I- Class Flagellata (mastigophora). ▻ Shape: Oval, Circle or Long. ▻ Motion: by
Flagella. ▻ Blood flagelles of this class: ▻ Lieshmania, Trypanosome.
Phylum protozoa General characteristics: • ►unicellular. ►higher protests. ►Eukaryote. ►Binary fission replication. ►Cyst formation. ►motile.
I- Class Flagellata (mastigophora) ► Shape: Oval, Circle or Long ► Motion: by Flagella ► Blood flagelles of this class: ► Lieshmania, Trypanosome. ► Intestinal flagelles: ► Giardia, trichomonas intestinalis,chilomastix ► Vaginal flagelles: ► T. vaginalis
II- Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda) • • • • •
Shape: Pleomorphic Movement : by pseudopodes. Replication: binary fission. Kyst formation. Pathogen parasite: Entamoeba histolytica.
III- Class Sporozoa ♣ Movement: unknown. ♣ Live in cell and tissue. ♣ Replication: sexual and asexual. ♣ Important genus: plasmodium, toxoplasma isospora, cryptosporidium.
IV- Class Ciliata
Movement: by cilia. Replication: binary fission. Kyst formation. Human pathogen: Balantidium coli
Class flagellata General -
characteristic: One or more flagella. Periplast membrane. Double nucleus. Replication: longitudinal fission.
Classification of Flagellates by habitat • • • •
Blood flagellates. Intestinal flagellates. Genital flagellates. Tissue flagellates.
Second classification
Genus leishmania. Genus trypanosoma. Genus giardia. Genus chilomastix. Genus trichomonas.
Genus - leishmania Species - tropica • • • •
Cutaneous leishmaniasis . Forms: Moist form: L . Tropica var major. Dry form : L . Tropica var minor.
MORPHOLOGY Intracellular parasites. Shape: oval. Length: 2-6µ, wide 1-3µ. Amastigote and promastigote forms Staining method: Giemza Culture: growth on agar media with rabbit serum.
Promastigote and amastigote
Leishmania tropica
Sensitive animal Dog,
rat, cat, rabbit and guinea pig. Source of infection: human and above animals. Transmission: direct and indirect. Direct transmission: from ulcer and blood transfusion
Indirect transmission
Indirect transmission
Geographic distribution Mediterranean,
Africa, Italia, central Asia and medal east (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Arabica…..
PATHOGENICITY ► Incubation
period: 2-5 months. ► In moist form 2-7 months. ► Primary furuncle (hand, foot, face, neck) ► Progress to ulceration or health. ► Duration: 6 – 24 months. ► Complications: with other microbes produce permanence mark ( one or more )
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
DIAGNOSIS
Direct diagnosis: Giemza or leishman stain of biopsy or fluid (amastigat form). Culture of pus or blood. Montenegro test ELISA method
Leishmania biopsy
Montenegro test
Intracellular parasites
IMMUNITY • Long term cell mediated immunity.
Systemic and Typical treatment
Glucantime:10mg/kg w.b for 10-15 days Or typically 0.1-1ml tow days in a week Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 10-15 days Typical antiseptics. mixture: Antibiotics
PREVENTION • • • •
Control of mosquito. Control of mosquito source. Hygiene. Vaccination.
LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS ►Morphology:
♦ Amastigote and promastigote forms ♦ ♦ ♦
Shape: Oval Vector: mosquito (genus lutzomyia). Animal source: small rodent animals.
Pathogenesis Cases Muco Cutaneous Leishmaniasis or Espundia. ♦ Unknown incubation period. ♦ Cases skin ulcer and than mouth, nose and lips ♦ Duration: 2-3 years.
IMMUNITY • After metastasis Cell Mediated Immunity will develop.
DIAGNOSIS
Direct diagnosis: Giemza or leishman stain of biopsy or fluid (amastigate form). Culture of pus or blood. Subcutaneous leishman test with killed parasites.
Treatment • Similar to L. Tropica but use it for longer time for example. • Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 30 days. •
Prevention • Woodland staff must protect him self from sand flies bite
Leishmania donovani
Morphology: Similar to L. Tropica.
Geographical distribution
Europe , Mediterranean , central America Africa , Asia ( India , China , Turkmenistan )
SOURCE OF INFECTION • • •
Mammal animals Humans Vector: mosquito (genus Phlebotomus) but in America genus lutzomyia • Habitat: after skin infection enter to blood circulation and infect RES.
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENESIS • Incubation period is 3-6 month. • Infect RES. • Symptoms: headache , fever , loss of Weight , Cough , anorexia anemia Splenomegaly , Hepatomegaly , diarrhea , lymphodenopathy , pain in L.H
DIAGNOSIS Direct
diagnosis: Giemza or leishman stain of RES biopsy ( amastigate form ). Thick smear of blood sample. Indirect diagnosis: Culture in rabbit blood agar media. Agglutination of patient serum and media
Treatment Pentostam
20mg/kgw.b for 30 days. Pentamidine 2-4mg/kgw.b or Amphotracine – B 1mg/kgw.b for 12-24 days Splenectomy.
