Perspectives of Renewable Energy in the Danube Region
Editors Willington Ortiz Márta Somogyvári Viktor Varjú István Fodor Stefan Lechtenböhmer
Institute for Regional Studies Centre for Economic and Regional Studies Hungarian Academy of Sciences Pécs, 2015
The Perspectives of Renewable Energy in the Danube Region Conference (26–27 March 2015) and this book of proceedings were financed by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) and co-organised by the Wuppertal Institute, the Institute for Regional Studies of CERS HAS (with its own contribution and partial scientific support from OTKA – Hungarian Scientific Research Fund grant #NK 104985: New driving forces of spatial restructuring and regional development paths in Eastern Europe at the beginning of 21st century) and the Regional Committee of Pécs, HAS.
Peer reviewers: László Berényi, Nikolett Deutsch, István Fodor, Willington Ortiz, Éva Pintér, Gábor Pintér, Damir Šljivac, Márta Somogyvári, Dobi Ildikó Wantuchné
ISBN 978 963 9899 91 9 © Institute for Regional Studies, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences © Authors © Editors
Technical editor: Ilona Strasserné Csapó Printed in Hungary by Molnár Nyomda Ltd. The content of the publications are the sole responsibility of the Authors and Editors and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the DBU.
CONTENTS
Preface............................................................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCTION The Signs of Post-Fossil Transition in the Energy Landscapes along the River Danube Márta Somogyvári ............................................................................................................. 19 SYSTEMIC COMPONENTS AND CONSTRAINS The Role of Renewable Energy in the Energy Network System of the Danube Region Tamás János Katona ......................................................................................................... 35 Modelling the Integration of Large Energy Storage in the Alpine Region Mathis Buddeke, Christine Krüger, Arjuna Nebel, Frank Merten ................... 46 Ideas of the Renewable Energy in Climate-Strategies of Medium-Size Hungarian Cities Edit Hoyk, András Donát Kovács and Jenő Zsolt Farkas ..................................... 55 Overview and Perspectives of Renewable Energy Sources in the Danube Region in Croatia Anton Spajić, Stanislav Vezmar, Danijel Topić and Damir Šljivac ................ 64 SOCIAL DOMAIN Social Aspects and Challenges of Renewable Energy Usage László Berényi.................................................................................................................... 81 The Theory of Environmental Modernization and its Feasibility Application in Capitalist Economy. The Case of Renewable Energy Diffusion in Romania Dragos Constantin Sanda.............................................................................................. 88 An analysis of Social Effects of Climate and Energy Usage Modernization: Romanian Green Labor Market Alexandra Luana Sanda (Smarandoiu) ................................................................... 96 ECONOMIC DOMAIN Note on the Economics of Renewable Energy Technologies in the Danube region Nikolett Deutsch, Éva Pintér ...................................................................................... 107
Romanian Electricity Market in the Light of Fast Development of Renewable Energies: General Presentation and Critical Assessment Sorin Cebotari .................................................................................................................. 113 Joint Renewable Energy Support Schemes in the Visegrád Countries Éva Szabina Somossy, Tamás Tóth.......................................................................... 125 HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL Hydro Energy Potential in the Danube Region and in Hungary István Szeredi ................................................................................................................... 139 WIND RESOURCES Perspectives of Wind Energy in the Danube Region Dr. Ildikó Dobi Wantuch .............................................................................................. Optimization of Wind Farm Location Planning with GIS Methods Based on a Hungarian Case Study Area (Csongrád County) Nándor Csikós, Péter Szilassi ..................................................................................... The Limits to Wind Energy in Hungary the Geographical Aspect Béla Munkácsy, Ádám Harmat, Dániel Meleg ..................................................... Statistical Estimation of the Next Day’s Average Wind Speed and Wind Power Károly Tar, István Lázár and Renáta Gyarmati .................................................
151
154 166
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GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Untapped Potentials and Enhanced Use of Deep Geothermal Energy in the Danube Region Annamária Nádor, Szilárd Árvay ............................................................................. General overview of RES, focusing on the geothermal energy Klára Szita Tóth, Anna Vizkeleti .............................................................................. Geothermal energy applications developed in Bihor County and at University of Oradea Mircea Gordan, Cristian Vancea, Cornelia Gordan, Maria Bittenbinder, Monica Costea ........................................................................ Thermal Water Utilization and its Possible Development in the Early 21st Century in Hajdúság, East Hungary Erika Bódi, Tamás Buday, Réka Lilla Kovács, Richard William McIntosh and Miklós Kozák ..................................................... Effect of the Solar Radiation on Underground Temperature Values and Heat Supply Around a Ground Coupled Heat Pump Based on Meteorological Data, Debrecen Tamás Buday, István Lázár, Gergely Csákberényi-Nagy, Erika Bódi and Tamás Tóth ..............................................................................................................
195 204
216
227
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Utilizing Geothermal Energy in Hungary Today Lajos Göőz ......................................................................................................................... 251 SOLAR RESOURCES Solar Energy Resources in the Danube Region Damir Šljivac .................................................................................................................... Decreasing negative ecological impacts of PV farms: identification of suitable areas in Hungary Lea Végh............................................................................................................................. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Different Photovoltaic Systems in Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia Denis Pelin, Sándor Zsolt Kovács, Andrea Suvák, Damir Šljivac, Danijel Topić .................................................................................................................... Applying Solar Energy for Water Heating – a Case Study at a Secondary School in Croatia Marinko Stojkov, Krunoslav Hornung, Ante Čikić, Dražan Kozak, Damir Šljivac, Danijel Topić .......................................................................................
257 267
278
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BIOMASS RESOURCES Sugar Beet as a Potential Energy Crop in the Danube Region László Potyondi ................................................................................................................ 307 Reed as a Biomass Resource in the Danube Region – An Assessment of Potentials and Different Utilization Possibilities for Energy Production in Austria Jürgen Krail, Hannes Kitzler, Georg Beckmann, Helmut Plank, Christoph Pfeifer and Doris Rixrath ......................................................................... 318 Evaluating the Market Competitiveness of Reed Based Biofuels Doris Rixrath, Jürgen Krail and Arne Ragossnig ................................................. 335 Biomass transportation into power plants – calculation method of transportation distances Gábor Pintér ..................................................................................................................... 348
Editors ........................................................................................................................................ 357
Effect of the Solar Radiation on Underground Temperature Values and Heat Supply Around a Ground Coupled Heat Pump Based on Meteorological Data, Debrecen Tamás Buday1,*, István Lázár2, Gergely Csákberényi-Nagy2, Erika Bódi1 and Tamás Tóth2 1University
of Debrecen, Department of Mineralogy and Geology, Debrecen, Hungary of Debrecen, Department of Meteorology, Debrecen, Hungary 3Renewable Energy Park, Debrecen, Hungary E-mails:
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected] * Corresponding Author 2University
Abstract: The recovery of the underground energy around a ground coupled loop of heat pump system basically depends on the type and size of the loop, the targeted depth, the extracted and injected energy, the horizontal and vertical underground heat transport and especially in shallow systems the solar irradiance. The amount of summarized heat supply is the key to the sustainable and economic utilization of heat pump systems. Since solar radiation controls the temperature of the ground surface, in addition the yearly temperature changes of the air and in the shallow underground, thus it could determine the fundamentals of designing the systems (heat and cooling demand, recovery, etc.). In this paper one year data of a meteorological station is analyzed using diagrams and analytically for determining the relationship between the measured parameters. This could ascertain the role of solar irradiation in the energy flow around a heat pump system. Keywords: solar radiation; underground heat recovery; heat pump system.
1. Introduction The sector of ground coupled heat pumps is the most dynamic and largest sector in direct geothermal energy utilization (Lund et al. 2010, Rybach 2010). Heat pumps deliver energy from ambient underground substrate (soil, sediments, rocks, groundwater) to a heated building, which has higher temperatures than the underground (Ochsner 2007). The process requires auxiliary energy which is usually electricity. The systems’ performance could be given as the quotient of the delivered energy and the auxiliary energy called as COP (coefficient of performance), and this parameter is important in the economic running and environmental impacts of the system.
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Ambient temperature has fundamental effects on COP value due to themoanalytical reasons. Studies showed (e.g. Eugster – Rybach, 2000, Buday 2010) that if heat extraction is high (around or over the planning values) and only generated heat transport processes help the recovery, the underground temperature decreases year after year, resulting in increasing operation costs. The assumption of the economic operation of these systems is extra heat recovery during the summer period, when no or low heat extraction occurs. Most saving recovery modes are ground coupled cooling, unused solar heat storage in the underground medium, however, in shallow depth solar irradiation depending primarily on solar radiation, sun angle and the physical properties of the soil has a significant role in the heat recovery as well. The types of ground coupled systems (Fig. 1) vary regarding the heat carrier fluid, the targeted depth, the space demand and expedience (Ochsner 2007). Groundwater based systems could be installed to locations with shallow (
