e between i n s i d e and o u t s i d e
For Ti
e
=
(hyperbolic)
=
T
i
-
Te ( i )
Belgium : I8OC 2OC ( a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e January)
=
1 5OC (average t e m p e r a t u r e Summer)
=
o r De G i d s Lyberg
: H =
11 % ( w i n t e r t i m e ) and 20 % (summertime)
: H =
11 t o 16 % ( w i n t e r t i m e )
Our d a t a f o r w i n t e r t i m e a r e lower t h a n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from t h e 2 formulae; f o r summertime t h e s e d a t a a r e h i g h e r t h a n t h e f i g u r e of De Gids. ( t h e formulae of Lyberg a r e not v i a b l e f o r s m a l l v a l u e s of AT) 3.2.3.
.
Estimation of the increase in ventilation rates due to window use
An e s t i m a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t of i n h a b i t a n t s 1 behaviour on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e is p o s s i b l e . Let u s suppose :
.air
flow r a t e s through a n open window :
window a j a r ( 6 cm) P
Rem.
:
50 t o 150 m3/h (Knbbel)
C31
window wide open (0.5 m 2 ) : 200 t o 300 m3/h ( P f a f f ) [ 4 ] :
we have supposed t h e same a i r f l o w s i n w i n t e r t i m e and summertime t a k i n g i n t o account t h e high u n c e r t a i n t y of t h e assumed a i r f l o w r a t e s
. dwelling/apartment
-
volume : 200 m 3 .
The a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s assumption t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f o r a l l t h e rooms allows an e s t i m a t i o n of t h e i n c r e a s e i n venL t i l a t i o n r a t e due t o t h e occupants nocc
n
1 TIE = (
OCC
where
x QW,rnin 24xVOL
+
1
:
Q~,max 1 1 2 24 x VOL
:
n
LOcC
TIME
Qw
:
i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e due t o occupants ( a c / h )
:
a d d i t i o n f o r a l l t h e rooms
:
e s t i m a t e d d u r a t i o n of open windows (h/day)
:
e s t i m a t e d a i r flow through open windows (m3/h) ( a j ar/wide open)
max
:
maximum a i r flow (150 m 3 f o r a j a r and 300 m 3 f o r wide open)
min
:
minimum a i r flow (50 m 3 f o r a j a r and 200 m 3 f o r wide open)
VOL
:
a i r volume of t h e house ( m 3 )
Table 10 g i v e s t h e average v a l u e s and median values.
Dwellings+apartm. mean
median
Dwellings mean
Apartments
median
mean
median
WINTER
0,26
0,lO
0,31
0,14
0,21
0,09
SUMMER
1,5
1,2
1,7
1,3
1,3
1, O
Table 1 0
- Mean and median v a l u e s f o r nocc ( a c / h ) .
A d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e s is g i v e n i n
F i g s . 1 t o 3.
- The
i n f l u e n c e of t h e window use on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e can
be analysed by u s i n g mean v a l u e s o r median values. Table 1 0 shows t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e beL tween them.
. mean : weighted a v e r a g e of . median : t h e average v a l u e o r d e r of magnitude
.
a l l t h e values of t h e samples when a r r a n g e d i n
- The mean v a l u e f o r n OCC i n w i n t e r
is 0 , 2 6 ac/h; t h i s means
t h a t window u s e i n c r e a s e s on a v e r a g e w i t h a v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e of O,26 ac/h. The median, which i s 0 , 1 0 a c / h , means t h a t nocc i s less t h a n 0,10 a c / h , i n 50 % of a l l t h e c a s e s .
- P r a c t i c a l conclusion
:
. t h e window u s e i n w i n t e r
s i g n i f i e s f o r 50 % of t h e houses
a n i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n rate of less t h a n 0 , 1 0 a c / h .
.a
v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f o r nocc between d w e l l i n g s
and apartments e x i s t s
:
0,31 ac/h v e r s u s 0,21 a c / h .
T h i s is due t o t h e f a c t t h a t windows a j a r a r e much more common i n apartments t h a n i n dwellings. T h i s r e s u l t might be somewhat m i s l e a d i n g because i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e a i r flow through a n open window i n an a p a r t ment b u i l d i n g a t t h e 5 t h f l o o r is higher t h a n t h e same open window a t street l e v e l i n a dwelling.
. the results
i n summertime i n d i c a t e t h a t nocc is between
and 1 , 5 ac/h.
. Table
11 g i v e s t h e percentage of f a m i l i e s where nocc is
h i g h e r i n w i n t e r t h a n t h e i n d i c a t e d values.
,
>
>
0,25
>
0,50
>
0,70
1,00
A l l houses
28
15
11
7
Dwellings
32
17
13
9
Apartments
23
12
8
5
i
Table 1 1 - % o f f a m i l i e s w i t h n inwinter abovetheindicated occ value (ac/h)
.
3.2.4.
Practical calculation data
The r a t h e r wide v a r i a t i o n i n f i g u r e s does not allow us t o r e a l i z e a very c l e a r formula f o r t h e expression of window use. The following 3 t a b l e s t r y t o r e f l e c t t h e main t r e n d s i n t h e results. WINTER
Dwell. Average NE=
whole house
VER
l i v i n g room
30 +
bedrooms
50
SUMMER
Ap.
50
--
-
40
55
++ + +
WIDE whole house
+
20
-
OPEN l i v i n g room
+
10
.a
+
30
L
bedrooms
bedrooms 12
Ap.
20
-
5
-
l i v i n g room
Average 10
-
15
A J A R whole house
Table
Dwell.
-
30
++
35 35
++ ++ ++
55
-
60
CIL:
60
-H
S i m p l i f i e d t a b l e f o r average window use ( i n % ) +
=
5 t o 10 % more than average
++
=
more than 10 % above average
c
=
5 t o 10 % l e s s than average
"-
=
more than 10 % beneath average.
SUMMER
WINTER
D w e l l . Average AVE; whole house RAGE l i v i n g room FOR ALL bedrooms ROOPS ROOM whole house 'IT: l i v i n g room OPE WIN" bedrooms DOWS Table 1 3
-
Ap.
Average
Dwell.
8
2
*
+
0.5
6
3
(hours/day)
10
3
-
Simplified
Ap.
+
1 4.0
t a b l e f o r average opening time of windows + = at
=
l e a s t 20 % h i g h e r t h a n average
a t least 20 % less than average
WINTER
SUMMER
AJAR
WIDE OPEN
Less t h a n 15 min.
4
2
1
1
15 t o 30 minutes
10
2
1
1
30 min. t o 1 hour
20
4
4
8
8 4
AJAR
WIDE OPEN
1 t o 3 hours
8
8 4
3 t o 6 hours 6 t o 1 2 hours
1
I
1
4
2
15
30
More t h a n 12 hours
2
2
4
10
Not v e n t i l a t e d
Table 14
-
30
10
S i m p l i f i e d t a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n e s t i m a t i o n of window opening times ( % of a l l t h e rooms).
4. CONCLUSION
The main conclusions of t h i s study a r e
:
some 30 % of a l l t h e windows were never opened i n wintertime and some 10 % i n summertime.
Higher values a r e found f o r t h e
l i v i n g room and lower ones f o r t h e bedrooms. There i s a preference f o r t h e p o s i t i o n v v a j a r wi n wintertime "wide openvf i n summertime.
and
lvajarvl occurs more f r e q u e n t l y
.
I n apartments t h e p o s i t i o n
The average opening time f o r a l l t h e windows is some 2 hours i n w i n t e r and some 8 hours i n summer.
- This behaviour d a t a i n combination with a few assumptions lead t o an estimated average i n c r e a s e i n t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e f o r wintertime of 0.25 ac/h with somewhat higher. values f o r dwellings and somewhat lower values i n apartments. However, f o r 50 % of t h e f a m i l i e s t h i s i n c r e a s e is below 0 , 1 ac/h. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is based on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t E3/III/1.1
b i s of t h e Belgian National R&D Programme of Energy
(Prime Ministers'
Office
-
Science Policy Programming).
The a u t h o r s wishes t o thank a l l t h e people involved i n t h i s study
:
t h e s t a f f of t h e National Housing S o c i e t y , t h e Depart-
ment of Building Physics a t t h e University of Lidge, Mr. M. Gengoux, D. LfHeureux, P. Voordecker of t h e B.B.R.I. for the support with t h e preparation and a n a l y s i s of t h e d a t a , F i n a l l y our g r a t i t u d e goes t o Mrs. M. O l i s l a e g e r s who t r a n s L f ormed our notes i n t o camerakready copy.
6. REFERENCES
1. LYBERG, M.D. " R e s i d e n t and windows
.
Airing.
R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , Report M.83,
Swedish N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g 1983, 21 pp.,
8 figs.,
15
refs.
2. DE GIDS, W.F.,
PHAFF, J . C . ,
VAN DONGEN, J.E.F.
I n t e r i m Rapport vTBewonersgedragen v e n t i l a t i en, ING/TNO C581, Nederland, J u l i 1985.
3. KNOBEL, V. 1703 N a t u r a l and mechanical v e n t i l a t i o n systems. E i n r i c h t u n g e n z u r f r e i e n Luftung und Luftungsanlagen. Luf t u n g i m Wohnungsbau :
Tagungsber i c h t zum S t a t usseminar
am 4. und 5. A p r i l 1984 i m Bauzentrum Munchen
= A i r Infil-
t r a t i o n and V e n t i l a t i o n i n R e s i d e n t i a l B u i l d i n g s . E d i t e d by L. T r e p t e , A. LeMarie, Cologne, V e r l a g TUV, Rheinland, 1984, p. 69-106,
4. PHAFF, J . C . ,
DE GIDS, W.F.,
20 f i g s .
TON, J . A . ,
VAN DE REE, D . ,
VAN SCHIJNDEL, L. L.M. V e n t i l a t i e van gebouwen.
Onderzoek n a a r de gevolgen van h e t
openen van Q6n raam op h e t binnenklimaat van een kamer IMG/TNO Rapport c 448, Nederland, 1980.
.