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10 hours. = 24 hours. Table 8 gives all the results. Remark : the weighted average opening time has been calculated as follows : ex. : living room, all houses :.
OCCUPANT INTERACTION WITH VENTILATION SYSTEMS 7 t h AIC Conference, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK 29 September - 2 October 1986

PAPER S.3

A DETAILED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WINDOW USE AND I T S EFFECT ON THE VENTILATION RATE I N 2400 BELGIAN SOCIAL HOUSES

P

. WOUTERS

D.

DE BAETS

Belgian Building Research Institute Lombardstraat B

-

,

41

1 0 0 0 BRUSSELS

Belgium

A l a r g e i n q u i r y campaign began i n 1985 on 100 s o c i a l housing

e s t a t e s and 2,334 f a m i l i e s were v i s i t e d . The h o u s i n g estates were s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r a g e , l o c a t i o n , t y p e of b u i l d i n g ( d w e l l i n g / a p a r t m e n t ) and h e a t i n g system. The main purpose of t h i s paper is t o e x p l o r e t h e d a t a r e c e i v e d concerning window u s e i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e e f f e c t of t h e inhabit a n t s on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n rate.

The summertime and w i n t e r t i m e

s i t u a t i o n was a n a l y s e d and d i f f e r e n c e s between i n d i v i d u a l dwell i n g s and a p a r t m e n t s were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y can be summarized as f o l l o w s

-

;

a r a t h e r good d e s c r i p t i o n of window u s e i n Belgian s o c i a l houses was achieved

1

t h e impact of window u s e on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e is e s t i m a t e d .

. INTRODUCTION

A l a r g e i n q u i r y campaign was conducted on some hundred s o c i a l

housing estates i n Belgium.

A t o t a l number of 2,334 families

(1,115 i n d i v i d u a l d w e l l i n g s and 1,219 a p a r t m e n t s ) were v i s i t e d between January 1985 and November 1985. s t u d y were

-

The major aims of t h e

:

t o g i v e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e overview of b u i l d i n g damage i n t h e housing s t o c k of t h e N a t i o n a l Housing S o c i e t y and t o g i v e i n d i c a t i o n s f o r r e n o v a t i o n oppor t uni ti es ( 229,000 d w e l l i n g s and a p a r tments)

-

t o make a s t a t i s t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d a t a b a s e on i n h a b i t a n t s ' behaviour w i t h r e g a r d t o v e n t i l a t i o n and energy use.

T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s only a l i m i t e d p a r t of t h e d a t a i n r e l a t i o n t o i n h a b i t a n t s f behaviour

.

F i r s t l y , a s h o r t overview of r e s u l t s concerning t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r opening and c l o s i n g windows and doors is given.

The major

p a r t t h e n d e a l s w i t h t h e u s e of windows and doors i n w i n t e r and

summertime, i.e. p o s i t i o n , frequency and d u r a t i o n of opening, and time of day.

A combination of t h e s e d a t a , w i t h assumptions

concerning a i r flow r a t e s through open windows, have l e d t o t h e e s t i m a t i o n of a i r change r a t e s .

2. MOTIVATION FOR OPENING AND CLOSING WINDOWS AND DOORS

People were asked t o i n d i c a t e t h e importance of s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r opening and c l o s i n g windows.

Four answers were p o s s i b l e .

The p o s s i b l e answers and t h e p e r c e n t a g e s are g i v e n i n T a b l e s 1 and 2. Very important

Important

Less

import a n t important Average (1 1 (01

(3)

(2)

-to a i r

53

42

3

2

2-47

- t o remove bad smells

40

41

6

13

2.08

17

42

14

27

1.49

13

27

18

41

1.11

10

26

23

40

1.05

6

20

23

49

0.81

-to avoid condensation - t o remove smoke - t o renew stained a i r by h e a t i n g - t o reduce temperature

Table 1

-

Reasons f o r opening windows ( % of answers). The last column g i v e s t h e weighted average of t h e 4 answers ; where

-

very important

A

important = 2

-

= 3

less important n o t important

= =

1

0.

Important (2

Very import a n t (3)

Less Not important important Average (1 1 (01

-to maintain the inside temperature

64

31

2

2

2.56

-to protect a g a i n s t bad weather

37

43

5

15

2.02

-to avoid draught

34

42

9

16

1.95

-to preserve safety

34

31

10

24

1 -74

- t o avoid o u t s i d e pollution

16

32

24

27

1.36

-to preserve privacy

13

28

25

34

1.20

- t o avoid outside noise

14

24

25

37

1.15

Table 2

-

Reasons f o r c l o s i n g windows o r t o hold them c l o s e d ( % of answers, t o t a l of each l i n e is 100 $).

The l a s t column g i v e s t h e weighted a v e r a g e of t h e 4 answers; where

-

:

very important

- important

- less

=

=

3

=

1

2

important

not important

= 0.

3. HOW DO PEOPLE USE WINDOWS ? 3.1.

Basic a n a l y s i s

Four q u e s t i o n s were asked w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e window u s e i n d i f f e r e n t rooms.

A t o t a l of 8,955 answers f o r w i n t e r t i m e use

and 9 , 3 2 3 f o r summertime use were given. 3.1.1.

Question 1 :.Position of the window

Table 3 g i v e s t h r e e p o s s i b i l i t i e s and t h e number of answers ( u s e i n w i n t e r t i m e and u s e i n summertime) i n percentage and i n a b s o l u t e f i g u r e s (between b r a c k e t s )

Answer

.

WINTER

SUMMER

-i

Window never open

27

(2,460)

L.

Window a j a r

53

(4,700)

33 (3,090)

A

Window wide open

20

(1,790)

57(5,350)

Table 3

+

9

(880)

Number of rooms w i t h such window u s e

(Percentage and a b s o l u t e number) A s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between summer and w i n t e r e x i s t s : 1

of t h e 4 rooms is never v e n t i l a t e d i n w i n t e r , w h i l e t h i s f i g u r e becomes o n l y 1 of t h e 10 rooms i n summer.

P r e f e r e n c e is given

t o windows a j a r i n winter and wide open i n summer.

3.1.2.

Question 2 : How many times do you open the window ?

Table 4 g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s . The percentages are i n d i c a t e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e number of rooms where windows and doors a r e opened.

I

Answer

SUMMER

WINTER

S e v e r a l times a day

6

(380)

12

(850)

+

Once a day

7

S e v e r a l times a week

7

(420)

4

(290)

r

Once a week

6

(400)

3

(190)

81 (5,140)

Table 4

- Frequency

82(5,950)

of window opening ( % )

% of windows a r e v e n t i l a t e d once a day. No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s between summer and w i n t e r t i m e . Interpretation

3.1.3.

: 80

Question 3 : What is the average opening time ?

Four answers were p o s s i b l e .

~ C o n t i n u o u s l y nis r e l a t e d t o t h e

fourth question.

Answer

SUMMER

WINTER

-

A few minutes

21(1,380)

3

(280)

Less t h a n one hour

46 (2,990)

8

(680)

+

S e v e r a l hours

12

Continuously d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i n d i c a t e d i n Table 6

21 (1,340)

Table 5 Interpretation

: As

+

(810)

21(1,760) 68 (5,740)

Average opening time ( % )

one can e x p e c t , t h e opening time i n w i n t e r

is r a t h e r s h o r t ; i n 66% of t h e c a s e s l e s s than 1 hour.

I n summertime, 90 % of t h e windows a r e open a t l e a s t s e v e r a l hours a day.

Question 4 : At what time of the day are the rooms

3.1.4.

ventilated ?

Nine answers were p o s s i b l e (see Table 6)

Answer E a r l y i n t h e morning

- I n t h e morning -:

A t noon

- In

-

the afternoon

I n t h e e a r l y evening

- I n t h e evening - During t h e day

i

A t night

Day and n i g h t

WINTER 3

(300)

32(2,860)

SUMMER 2

(220)

6

(540)

4

(400)

2

(180)

5

(480)

3

(260)

1

(100)

0

(30)

2

(230)

1

(110)

19 (1,740)

58 (5,490)

29 (2,640)

11 (1,070)

4

(330)

16 (1,540) I

Table 6

- D i s t r i b u t i o n ( i n $1 of time of t h e day f o r v e n t i l a t i n g t h e room.

I n t h e c a s e of w i n t e r t i m e , t h e morning p e r i o d is f r e q u e n t l y answered, c o n t r a r y t o summertime where p r e f e r e n c e is g i v e n t o " d u r i n g t h e dayw. Remark

:

E a r l i e r s t u d i e s showed t h a t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n given by i n h a b i t a n t s can be d o u b t f u l .

One should t h e r e f o r e be

c a r e f u l and pay more a t t e n t i o n t o r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s t h a n t o absolute figures.

D e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s of window u s e a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e t y p e of room 3.2.1.

How many windows/doors are opened and in which position ?

Table 7 g i v e s an overview of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e answers f o r s i x d i f f e r e n t rooms and f o r t h e whole dwelling.

A separa-

t i o n between i n d i v i d u a l dwellings and apartments has a l s o been made.

Interpretation

. There is no s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e between apartments and

d w e l l i n g s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e number of rooms which are never ventilated.

.A

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s i n p r e f e r e n c e of window po%

sition ments

:

p r e f e r e n c e is given t o t h e p o s i t i o n " a j a r f f f o r a p a r t =

:

wintertime

:

almost 85 $ (62 / (62+13)) of t h e windows a r e opened " a j a r w i n t h e c a s e of a p a r t m e n t s , w h i l e 65 % ( 4 5 / (45+25)) was t h e c a s e f o r i n d i v i d u a l dwellings.

summertime

:

45 $ of t h e windows a r e opened I1ajarn f o r a p a r t A ments, 30 % f o r i n d i v i d u a l dwellings.

. The number

of l i v i n g rooms which a r e never v e n t i l a t e d i n

w i n t e r t i m e is much higher t h a n t h e average f i g u r e f o r t h e e n t i r e house

:

52 % a g a i n s t 27 %.

57 $ of t h e l i v i n g rooms i n i n d i v i d u a l dwellings a r e never ventilated.

. The bedrooms a r e more v e n t i l a t e d t h a n t h e average room. 90 $ of a l l t h e p r i n c i p a l bedrooms a r e v e n t i l a t e d i n winter4 time.

. The window p o s i t i o n "wide open"

is very seldom used i n winter-

time i n t h e c a s e of l i v i n g rooms, k i t c h e n s and bathrooms of apartments. 3.2.2.

Estimation of opening times

The c o l l e c t e d information d i d not g i v e us d i r e c t i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e d u r a t i o n of v e n t i l a t i o n , and t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n is important f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s . The answers were t h e r e f o r e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o d u r a t i o n times. I t is e v i d e n t t h a t such t r a n s l a t i o n is r a t h e r s u b j e c t i v e .

ASSUMPTIONS :

- Frequency Several times a day/a week

-

Duration time a few minutes

.

+

l e s s t h a n 1 hour s e v e r a l hours continuously

+

.

+

.

+

+

we suppose twice a week

0.25 hour

0.75hour 2 hours e a r l y i n t h e morning

=

2 hours

i n t h e morning

=

2 hours

a t noon i n t h e afternoon

=

3 hours

=

3 hours

i n t h e e a r l y evening i n t h e evening

= =

3 hours 3 hours

during t h e day a t night day and n i g h t

=

10 hours

=

10 hours 24 hours

=

Table 8 gives a l l t h e r e s u l t s . Remark

:

t h e weighted average opening time has been c a l c u l a t e d a s follows :

ex.

:

l i v i n g room, a l l houses : Table 7 : 52 % a r e never opened

- 37

Table 8

:

-

+

% a r e opened a j a r 1 1 % a r e wide open. average opening time a j a r = 1 ,0 h/day average opening time wide open = 1 , 3 h/day.

weighted average opening time

=

(0,52 x 0 + 0,37 x 1 + 0,11 x 1 , 3 ) h/day 0,51 h/day

+

0,5 h/day.

=

SUMMER

WINTER D + A

Dwell.

Ap.

D + A

Dwell.

Ap.

1. Weighted av*

rage opening t i m e for a l l the rooms

-

l i v i n g room

0.5

0.4

0.7

6

5

7

kitchen

1.1

0.9

1.4

7.0

6

7.5

w

bathroom

1.4

1.6

0.9

7.0

7.5

6

-

bedroom 1

3- 8

4.0

3.7

11.5

11.5

11.5

-

bedroom 2

2.9

2.9

2.9

10.0

10

10

bedroom 3

2.4

2.2

2.8

9.5

9.5

10.5

2.0

2.0

2.1

8.5

8

9

l i v i n g room kitchen

1 .O

0.8

1.2

6

5

6.5

1.5

1.2

1.8

6.5

6.5

6.5

2.1

2.5

1.5

7

7.5

6.5

"

bathroom bedroom 1

4.1

4.5

3.8

12

12.5

12

.C:

bedroom 2

3.4

3.3

3.5

10.5

10.5

10.5

bedroom 3

2.7

2.7

2.7

10.5

8.5

13.5

entire house

2.8

2.9

2.6

9

9

9

l i v i n g room

1.3

1 .O

1.8

8

6.5

9.0

i .

kitchen

1.7

1.6

1.9

8

6.5

9.5

r

bathroom

1.6

1.6

1.3

8.5

8.5

9.0

bedroom 1

4.3

4.2

4.5

12

11.5

12

bedroom 2

3.7

3.6

4.1

11

11

11

bedroom 3

3. 4

2.8

5.1

10.5

10.5

11

entire house

3.0

2.6

3.8

9.5

9

10.5

'-

" entire house

1 2. P

4

-

Window ajar

3. Window wide

open

-

-

Table 8

-

Average d u r a t i o n t i m e of window opening a s f u n c t i o n of s e v e r a l parameters (hours/day)

Interpretation Table 9 g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e e n t i r e house.

SUMNER

WINTER D

Window ajar

+

A

Dwell.

2.8(53)

2.9(45)

2.6(62)

Window wide open 3.0(20)

2.6(25)

3.8(13)9.5(57)

Weighted average

Table 9

2.0

2.1

2.0

Dwell.

D + A

Ap.

9 (33) 9 (26)

Ap. 9 (42)

9 ( 6 4 ) 10.5(50)

8.5

8

9

Average opening time f o r t h e 2 window p o s i t i o n s and weighted a v e r a g e ( t h e f i g u r e s between b r a c k e t s are t h e frequency of occurance

-

%)

(hours/day).

The a v e r a g e opening time of a l l t h e windows i n a house is 2

;

hours a day i n w i n t e r t i m e and 8 hours a day i n summertime.

-

Higher values a r e found f o r bedrooms and lower v a l u e s f o r l i v i n g rooms and k i t c h e n s . The opening times f o r windows " a j a r t 1 a r e more o r less t h e

same as f o r windows "wide openw.

- The

a v e r a g e opening time f o r t h e whole house is 8 % i n winter-

time and about 35 % i n summertime. These v a l u e s can be compared w i t h t h e formulae of Lyberg [ I ] and D e Gids C21 Lyberg

:

cte

H. A T =

De G i d s : H

=

=

180

... 260

A + B T

where A

=

10 and B

H

=

percentage of open windows ($1

T

=

e x t e r n a l temperature (OC)

AT

=

=

0.65

t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e between i n s i d e and o u t s i d e

For Ti

e

=

(hyperbolic)

=

T

i

-

Te ( i )

Belgium : I8OC 2OC ( a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e January)

=

1 5OC (average t e m p e r a t u r e Summer)

=

o r De G i d s Lyberg

: H =

11 % ( w i n t e r t i m e ) and 20 % (summertime)

: H =

11 t o 16 % ( w i n t e r t i m e )

Our d a t a f o r w i n t e r t i m e a r e lower t h a n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from t h e 2 formulae; f o r summertime t h e s e d a t a a r e h i g h e r t h a n t h e f i g u r e of De Gids. ( t h e formulae of Lyberg a r e not v i a b l e f o r s m a l l v a l u e s of AT) 3.2.3.

.

Estimation of the increase in ventilation rates due to window use

An e s t i m a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t of i n h a b i t a n t s 1 behaviour on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e is p o s s i b l e . Let u s suppose :

.air

flow r a t e s through a n open window :

window a j a r ( 6 cm) P

Rem.

:

50 t o 150 m3/h (Knbbel)

C31

window wide open (0.5 m 2 ) : 200 t o 300 m3/h ( P f a f f ) [ 4 ] :

we have supposed t h e same a i r f l o w s i n w i n t e r t i m e and summertime t a k i n g i n t o account t h e high u n c e r t a i n t y of t h e assumed a i r f l o w r a t e s

. dwelling/apartment

-

volume : 200 m 3 .

The a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s assumption t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f o r a l l t h e rooms allows an e s t i m a t i o n of t h e i n c r e a s e i n venL t i l a t i o n r a t e due t o t h e occupants nocc

n

1 TIE = (

OCC

where

x QW,rnin 24xVOL

+

1

:

Q~,max 1 1 2 24 x VOL

:

n

LOcC

TIME

Qw

:

i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e due t o occupants ( a c / h )

:

a d d i t i o n f o r a l l t h e rooms

:

e s t i m a t e d d u r a t i o n of open windows (h/day)

:

e s t i m a t e d a i r flow through open windows (m3/h) ( a j ar/wide open)

max

:

maximum a i r flow (150 m 3 f o r a j a r and 300 m 3 f o r wide open)

min

:

minimum a i r flow (50 m 3 f o r a j a r and 200 m 3 f o r wide open)

VOL

:

a i r volume of t h e house ( m 3 )

Table 10 g i v e s t h e average v a l u e s and median values.

Dwellings+apartm. mean

median

Dwellings mean

Apartments

median

mean

median

WINTER

0,26

0,lO

0,31

0,14

0,21

0,09

SUMMER

1,5

1,2

1,7

1,3

1,3

1, O

Table 1 0

- Mean and median v a l u e s f o r nocc ( a c / h ) .

A d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e s is g i v e n i n

F i g s . 1 t o 3.

- The

i n f l u e n c e of t h e window use on t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e can

be analysed by u s i n g mean v a l u e s o r median values. Table 1 0 shows t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e beL tween them.

. mean : weighted a v e r a g e of . median : t h e average v a l u e o r d e r of magnitude

.

a l l t h e values of t h e samples when a r r a n g e d i n

- The mean v a l u e f o r n OCC i n w i n t e r

is 0 , 2 6 ac/h; t h i s means

t h a t window u s e i n c r e a s e s on a v e r a g e w i t h a v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e of O,26 ac/h. The median, which i s 0 , 1 0 a c / h , means t h a t nocc i s less t h a n 0,10 a c / h , i n 50 % of a l l t h e c a s e s .

- P r a c t i c a l conclusion

:

. t h e window u s e i n w i n t e r

s i g n i f i e s f o r 50 % of t h e houses

a n i n c r e a s e i n v e n t i l a t i o n rate of less t h a n 0 , 1 0 a c / h .

.a

v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f o r nocc between d w e l l i n g s

and apartments e x i s t s

:

0,31 ac/h v e r s u s 0,21 a c / h .

T h i s is due t o t h e f a c t t h a t windows a j a r a r e much more common i n apartments t h a n i n dwellings. T h i s r e s u l t might be somewhat m i s l e a d i n g because i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e a i r flow through a n open window i n an a p a r t ment b u i l d i n g a t t h e 5 t h f l o o r is higher t h a n t h e same open window a t street l e v e l i n a dwelling.

. the results

i n summertime i n d i c a t e t h a t nocc is between

and 1 , 5 ac/h.

. Table

11 g i v e s t h e percentage of f a m i l i e s where nocc is

h i g h e r i n w i n t e r t h a n t h e i n d i c a t e d values.

,

>

>

0,25

>

0,50

>

0,70

1,00

A l l houses

28

15

11

7

Dwellings

32

17

13

9

Apartments

23

12

8

5

i

Table 1 1 - % o f f a m i l i e s w i t h n inwinter abovetheindicated occ value (ac/h)

.

3.2.4.

Practical calculation data

The r a t h e r wide v a r i a t i o n i n f i g u r e s does not allow us t o r e a l i z e a very c l e a r formula f o r t h e expression of window use. The following 3 t a b l e s t r y t o r e f l e c t t h e main t r e n d s i n t h e results. WINTER

Dwell. Average NE=

whole house

VER

l i v i n g room

30 +

bedrooms

50

SUMMER

Ap.

50

--

-

40

55

++ + +

WIDE whole house

+

20

-

OPEN l i v i n g room

+

10

.a

+

30

L

bedrooms

bedrooms 12

Ap.

20

-

5

-

l i v i n g room

Average 10

-

15

A J A R whole house

Table

Dwell.

-

30

++

35 35

++ ++ ++

55

-

60

CIL:

60

-H

S i m p l i f i e d t a b l e f o r average window use ( i n % ) +

=

5 t o 10 % more than average

++

=

more than 10 % above average

c

=

5 t o 10 % l e s s than average

"-

=

more than 10 % beneath average.

SUMMER

WINTER

D w e l l . Average AVE; whole house RAGE l i v i n g room FOR ALL bedrooms ROOPS ROOM whole house 'IT: l i v i n g room OPE WIN" bedrooms DOWS Table 1 3

-

Ap.

Average

Dwell.

8

2

*

+

0.5

6

3

(hours/day)

10

3

-

Simplified

Ap.

+

1 4.0

t a b l e f o r average opening time of windows + = at

=

l e a s t 20 % h i g h e r t h a n average

a t least 20 % less than average

WINTER

SUMMER

AJAR

WIDE OPEN

Less t h a n 15 min.

4

2

1

1

15 t o 30 minutes

10

2

1

1

30 min. t o 1 hour

20

4

4

8

8 4

AJAR

WIDE OPEN

1 t o 3 hours

8

8 4

3 t o 6 hours 6 t o 1 2 hours

1

I

1

4

2

15

30

More t h a n 12 hours

2

2

4

10

Not v e n t i l a t e d

Table 14

-

30

10

S i m p l i f i e d t a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n e s t i m a t i o n of window opening times ( % of a l l t h e rooms).

4. CONCLUSION

The main conclusions of t h i s study a r e

:

some 30 % of a l l t h e windows were never opened i n wintertime and some 10 % i n summertime.

Higher values a r e found f o r t h e

l i v i n g room and lower ones f o r t h e bedrooms. There i s a preference f o r t h e p o s i t i o n v v a j a r wi n wintertime "wide openvf i n summertime.

and

lvajarvl occurs more f r e q u e n t l y

.

I n apartments t h e p o s i t i o n

The average opening time f o r a l l t h e windows is some 2 hours i n w i n t e r and some 8 hours i n summer.

- This behaviour d a t a i n combination with a few assumptions lead t o an estimated average i n c r e a s e i n t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e f o r wintertime of 0.25 ac/h with somewhat higher. values f o r dwellings and somewhat lower values i n apartments. However, f o r 50 % of t h e f a m i l i e s t h i s i n c r e a s e is below 0 , 1 ac/h. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper is based on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t E3/III/1.1

b i s of t h e Belgian National R&D Programme of Energy

(Prime Ministers'

Office

-

Science Policy Programming).

The a u t h o r s wishes t o thank a l l t h e people involved i n t h i s study

:

t h e s t a f f of t h e National Housing S o c i e t y , t h e Depart-

ment of Building Physics a t t h e University of Lidge, Mr. M. Gengoux, D. LfHeureux, P. Voordecker of t h e B.B.R.I. for the support with t h e preparation and a n a l y s i s of t h e d a t a , F i n a l l y our g r a t i t u d e goes t o Mrs. M. O l i s l a e g e r s who t r a n s L f ormed our notes i n t o camerakready copy.

6. REFERENCES

1. LYBERG, M.D. " R e s i d e n t and windows

.

Airing.

R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , Report M.83,

Swedish N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g 1983, 21 pp.,

8 figs.,

15

refs.

2. DE GIDS, W.F.,

PHAFF, J . C . ,

VAN DONGEN, J.E.F.

I n t e r i m Rapport vTBewonersgedragen v e n t i l a t i en, ING/TNO C581, Nederland, J u l i 1985.

3. KNOBEL, V. 1703 N a t u r a l and mechanical v e n t i l a t i o n systems. E i n r i c h t u n g e n z u r f r e i e n Luftung und Luftungsanlagen. Luf t u n g i m Wohnungsbau :

Tagungsber i c h t zum S t a t usseminar

am 4. und 5. A p r i l 1984 i m Bauzentrum Munchen

= A i r Infil-

t r a t i o n and V e n t i l a t i o n i n R e s i d e n t i a l B u i l d i n g s . E d i t e d by L. T r e p t e , A. LeMarie, Cologne, V e r l a g TUV, Rheinland, 1984, p. 69-106,

4. PHAFF, J . C . ,

DE GIDS, W.F.,

20 f i g s .

TON, J . A . ,

VAN DE REE, D . ,

VAN SCHIJNDEL, L. L.M. V e n t i l a t i e van gebouwen.

Onderzoek n a a r de gevolgen van h e t

openen van Q6n raam op h e t binnenklimaat van een kamer IMG/TNO Rapport c 448, Nederland, 1980.

.