Physics for Medical Imaging. Applications edited by. Yves Lemoigne. European
Scientific Institute, Site d'Archamps,. Archamps, France. Alessandra Caner.
Physics for Medical Imaging Applications
NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry III. Computer and Systems Science IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences
IOS Press Springer IOS Press Springer
The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organised to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl
Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry – Vol. 240
Physics for Medical Imaging Applications edited by
Yves Lemoigne European Scientific Institute, Site d'Archamps, Archamps, France
Alessandra Caner European Scientific Institute, Site d'Archamps, Archamps, France and
Ghita Rahal European Scientific Institute, Site d'Archamps, Archamps, France
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Optimising Detectors, Imaging and Computing Technologies from Nuclear Physics in General and Security Applications Archamps, France 27 October -- 8 November 2005 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-5650-8 (PB) 978-1-4020-5650-5 (PB) 1-4020-5649-4 (HB) 978-1-4020-5649-9 (HB) 1-4020-5653-2 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5653-6 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
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CONTENTS
Preface List of participants Photographs
ix xiii xix
Part I General Imaging and Ultrasound Principle Fundamental aspects of digital imaging K.-F. Kamm
3
Part II Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principle of magnetic resonance M. O. Leach
25
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) E. M. Hiltbrand
37
MRI – quality assurance F. Lazeyras
49
Advanced MRI applications J. R. Alger and A. J. Frew
55
Physiological and functional MRI J. R. Alger and A. J. Frew
69
Applications of clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy J. R. Alger
83
Clinical MRI A. Alimenti
89
Part III Ultrasound Imaging Basic principles of ultrasound T. M. Robinson
101
v
vi
CONTENTS
Ultrasound transducer F. Bertora
111
Ultrasonic Doppler modes P. Tortoli, P. Fidanzati, and L. Bassi
123
Ultrasound contrast agents C. Cachard and O. Basset
137
Speckle formation, analysis and processing applied to ultrasound tissue characterization J. M. Thijssen
151
Performance testing of medical echo/Doppler equipment J. M. Thijssen, M.C. van Wijk, M.H.M. Cuypers
177
Ultrasonic elastography R. Souchon
197
Ultrasound and therapy C. Lafon
211
Ultrasound image post-processing – application to segmentation O. Basset and C. Cachard
227
Intravascular imaging N. De Jong, N. Bom, J. Schaar, D. Goertz, M. Frijlink, A. F. W. van der Steen
241
Early, recent and future applications of echocardiography N. De Jong, N. Bom, A. F. W. van der Steen, J. RTC Roelandt
253
Part IV Nuclear Medicine Techniques Isotopes in medicine G.-J. Beyer
267
Electronics signal processing for medical imaging R. Turchetta
273
Emission tomography R. J. Ott
277
CONTENTS
vii
Data acquisition and processing in radioisotope imaging R. J. Ott
297
Evaluation of image quality P. F. Sharp
311
Advances in PET and SPECT A. Todd-Pokropek
321
Positron emission tomography application to drug development and research P. A. Salvadori
341
Part V Digital Imaging Physical principles of mammography D. R. Dance
355
Computed tomography I. Castellano and J. Geleijns
367
Image reconstruction algorithms in positron emission tomography C. Comtat
381
Quality control in mammography A. Noel
389
Patient dose in diagnostic radiology A. Noel
397
Color Section
405
PREFACE
The Nato Advanced Study Institute ASI-981171 was organised at the European Scientific Institute of Archamps (ESI, Archamps - France) from October 26 to November 8, 2005. Every year in autumn ESI organises the European School of Medical Physics, which covers a large spectrum of topics, ranging from Medical Imaging to Radiotherapy, over a period of five weeks. Thanks to the Cooperative Science and Technology sub-programme of the NATO Science Division, the first two weeks were replaced this year by the ASI course dedicated to “Optimising Detectors, Imaging & Computing Technologies from Nuclear Physics in General to Security Applications”. This allowed the participation of experts and students from 20 different countries, with diverse cultural background and professional experience (Africa, America, Asia, and Europe). A further positive outcome of NATO ASI participation is the publication of this book, which contains the lectures series contributed by speakers during the ASI weeks. We hope it will be a reference book in Medical Imaging, addressing an audience of young medical physicists everywhere in the world, who are wishing to review the physics foundations of the relevant technologies, catch up with the state of the art and look ahead into future developments in their field. The ASI course was structured in two parts, defined by the use or absence of ionising radiation in the medical imaging techniques of interest. The section on medical imaging started with a refresher on fundamental aspects of digital imaging given by Karl-Freidrich Kamm (Germany). The courses on imaging techniques not based on ionising radiation began with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound. For Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Martin Leach (UK) reviewed the physics principles and illustrated how they lead to imaging while Emile Hiltbrand (CH) explained the main parameters in hospital MRI. François Lazeyras discussed security and quality assurance issues related to such complex and powerful equipment. The recent developments and future applications of MRI were addressed by Jeff Alger (USA), who introduced as well the novel and very promising field of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Alessandro Alimenti (CH) concluded the Magnetic Resonance Imaging series with a presentation on clinical aspects of the technology. The fundamental principles of Ultrasound were reviewed by Teresa Robinson (UK). This contribution was complemented by Franco Bertora (IT) with a lecture on design principles and technical aspects of ultrasound transducers. Piero Tortoli (IT) reviewed the Doppler techniques in ultrasounds. The topic of image formation and processing was treated by Johan Thijssen
ix
x
PREFACE
(NL), who also developed the important subject of quality assurance in Ultrasound. A review of contrast agents was presented by Christian Cachard (Fr) and novel applications of Ultrasound, such as elastography and ultrasound therapeutical applications were illustrated by Remi Souchon (FR) and Cyril Lafon (FR), respectively. A key presentation on quality assurance of ultrasound equipment was given by Johan Thijssen (NL). Image post processing was treated by Olivier Basset (Fr). Ultrasound lectures were concluded by Nico de Jong (NL), with a presentation on ultrasound intravascular imaging and a review of recent and future applications of echocardiography. The program devoted to techniques based on ionising radiation includes two parts: Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. Some knowledge about electronic signal processing and evaluation of image quality is required in these disciplines. Electronics signals were addressed by Renato Turchetta (UK) while Peter Sharp covered the image quality aspects (UK). For Radiology, Isabel Castellano (UK) explained the principles of computed tomography, David Dance (UK) developed the principles of digital X-ray imaging and their application to mammography while Alain Noel (FR) shared his important professional know-how by discussing mammography quality control. In the context of security considerations, Alain Noel (FR) explained as well the patient dose regulations. The Nuclear Medicine part began with Robert OTT (UK), who reviewed in detail the working principles of PET and SPECT cameras. Next, Gerd Beyer (CH) explained the production and use of radioisotopes, essential for this type of detectors. Data acquisition in radioisotope imaging was also illustrated by Robert Ott (UK) whereas PET applications to drug development were reviewed by Piero Salvadori (IT). Image reconstruction algorithms were discussed by Claude Comtat (FR) whereas David Bandon (CH) explained the PACS and DICOM standards for medical images management. To conclude these lecture series, Andrew Todd-Pokropek (UK) illustrated the latest advances in PET and their applications. Lectures were not the only activity proposed to participants of the ASI: the possibility was offered to visit the equipments at the neighbouring Geneva hospital, hosting MRI devices and PET/SPECT cameras. Production of radioisotopes was explained in-situ at a new private firm called “Advanced Accelerators Applications” (AAA) in St-Genis, France. To add to their scientific education students were invited to CERN, located only 13 Km away from Archamps. At the renowned European experimental research centre, they were shown and taught about a huge crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, i.e. a
PREFACE
xi
detector representing a very large scale version of the main constituent of modern PET cameras. Note that for the students who wished to practise their skills in dealing with experimental equipment for beta and gamma radiation detection, lab courses were also organised at Geneva University. We wish to thank all the participants, who allowed the ASI at Archamps to be a success within an excellent international atmosphere: lecturers, students (who participated actively) and all the ESI team (Manfred Buhler-Broglin, Alessandra Caner, Severine Guilland, Haidi Palenque and Ghita Rahal). Many thanks to The Physics Department of the Geneva University which allowed us to propose pactical exercises in its laboratory directed by Jean Divic Rapin. We deeply thank also the CERN team in Geneva for openning the laboratory and the “Hôpital Cantonal de Genève” which welcomed us twice for equipment study (MRI, PET and SPECT camera). Finally, we wish to thank and express the gratitude of all participants to the Cooperative Science and Technology sub-programme of the NATO Science Division, lead by Prof. Fausto Pedrazzini, without whom this Advance Study Institute could not have been possible. Yves Lemoigne 1 , Co-Director of ASI-981171 Vitali Kaftanov 2 Co-Director of ASI-981171
1
European School of Medical Physics, European Scientific Institute, Bâtiment Le. Salève, Site d’Archamps F-74166 Archamps (France); 2 ITEP, B. Cheremuskinskaya 25, Moscow, RU-117259 (Russia)
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Lecturers and assistants are listed in bold characters. Surname
Name
Origin
1. Mr Alger
Jeff
USA
2. Mr Alimenti
Alessandro
Italian
3. Ms Andrei
Daniela Julia
Romanian
4. Mr Bandon
5. Mr Basset
David
Swiss
City / Affiliation Los Angeles / David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Geneva / Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève Bucharest/ National Comission for Nuclear Activities Control Geneva / Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
E-mail
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Lyon / Université Claude Bernard Inserm U630
[email protected]
Olivier
French
6. Ms Baytosum
Filiz
Turkish
Izmir/ Ege University
[email protected]
7. Mr Bertora
Franco
Italian
Genoa/ Easote
[email protected]
8. Mr Beyer
GerdJurguen
German
Geneva / ESI
[email protected]
Lyon / Université Claude Bernard Inserm U630
[email protected]
9. Mr Cachard
Christian
French
10. Mr Çakir
Aydin
Turkish
Istanbul / Istanbul University
[email protected]
11. Ms Camara
estela
Spain
Barcelona / University of Barcelona
[email protected]
12. Ms Caner
Alessandra
Italian
Archamps / ESI
[email protected]
13. Mr Carlsohn
Matthias
German
14.Ms Castellano
Isabel
Spanish
Bremen / Engineering & Consultancy
[email protected] Dr. Carlsohn London / Royal Marsden Hospital
xiii
[email protected]
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
xiv 15. Ms Cho
Jennifer
USA
16. Ms Cojanu
ElenaCamelia
Romanian
17. Mr Comtat
Claude
French
19. Mr Dance
David
British
20. Ms Daníèková
Katerina
Czech
21. Mr de Jong
Nico
Deutch
22. Mr Di Leo
Giovanni
Italian
Los Angeles / UCLA Bucharest / National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics Orsay / CEA-SHFJ London / Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS FT Prague / University Hospital Motol Rotterdam / Erasmus University Rotterdam Genova / San Martino Hospital
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Donetsk / Institute for Traumatology & Orthopedic of Donetsk State Medicine University
[email protected] or
[email protected]
Saclay / CEA Saclay
[email protected]
Cairo / Physics dept AL Azhar University
[email protected]
Raba t/ Nationale Institute of Oncology
l
[email protected]
[email protected]
24. Ms Donchenko
Lyudmyla
Ukraine
25. Ms Doyeux
Kaya
French
26. Mr El deeb
Ahmed
Egyptian
27. Mr El Hamadi
LakbirR
Morocco
28. Mr Emam
Ismail
Egyptian.
Cairo / Salam Oncology Center
29. Ms Fetcu
Cristina
Romanian
Baia Mare / General County Hospital
30. Mr Favre-Bulle
Parcal
Swiss
31. Ms Germano
Sara
Portuguese
Neuchatel / Hopital de la Chaux-deFonds Lisboa / Hospital de Santa Maria
[email protected] :
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
xv
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 32. Ms GimenezNavaro
33. Mr Hiltbrand
Eva Nerina
Emile
Spain
Swiss
Valencia / Hospital de Santa Maria Geneva / Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève Sofia / German Cancer Research Center
34. Ms Hristova
Diana
Bulgarian
35. Ms IonescuBerechet
Ioana
Romanian
36. Ms Iordache
AndreaMaria
Romanian
37. Mr Jannin
Pierre
French
38. Mr Kaftanov
Vitaly
Russian
Moscow / ITEP
39. Mr Kamm
KarlFriedricht
German
Hamburg / Philips Medizin Système
40. Mr Kesner
Adam
USA
Los Angeles / UCLA
41. Mr Lafon
Cyril
French
Lyon / INSERM U281
41. Mr Lazeyras
François
French
42. Mr Leach
Martin
British
43. Mr Lemoigne
Yves
French
44. Mr Masiuk
Mariusz
Poland
Bucharest / National Comission for Nuclear Activities Control Cluj-Napoca / Physics,University BabesBolyai Rennes / IDM, Medical School, University of Rennes
Geneva / Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève London / Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital Archamps / ESI Gdansk/ Instytut of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] or
[email protected]
45. Ms Mastantuoni Antonella
Italian
Roma / Università "Tor Vergata"
[email protected]
46 .Mr Mathot
Belgium
Louvain-la-neuve / IBA
[email protected]
Gilles
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
xvi 47. Mr Minkin
Victor
Russian
48. Ms Muntean
MariaLucia
Romanian
49. Mr Noel
Alain
French
50. Mr Okutan
Murat
Turkish
51. Mr Ott
Robert
British
52. Ms Ortenzia
Ornella
Italian
St Petersburg / ELSYS – NRI
Cluj-Napoca / "Iuliu Hatieganu" University
[email protected] of Medicine and Pharmacy Nancy / Centre Alexis Vautrin Istanbu l/ Oncology Institute University of Istanbul London / Physics Department, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital Roma / Regina Elena Institute
[email protected]
[email protected]
Sofia / Sofia Cancer Center
[email protected] or
[email protected]. uk
Italian
54. Ms Peycheva Stefanova
Svetlana
Bulgaria
55. Mr Popa
Marcel Sabin
Romanian
Cluj-Napoca / Technical University
56. Ms Rahal
Ghita
French
Archamps / France
57. Ms Robinson
Teresa
British
Italian
[email protected]
[email protected]
Gabrielle
Raffaella
[email protected]
Pavia / Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri
53. Ms Pasquali
58. Ms Rossi
[email protected]
Bristol / Bristol Oncology Centre Parma / Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma Pisa / CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Department
[email protected] [email protected] teresa.
[email protected] [email protected]
59. Mr Salvadori
Pietro
Italian
60. Mr Sayed-Afifi
Mohamed
Egyptian
Cairo / Minia Oncology Center
[email protected]
61. Ms Seror
Veronique
Israeli
Beer-Sheva / Ben Gurion University
[email protected]
[email protected]
xvii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 62. Mr Sharp
Peter
British
63. Ms Shishkova
Natalya
Ukrainian
64. Mr Souchon
Remy
French
65. Mr Tavora
Luis
Portuguese
66. Mr Thijssen
Johan
Deutch
67. Mr ToddPokropek
Andrew
British
68. Mr Tortoli
Piero
Italian
69. Mr Tsekov
Bogomil
Bulgarian
70. Mr Turan
71. Mr Turchetta
72. Ms Ungureanu
73. Ms Yankova
Ercan
Renato
Felicia
Yana
Turkish
Italian
Romanian
Bulgarian
Aberdeen / University of Aberdeen, University Hospital NHS Trust Donetsk / Donetsk Physics Techn. Institute of National Academy of Ukraine Lyon / INSERM UMR Leira/ ESTG-Instituto Politecnico de Leiria Nijmegen / University Medical Centre Nijmegen University Children’s Centre Clinical Physics Laboratory London / University College London Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering Firenze / Università degli Studi di Firenze Dipartimento di ingegneria ed elettronica Sofia / University of Sofia Denizli / Ege University Nuclear Sciences Institute Oxford / Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Instrument. Dept.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
Bucharest / National Institute for Laser Plasma and Radiation Physics
[email protected]
Sofia / Nacional Centre of Radiobiological and Radiation Protection
[email protected]
1. A sunny day at Archamps.
1. School auditorium. 2. Improvised snack. 3. Visit at CERN. 4. Experimental setup at the school. 5. Day off at Chamonix. 6. Visit at Geneva University Hospital.
