Pengantar Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi Dan ... - Insteps

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Pengantar. Perkembangan Teknologi. Informasi Dan Komunikasi. Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-1. Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi. Program ...
Pengantar Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-1 Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama) Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP

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Topik Pembahasan • Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi • Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi • Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem Informasi • Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi • Permasalahan Etika 2

Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

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Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi ERA 4 ERA 3 ERA 2 1990

ERA 1

1980 1970

Focus of Philosophy Administrative Framework Primary Target Justification/Purposes

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Computer Technology Era DATA PROCESSING

Focus of Philosophy

REGULATED MONOPOLY

Administrative Framework

ORGANIZATIONAL

Primary Target

PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCY

Justification Purposes 5

Information Technology Era END-USER COMPUTING

Focus of Philosophy

FREE MARKET

Administrative Framework

INDIVIDUAL

Primary Target

EFFECTIVENESS

Justification Purposes

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Information System Era STRATEGIC SYSTEM

Focus of Philosophy

REGULATED FREE MARKET

Administrative Framework

BUSINESS PROCESS

Primary Target

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Justification Purposes

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Global Information System Era BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION ENABLER

Focus of Philosophy

GLOBALIZATION

Administrative Framework

DYNAMIC SYSTEM

Primary Target

ADAPTIVITY

Justification Purposes

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Trends of ICT

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Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi

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What is IT? Examples of IT • websites; • software applications such as instructional and office software; • telecommunications products such as conventional telephones and cell phones; • multimedia content such as that found on DVDs, videotapes, broadcast and cable TV; and • self-contained, closed products such as copiers, fax machines, or information kiosks. 11

Domain Komputer, TI, dan SI INFORMATION SYSTEM Research and Development

Processes

People and Culture

Cost and Investment

Electronic Commerce

Management

Human Resources

ISDN, VSAT

Products and Services Infrastructure

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Rules and Policy

Organization

Standards and Procedures

Internet Intranet

Digital Nervous System

Extranet

COMPUTER Market and Customers Strategic Business Plan

Electronic Data Interchange Decision Support System

HARDWARE

Operating System

PC Desktop Notebook and Palmtop

Data Mining Macro Environment

Printer Modem

Workgroup Computing

SOFTWARE

Multimedia

Database Applications Programming Languages

Outsourcing

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Definisi TI •





Teknologi informasi adalah suatu teknik untuk mengumpulkan, menyiapkan, menyimpan, memproses, mengumumkan, menganalisa, dan menyebarkan informasi. Komputer adalah alat pemroses data elektronik, magnetik, optikal, atau sistem yang melaksanakan fungsi logika, aritmatika, dan penyimpanan. Informasi elektronik adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang diantaranya meliputi teks, simbol, gambar, tanda-tanda, isyarat, tulisan, suara, bunyi, dan bentuk-bentuk lainnya. 13

Komponen TI • Hardware – Komputer – Peripheral

• Software – – – –

Operating System Package Software Application Software Programming Language

• Database – Field – Record / Table – RDBMS

• Network – Local Area Network – Wide Area Network – Global Network

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TI Berbasis Komputer (CBIS) • Pengumpulan, pengelolaan dan penyajian informasi menggunakan komputer. • Unggul dalam kondisi: – – – – –

Repetitif Jumlah data dalam ukuran besar Membutuhkan akurasi yang tinggi Fleksibilitas Pengolahan Data Melibatkan banyak SDM 15

The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM What ? IS ISStrategy Strategy Division/function Division/functionbased based Demand Demandoriented oriented Business focused Business focused

Applications

Wherefore ? IM IMStrategy Strategy Organisation Organisationbased based Relationship Relationshiporiented oriented Management Managementfocused focused How ? IT ITStrategy Strategy Activity Activitybased based Supply Supplyoriented oriented Technology Technologyfocused focused

Management

Delivery 16

Manajemen Informasi Corporations Community Business Entities Institutions Public Sectors Non Profit Organization

INFORMATION SYSTEM - DEMAND SITE -

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - SUPPLY SITE Software Houses Universities

Computer Manufacturers Silicon Valley

R&D Centers 17

Fungsi Sistem Informasi ENVIRONMENT Customers

Suppliers ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

Regulatory Agencies

Stakeholders

Competitors 18

Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem Informasi

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Peran dan Manfaat ICT Information and communications technology carries on high promise both in human and economic terms. Benefits could be obtained in: • Education • Job training • Health care • Food security • Environment management • Government efficiency And specifically in Science and Technology: • Speed up dissemination of scientific results world-wide through scientific knowledge sharing and exchange • Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote instrument control 20

Peran dan Manfaat TI • Industri – – – –

Airlines, Telecommunications, Tourism Manufacturing, Financial (Banking, Insurance, Leasing, etc.) Health Care, Education, Entertainment Retails, etc.

• Area Fungsional – – – –

Marketing Finance and Accounting Production and Operation Human Resources

• Pelayanan Publik • Individu 21

TI Menjadi Bagian Keseharian Hidup Manusia • TI dapat dipakai di semua sektor kehidupan • Pengendalian – – – – – – –

Pusat Pengatur Beban Listrik Air Trafic Controller Air Ticketing Perbankan Manufaktur / Industri Process Restaurant Oil and Gas Refinery

• Dari Lahir sampai “masuk RMD”

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TI Menemani Perjalanan Hidup Manusia

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Pemanfaatan TI Dalam Organisasi Person-to-person communication and networking • • •

E-mail, videotext, facsimile, voice mail PCs, modems, and desktop video Mobile phones, pagers, and hand-held messaging devices

Collaborative work and groupware • • • • •

Exchange files, electronic file transfer, transferring discs Telephone, facsimile, e-mail, and web access Audio and video conference, screen sharing Computer models, simulations, and forecasting tools Electronic data interchange

Organizational Databases and archives • •

Hand-held and laptop computers, personal digital assistants Data and information warehouses, accessible over intranet

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Manufacturing

Source: Turban

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Marketing Management

Source: Turban

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Business transaction (B-to-B)

Source: Turban

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Business Transaction (B-to-C)

Source: Turban

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Changes in the Manufacturing Industry by digitalization Product life cycle to shorten drastically with IT application

Life Cycle

AV Products

1-2 years

Long LongLife Life Middle Middlefluctuation fluctuationband band CTV, AUDIO Shift

IT

Short Shortlife life Big to maximum Big to maximum fluctuation fluctuationband band

Products 3-4 months

Digitalized, Semiconductor packaging 3-4 months

3-4 months

PC, Digital Camera 29

Human Life

Source: Turban

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… Human Life

Source: Turban

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… Human Life

Source: Turban

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Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

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Element Pokok TIK-1 • Teknologi Pendukung: microelectronics, optoelectronics, sistem operasi, bahasa pemrograman, dan lain – lain. • Peralatan: telephone, televisi, personal komputer, scanner, game machines, compact discs, digital cameras, telecommunications switches, dan peralatan lain yang digunakan untuk mengirim, menerima, menyimpan, memproses, dan menyajikan informasi. • Konten: Kata, kalimat, teks, gambar, suara, layanan, atau data dalam bentuk lain yang dikumpulkan, disajikan, diproses, disimpan, dan dikirim atau diterima.

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Element Pokok TIK-2 • User Interface Systems: Kombinasi perangkat keras (hardware) seperti keyboard, mouse, CPU, dll. dan piranti lunak (software) seperti graphical user interface, atau voice recognition system untuk interaksi manusia dengan komputer. • Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi: jaringan telekomunikasi kabel maupun wireless guna (narrow and broadband networks), termasuk teknologi switching, terrestrial broadcasting, cable tv, fiber optic, cellular, dan komunikasi satelit. • People: Sekretaris, Penulis Konten, Perencana bisnis, Pembuat software, Akuntan, Mahasiswa/pelajar, Insinyur, Doktor, Pejabat Pemerintah, dan lain sebagainya yang membuat, menggunakan, mengelola, dan mendukung Telematika. 35

Dimensi TIK-1 Informasi • Telematika berhubungan dengan apa yang Anda baca, dengar, lihat, dan ketahui melalui sekumpulan aktivitas yang meliputi mengumpulkan, menganalisa, mencetak, dan menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk tulisan, gambar, suara, dan lain sebagainya. Contoh: memirsa TV, menyimak informasi pada website; membaca isi CD-ROM, mengakses database. People • Telematika membentuk apa yang Anda ketahui, menjadi media dengan siapa Anda berkomunikasi. Komunikasi dengan sesama individu, atau berbeda kelompok: one to one, one to many, many to many, one to millions. Contoh: Penerbitan; penyiaran; berbicara melalui (video)phone; mengirim facsimili; mengirim surat, e-mail, telekonference, dll. 36

Dimensi TIK-2 Layanan • Telematika mempengaruhi perilaku produktivitas dan konsumsi masyarakat. Hal ini dilakukan melalui aktivitas transaksi elektronik dan layanan elektronik. Contoh: Pay-perview TV; electronic banking and shopping, perpanjangan ijin melalui Internet, booking pesawat udara melalui telepon atau Internet, dll. Teknologi • Telematika menyediakan akses kepada sarana informasi lainnya, melalui aktivitas membuat dan memanfaatkan peralatan, teknik, dan pengetahuan untuk mengakses peralatan Telematika lainnya. Contoh: Modem menghubungkan komputer dengan jaringan, Internet dan infrastruktur informasi lainnya. Penyedia Telematika mendukung layanan akses Internet, e-mail dan lain – lain. 37

Global Trend • The need for better, faster, and cheaper in sharing information and communications among individuals and organizations • The need to support people who are working together, both in same and dispersed locations. • Information and Comunication Technology (ICT / Telematika) enables people increasing productivity.

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Demam “e-” • • • •

E-business E-commerce E-government Lantas apa bedanya dengan SI/TI dan “e” • Adakah perbedaan dalam mengelolanya? • Yang membuat Internet signifikan: – Pervasive – Interactive – Media penghubung banyak pihak 39

e-Business Infrastructure Media Gateway Call Server Voicemail

Telephone Network

IVR

LAN Switch CTI Server Router Firewall

Internet Network

VPN Proxy Cache Cache Server 40

Permasalahan Etika

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Ethical Issues • Privacy – What information about oneself should an individual be required to reveal to others? – What kind of surveillance can an employer use on its employees? – What information about individuals should be kept in databases, and how secure is the information there?

• Accuracy – Who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and accuracy of information collected? – How can we ensure that information will be processed properly and presented accurately to users?

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… Ethical Issues • Property – – – – –

Who owns the information? What are the fair prices for its exchange? Who owns the channels of information? How should one handle software piracy? Can corporate computers be used for private purposes?

• Accessibility – Who is allowed to access information? – What information does a person or an organization have a right or a privilege to obtain – under what condition and with what safeguards?

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Pengaruh Terhadap Organisasi •

Flatter organizational hierarchies –



Increased staff-to-line workers ratio –



Those who control information

Changes in career path –



For example E-Commerce unit

Increased power and status of the IT staff –



The pyramid structure is no longer suitable

Establishment of new special organization unit –



The fact shows different result, why??

Especially for “IT literate” employee

Changes in supervision –

From traditional to electronic supervision

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Impacts on Individual & Society •



Individual – Decreased job satisfaction • Some jobs may become more routine and less satisfying – Dehumanization and psychological impacts • Human vs. machine issues – Impacts on health and safety • Job stress and repetitive strain injuries Society – Opportunities for people with disabilities – Improved quality of life (do you agree???)

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IT Development Trends High

Externally Focused

The Rules

Source: Gartner

Era IV: IT Enabling New Business Models Ubiquitous Information Access

Era III: Value Creation and Business Effectiveness Internally Focused

Internet/Network Computing

Era II: Productivity and End-User Empowerment Client/Server Computing

Era I: Automation, Cost Control and Efficiency Mainframe/Midrange Computing

Low 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020 46

Terima Kasih

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