Dec 14, 1990 - PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CHALLENGE TESTS IN SIX STOCKS OF COHO. SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS. KISUTCH. by. JAMES C.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO C H A L L E N G E TESTS IN SIX STOCKS OF COHO SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH. by JAMES C. MCGEER B.Sc. Ag., University of British Columbia, 1987
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. SC.
in
THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ANIMAL SCIENCE
We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1990
(c) James C. McGeer, 1990
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at The University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Animal Science The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date: December 14,1990
Abstract
Coho s a l m o n operated
(Oncorhynchus
kisutch)
from s i x h a t c h e r i e s
by t h e C a n a d i a n Department o f F i s h e r i e s and Oceans
S a l m o n i d Enhancement P r o j e c t , were r e a r e d facility
and then
challenge
tests.
based d i f f e r e n c e s
subjected t o a series of standardized R e s u l t s suggest
that there
an
are genetically
i n t h e response t o s t r e s s f u l
among s t o c k s o f c o h o s a l m o n f r o m s o u t h e r n The
i n a common
c h a l l e n g e t e s t s were: s a l t w a t e r i n c r e a s e i n temperature
challenges
British
(30ppt);
s a l t w a t e r and
( 3 0 p p t a n d 4 ° C ) ; h i g h pH (9.4 and
1 0 . 0 ) ; l o w pH ( 3 . 5 5 , 3.65, 3.75 a n d 4 . 1 ) ; t h e r m a l (l°C/h);
and h a n d l i n g
Columbia.
(30s n e t t i n g ) .
tolerance
The m e a s u r e d
p a r a m e t e r s were p l a s m a s o d i u m a n d c h l o r i d e i o n concentrations dysfunction glucose
f o r t h e s a l i n e a n d pH c h a l l e n g e s , t i m e t o
i n the thermal
concentration
tolerance challenge
i n the handling
d i f f e r e n c e s among s t o c k s were f o u n d pH a n d t h e r m a l
and plasma
challenge.
No
i n responses t o the high
tolerance challenges.
The C h e h a l i s
River
s t o c k had t h e s m a l l e s t plasma i o n i n c r e a s e i n s a l t water b u t showed t h e l a r g e s t p l a s m a i o n d e c r e a s e
i n a c i d i c waters.
some o f t h e low pH c h a l l e n g e s t h e T e n d e r f o o t showed l e s s p l a s m a i o n l o s s t h a n from Eagle
R i v e r had t h e lowest
ii
other
Creek
stocks.
plasma g l u c o s e
In
stock
The s t o c k concentration
increase during handling and
challenges.
The c o m b i n e d
saltwater
temperature i n c r e a s e c h a l l e n g e demonstrated the
cumulative
effect
associated with fluctuation The
t h a t s t r e s s o r s can have.
the handling
challenges
i n r e s t i n g plasma g l u c o s e
low pH a n d h a n d l i n g
Sampling
revealed a diurnal
concentrations.
challenges
showed t h a t
p e r f o r m a n c e and t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e r e s p o n s e varied with variation
rearing conditions.
Although
stock
observed
t h e r e was some
i n t h e magnitude o f t h e s t o c k response t o
c h a l l e n g e s between t h e two r e a r i n g c o n d i t i o n s u s e d , d i f f e r e n c e s among s t o c k s were c o n s i s t e n t . t o a l l c h a l l e n g e s were a s s e m b l e d response p r o f i l e
into a relative
( o r performance p r o f i l e ) ,
was u n i q u e .
iii
When t h e r e s p o n s e
each
challenge stock
Table o f Contents
Abstract
i i
Table of Contents
iv
List
of Tables
v
List
of Figures
vi
Acknowlegements
viii
Introduction
1
Material
6
and Methods
Results
16
Discussion
3
8
Conclusions
5
0
Bibliography
52
Appendix
6
6
Appendix I I
7
1
Appendix I I I
8
0
A p p e n d i x IV
8
4
1
iv
List
Table
Table
Table
Table Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
I.
II.
A-I.
A-II.
of
Tables
Summary o f t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d c h a l l e n g e s a p p l i e d t o t h e s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from southern B r i t i s h Columbia
8
Ranking f o r magnitude o f d i s t u r b a n c e e x p e r i e n c e d by each o f t h e s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Canada i n e a c h o f t h e standardized challenges
31
Means, b y s t o c k a n d t r e a t m e n t , f o r t h e parameters measured i n s a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e 1 and 2
67
Means, b y s t o c k a n d t r e a t m e n t , p a r a m e t e r s low pH c h a l l e n g e s
68
f o r the
A - I I I . Means, b y s t o c k a n d t r e a t m e n t , f o r t h e p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d i n h i g h pH challenges A-IV.
69
Means, b y s t o c k a n d t r e a t m e n t , f o r t h e parameters measured i n h a n d l i n g challenges
70
Summary o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t was a v a i l a b l e on e a c h o f t h e h a t c h e r i e s from which s t o c k s i n t h e s i x s t o c k comparison o r i g i n a t e d from
72
D e t a i l s on c o l l e c t i o n , h a t c h i n g a n d e a r l y r e a r i n g o f t h e stocks used i n the s i x stock comparison
81
T h e d a t e s a n d d e t a i l s o f t h e sample weights c o l l e c t e d from t h e s t r a i n s i n the s i x stock comparison
82
C - I I I . Date o f t h e s t a r t o f c h a l l e n g e t e s t conducted i n t h e s i x stock comparison
83
B-I.
C-I.
C-II.
v
List
of
vi
Figures
F i g u r e 8.
Mean ±1 SE o f p l a s m a g l u c o s e o f s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a Canada d u r i n g 30 s handling challenge 1 (8A), handling c h a l l e n g e 2 (8B) and h a n d l i n g c h a l l e n g e 3 (8C)
29
Mean ±1 SE o f c o n d i t i o n f a c t o r o f s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a Canada a t f o u r t i m e periods
33
F i g u r e 10. Mean ±1 SE o f r e s t i n g p l a s m a s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n and h e m a t o c r i t v a l u e a t various times over the winter. Means p o o l e d a c r o s s t h e s i x s t o c k o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia. Temperature a t each time p e r i o d i s included
36
F i g u r e 11. Mean ±1 SE o f p l a s m a g l u c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Canada sampled a t v a r i o u s times o f day
37
F i g u r e 12. R e l a t i v e r e s p o n s e p r o f i l e o f s i x s t o c k s of coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia, Canada. The mean d i s t u r b a n c e e x p e r i e n c e d by each s t o c k ( r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r s t o c k s ) i s shown f o r e a c h t y p e o f challenge
46
F i g u r e 9.
vii
Acknowledgements The s u p e r v i s i o n , g u i d a n c e a n d p a t i e n c e o f D r . G e o r g e K. Iwama i s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . H i s f o r e s i g h t , e n e r g y a n d c o n f i d e n c e was i n s t r u m e n t a l i n g e t t i n g t h e p r o j e c t initiated. Thanks f o r s e e i n g t h e t h i n g s t h a t I c o u l d n o t . F u n d i n g was p r o v i d e d b y t h e N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s a n d E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f Canada a s a n o p e r a t i n g g r a n t t o G.K. Iwama a n d a p o s t g r a d u a t e s c h o l a r s h i p t o m y s e l f . A n i m a l s were d o n a t e d b y F i s h e r i e s a n d O c e a n s C a n a d a . The management a n d p e r s o n n e l o f t h e s i x s o u r c e h a t c h e r i e s were p a t i e n t a n d h e l p f u l . The r e a r i n g a n d c h a l l e n g i n g o f f i s h c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n done w i t h o u t t h e a s s i s t a n c e , c o n c e r n a n d d e d i c a t i o n o f E l l e n T e n g , I v o r B e r n a t s k y , Ron C r e e l m a n a n d T i m Y e s a k i . Thanks t o them a n d t h e many o t h e r s who h e l p e d . G r a t e f u l t h a n k s t o my p a r e n t s ,
who made me what
I am.
The l a r g e s t p a r t o f my g r a t i t u d e g o e s t o D a r l e n e a n d C a i t l y n , who make me what I am.
viii
Introduction
Species
of P a c i f i c
salmon e x i s t as a s e r i e s o f d i s t i n c t
sub-populations
(stocks)
that
are reproductively
from each o t h e r
( H o r r a l l 1981).
This
isolated
isolation,
when
combined w i t h h a b i t a t d i f f e r e n c e s , has t h e p o t e n t i a l t o produce environmental adaptations t h e i r genotype example, t h a t
(Ricker fish
1985;
I t h a s b e e n shown, f o r
than those from d i f f e r e n t
e t a l . 1987).
a n d random d r i f t
I t i s also possible
of a l l e l e s
g e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n among s t o c k s K i m u r a a n d Maruyama The
preserve i n
( H j o r t a n d S c h r e c k 1981; W i l m o n t a n d B u r g e r
Gharrett
isolation
stocks
f r o m s i m i l a r e n v i r o n m e n t s have more i n
common w i t h e a c h o t h e r environments
1972).
that
that
can produce t h e
( A l l e n d o r f and U t t e r
1979;
1971).
unigue n a t u r e o f salmon s t o c k s
important c o n s i d e r a t i o n
h a s become a n
i n a number o f f i s h e r y
fields.
Management a n d enhancement o f s a l m o n i n t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r i s one
example.
Individual stocks
important t r a i t s
t h a t h a v e y e t t o be r e v e a l e d .
a l s o be t h r e a t e n e d adults. given
may c a r r y s p e c i f i c a n d
Preserving
by a d w i n d l i n g genetic
culture activities
number o f r e t u r n i n g
variation i s often
the s e l e c t i o n pressures
Stocks can
that occur during
difficult intensive
such as spawning, f e r t i l i z a t i o n ,
1
rearing,
r e l e a s e and commercial Hjort
(Thompson 1985;
a n d S c h r e c k 1981; U t t e r e t a l . 1987; A l l e n d o r f a n d
Phelps
1980; K a p u s c i n s k i
Gharrett
and S h i r l e y
H i l b o r n and W a l t e r s another
field
performing 1984) et
f i s h e r i e s management
a n d Lannan 1986; W i t h l e r 1988;
1985; B o o k i n g a n d P e t e r m a n 1988; 1987).
Commercial a q u a c u l t u r e i s
concerned with
stocks
stocks.
Selection of high
( B a i l e y a n d S a u n d e r s 1984; McKay e t a l .
and comparison o f s t o c k s
(Cheng e t a l . 1987; W i t h l e r
a l . 1987; T o r r i s s e n 1987) a r e e x a m p l e s o f some o f t h e
research directions. populations
of f i s h
( U t t e r 1981; G h a r r e t t
1981; G a u l d i e
The
and s t o c k s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n
also stimulate interest
evolutionary theory Clayton
Stocks
i n the f i e l d of
e t a l . 1987;
1984; Wehrhahn and P o w e l l
1987).
g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n t h a t e x i s t s among s t o c k s c a n be
d e m o n s t r a t e d b i o c h e m i c a l l y o r by o b s e r v i n g phenotype. (Oncorhynchus
Genetic
differences i n
d i f f e r e n c e s among s t o c k s o f c o h o s a l m o n
kisutch)
on t h e w e s t c o a s t o f N o r t h
America,
h a v e b e e n shown by e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c s e p a r a t i o n o f i s o e n z y m e s from polymorphic
loci.
R e i s e n b i c h l e r and Phelps
An i s o e n z y m e c o m p a r i s o n o f c o h o by (1987), suggested
that while
f r o m w a t e r s h e d s w i t h i n a g i v e n r e g i o n were d i s t i n c t , shared
more s i m i l a r i t i e s
A l a r g e r isoenzyme study Columbia concluded
than
those
from d i f f e r e n t
u s i n g coho from s o u t h e r n
stocks they
regions. British
t h a t t h e r e were g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s
2
between the
fish
from t h e c o a s t a l mainland, Vancouver I s l a n d
upper F r a s e r
River
Heritable
differences
observing
phenotype.
Studies meristic
showing g e n e t i c
fish
Differences
traits
have been a c c o m p l i s h e d
1985b).
i n length,
swimming a b i l i t y
T h e y showed t h a t
and l o n g e r
d e m o n s t r a t e d by R o s e n e a u and M c P h a i l
b e h a v i o u r among g r o u p s o f c o h o was
Taylor
McPhail
Morphological
habitat
j u v e n i l e coho
and M c P h a i l
basis
burst
stocks.
was found
related to
local
and
behaviour
lake-reared
and
1989).
They,
(1985a, 1985b) and R o s e n e a u a n d t h e p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n had
and r e p r e s e n t e d a d a p t a t i o n s t o t h e
from which t h e s t o c k s
local
originated.
Other evidence f o r d i f f e r e n c e s salmon i n c l u d e
stocks
They
( S w a i n and H o l t b y
(1987), suggested t h a t
a genetic
inland
(1987).
d i f f e r e n c e s h a v e a l s o b e e n shown between
like
coastal
between coho p o p u l a t i o n s
environment d i f f e r e n c e s .
(Taylor
d e e p e r i n body and h a d b e t t e r
than the thinner
Behavioural d i v e r s i t y
stream-reared
ability
and i n l a n d c o h o h a v e b e e n documented
1985a,
by
i n common e n v i r o n m e n t s .
i n body c o n f o r m a t i o n a n d swimming
where s h o r t e r
that
1987).
d i f f e r e n c e s between s t o c k s f o r
t h a t were r e a r e d
between c o a s t a l McPhail
and P o w e l l
among c o h o h a v e a l s o b e e n shown by
and b e h a v i o u r a l
observing
and
(Wehrhahn
and
growth and d i s e a s e
3
among s t o c k s
resistance
t o coho
studies.
A
study
o f g r o w t h and
central
and
survival
southern
British
s t o c k d i f f e r e n c e s c a n be British
o f v a r i o u s s t o c k s from Columbia demonstrated
complex
C o l u m b i a , p e r s . comm).
f r e s h water.
Within
experiment, the
the
The
results
of t h a t
s t o c k t h a t showed t h e
fish
a t harvest time.
rates differed such
The
among s t o c k s .
Renibacterium
Challenges
salmoninarum
with
( E n v i r o c o n L t d . and
E.V.S. C o n s u l t a n t s
Parker
kidney
t h e p a r a s i t e Ceratomyxa
and
1989;
to disease.
I n some o f t h e
McGeer e t a l . 1989)
Ching
pathogen.
Challenge can
be
populations)
and
respond
t h e most r e s i s t a n t
exposed t o the
fish
shasta
s t u d i e s (Ching
t h e o n e s f r o m s t o c k s t h a t had
on
1977;
L t d . 1983;
a p p e a r e d t o be
fish
disease
1989), demonstrated t h a t s t o c k s o f coho can
differently
largest
pathogens,
(Suzumoto e t a l .
McGeer e t a l . 1989)
Parker
with the
after
a l s o showed t h a t m o r t a l i t y
as t h e c a u s a t i v e agent f o r b a c t e r i a l
(BKD)
water
the
s m a l l e s t growth
b e i n g t h e one
study
study
from s a l t
s a l t water phase o f
8 months i n s e a w a t e r e n d e d up
that
(B. S w i f t , U n i v e r s i t y o f
showed t h a t t h e b e s t g r o w i n g s t o c k s d i f f e r e d to
north,
and
fish
p r e v i o u s l y been
t e s t s t h a t show d i f f e r e n c e s between g r o u p s o f
used t o assess and
the c o n d i t i o n of f i s h
(or
t o show t h e e f f e c t s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l
(Wedemeyer and
McLeay 1 9 8 1 ) .
In t h i s
standardized challenge t e s t s are p o t e n t i a l
4
fish stress
way,
tools
i n the
artificial
propagation
environmental limits
impact.
of fish
and i n s t u d i e s o f
S u c h t e s t s compare t h e t o l e r a n c e
a n d / o r p e r f o r m a n c e c a p a c i t i e s among g r o u p s .
recognized
t h a t f a c t o r s s u c h a s g e n e t i c makeup c a n a f f e c t
the responses t o challenge t e s t s al.
1984).
It is
(Schreck
1981; Wedemeyer e t
The s t u d i e s r e p o r t e d h e r e were d e s i g n e d
to
compare t h e p e r f o r m a n c e c a p a c i t y and t o l e r a n c e l i m i t s s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n
British
Columbia.
work was a l s o done t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l challenge
tests t o reveal stock d i f f e r e n c e s .
chosen from t h e s u g g e s t i o n s in their
of s i x The
use o f
The t e s t s
o f Wedemeyer a n d McLeay
were
(1981)
d i s c u s s i o n o f how t o measure t h e t o l e r a n c e o f f i s h
to stressors using standardized challenge tests. physiological
responses of j u v e n i l e f i s h
s a l t w a t e r , low pH, h i g h pH, t h e r m a l were compared.
5
Selected
from each s t o c k t o
and h a n d l i n g
challenges
M a t e r i a l and
Methods
Animals Approximately of
2,000 c o h o s a l m o n were o b t a i n e d
s i x C a n a d i a n D e p a r t m e n t o f F i s h e r i e s and
Enhancement P r o j e c t h a t c h e r i e s of
F i s h e r i e s and
request
University stocks
from the
Capilano
River
E)
and
as
e y e d e g g s i n M a r c h 1988.
fish
Tenderfoot
Creek
River hatchery
spawning are
sixth
stock
i n J u n e o f 1988 of
late was
i n c l u d e d i n A p p e n d i x C,
run
as
River (stock
collected
( s t o c k D) 3.7g
The
came
fry.
The
adults native
located (details
to
of
Table I ) .
Conditions
F i s h were r e a r e d
5.8
at The
Chehalis
( s t o c k F) h a t c h e r i e s were The
a
They were h o u s e d i n t h e
(stock A),
t h e w a t e r s h e d where t h e h a t c h e r y
water
after
( s t o c k C ) , Quinsam R i v e r
c o l l e c t e d were o f f s p r i n g
Rearing
fish
Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
(stock B), C h i l l i w a c k R i v e r
from Eagle
Salmonid
U n i t o f the Department o f Animal S c i e n c e of B r i t i s h
each
Department
a l l o c a t e d the
for s i x unspecified stocks.
Aquaculture
Oceans
(see F i g u r e 1).
Oceans p e r s o n n e l
from
(temperature
t o 6.2).
stack with
i n d e c h l o r i n a t e d Vancouver C i t y
4 t o 15°C;
Incubation
a flow of
20
s t o c k s were m a i n t a i n e d
h a r d n e s s 4 mg'L"
o f e g g s was L'min" . 1
i n separate
6
1
tap
as C a C o ; 3
pH
done i n a H e a t h t r a y
A f t e r ponding i n 150
L tanks
with
troughs, similar
F i g u r e 1. Map o f s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Canada, s h o w i n g the approximate l o c a t i o n o f t h e s i x h a t c h e r i e s from which s t o c k s o f f i s h were c o l l e c t e d . In the t e x t stocks are r e f e r r e d t o by l e t t e r a s f o l l o w s : C a p i l a n o R. c o h o - Stock A C h e h a l i s R. c o h o . - Stock B C h i l l i w a c k R. c o h o - Stock C E a g l e R. c o h o - Stock D Quinsam R. c o h o - Stock E T e n d e r f o o t C r . c o h o - S t o c k F.
7
f e e d i n g r a t e s , water t h i s was
f l o w and management.
s t o c k D w h i c h was
arrival
until
late
1988
tank.
During t h i s
reared
i n a 750
when i t was
period
The
exception to
L tank
from
moved i n t o a s i x t h
s t o c k i n g d e n s i t y , water
150
L
flow,
f e e d i n g r a t e , p h o t o p e r i o d and day t o day management o f s t o c k D matched t h a t o f t h e o t h e r s t o c k s . commercial samplings
salmon
feed
(Ewos ST40 and S T 4 2 ) .
(see Appendix
t o d e v e l o p growth Iwama 1 9 8 2 ) ,
F i s h were f e d a Monthly
C, T a b l e I I f o r d e t a i l s ) were
curve projections
(Iwama and T a u t z
to maintain feeding rates at s a t i a t i o n
k e e p t a n k d e n s i t i e s b e l o w 35 kg/m . 3
used 1981;
and
to
T h i s maximum l e v e l
was
s u g g e s t e d by Wedemeyer (1976) t o a v o i d undue s t r e s s due
to
crowding. As
fish
s t o c k was
grew, and
split
r e a r i n g group
loading densities
i n t o two
in
light
Stocks
and
r e a r i n g group
approximated
from October
1988
1.
The
split
1989
750
L
groups
when a
u s e d on a l l s t o c k s
s t o c k i n g d e n s i t i e s were
among s t o c k s w i t h i n g r o u p s b u t d i f f e r e d b e t w e e n
8
from
f o r both
t o May
12 h o u r d a r k r e g i m e was
each
L ovals while
2 were k e p t i n e q u a l l y
N a t u r a l p h o t o p e r i o d was
except f o r the period 12 h o u r
r e a r i n g groups.
1 were m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e 150
s t o c k s from r e a r i n g group tanks.
increased,
similar groups.
Standardized
Challenges
At v a r i o u s times
samples o f f i s h
subjected t o challenge tests. simultaneous (see Table
Challenge
exposure o f f i s h 1 for details).
from each s t o c k tests
involved
from a l l s t o c k s t o a s t r e s s o r
T h e 24 h o u r s a l t w a t e r
t e s t was c o n d u c t e d u s i n g s a l i n e w a t e r a t 3 0 p p t f o l l o w i n g procedures (1987).
were
o u t l i n e d by B l a c k b u r n
challenge
NaCl
and C l a r k e
T h e l o w pH c h a l l e n g e t e s t s u s e d a c o n c e n t r a t e d
s o l u t i o n t o decrease
w a t e r pH t o t h e d e s i r e d l e v e l .
h i g h pH c h a l l e n g e s u s e d a c o n c e n t r a t e d a l t e r pH l e v e l s .
In both
Apparatus Inc. M i l l i s , concentated
solution
cases
HC1
The
NaOH s o l u t i o n t o
a peristaltic
pump
(Harvard
Mass., USA) was u s e d t o m e t e r t h e
i n t o t h e i n f l o w i n g water.
T h e pH
l e v e l s were m e a s u r e d u s i n g GK2401 g l a s s e l e c t r o d e ( R a d i o m e t e r , Copenhagen, Denmark) c o u p l e d meter was
(Radiometer).
I n h i g h pH c h a l l e n g e s
t o a PHM84 pH 1 a n d 2, t h e pH
i n c r e a s e d t o 7.5 f o r 24 h p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t
of the
challenge,
a t w h i c h t i m e i t was e l e v a t e d t o 9.4 a n d
maintained
f o r 72 h ( h i g h pH c h a l l e n g e
challenge
2).
The t h i r d
t o pH 9.3 a t t h e s t a r t gradual
i n c r e a s e over
pH c h a l l e n g e h a d a r a p i d i n c r e a s e
of the challenge t h e next
c o n d i t i o n s were m a i n t a i n e d tolerance challenge
l ) o r 144 h ( h i g h pH
f o l l o w e d by a
12 h t o pH 10.0.
f o r a f u r t h e r 12 h .
T h e pH 10.0 The t h e r m a l
i n v o l v e d i n c r e a s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e by
9
Challenge
trial
test
Date
length
n
group
Temp
water
Mean
used*
(°C)
change
wt(g)
3
Saltwater
1
10/88
24 h
15
1
13
30 p p t
Saltwater
2
12/88
24 h
9
1
7
30ppt+4°C
16.1
Low pH 1
12/88
24 h
9
1
7
pH 3.55
16.6
Low pH 2
05/89
20 h
6
1
9
pH 3.65
24.6
Low pH 3
05/89
20 h
6
2
9
pH 3.65
17.4
LOW
pH 4
05/89
24 h
6
1
9
pH 3.75
23.5
LOW
pH 5
05/89
24 h
6
2
9
pH 4.10
17.0
H i g h pH 1
11/88
72 h
6
1
9
pH 9.40
12.8
H i g h pH 2
11/88
144 h
6
1
9
pH 9.40
12.8
H i g h pH 3
02/89
24 h
6
1
4
pH 10.0
17.6
Thermal
03/89
22 h
8
1
6
l°C/h
N.A.
9.5
Handling
1
06/89
18 h
6-7
d
1
10
30s d i p
26.7
Handling
2
06/89
18 h
7-8
d
2
10
30s d i p
25.2
Handling
3
06/89
18 h
5-8
d
1
10
30s d i p
26.8
a b d
- Number o f f i s h p e r s t o c k u s e d i n c h a l l e n g e . - R e a r i n g g r o u p t h e s t o c k came f r o m f o r t h a t c h a l l e n g e . - Number o f f i s h p e r s t o c k p e r s a m p l e t i m e .
Table
I.
Summary o f s t a n d a r d i z e d c h a l l e n g e s a p p l i e d t o t h e s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia.
10
1°C
p e r h o u r a s o u t l i n e d b y McLeay a n d G o r d o n
handling
challenges
described 1.5),
were 30 s e c o n d
(1978).
The
(s) d i p n e t s t r e s s e s as
b y B a r t o n e t a l . (1986) w i t h
s a m p l i n g a t 0, 1 ( o r
3, 6, 9, 12 a n d 18 h o u r s ( h ) .
Protocol Unless otherwise noted, t h e f o l l o w i n g
general
p r o c e d u r e s were c a r r i e d o u t f o r a l l t e s t s . starved tanks;
The f i s h
f o r 12 t o 24 h ; n o n s e l e c t i v e l y n e t t e d fully
anaesthetized;
from
were:
rearing
measured f o r weight and l e n g t h ;
t r a n s f e r r e d t o a 48 L c h a l l e n g e
box.
T h i s box was made o f
black
p e r s p e x a n d was d i v i d e d i n t o c o m p a r t m e n t s s o t h a t
stock
c o u l d be h o u s e d a n d s a m p l e d s e p a r a t e l y
in
a common w a t e r .
L'min
- 1
F i s h were c h a l l e n g e d the
end o f a t r i a l ,
vasculature
blood
t h r o u g h manner.
values
fish
(NaHC0
1
3
buffered
tricaine
and/or a blow t o t h e head).
were c a l c u l a t e d , p l a s m a was s a v e d
s t o r e d a t -80°C f o r subsequent d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
sodium i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n concentration measured.
([Cl~]p]_).
Control
data
At
was c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e c a u d a l
m e t h a n e s u l f o n a t e a t 300 mg'L"
and
rate of 4
a f t e r a 24 h a c c l i m a t i o n p e r i o d .
o f euthanized
A f t e r hematocrit
but maintained
Normal r e a r i n g w a t e r a t a f l o w
was s u p p l i e d t o t h e box i n a f l o w
each
o f plasma
( [ N a ] p ) and plasma c h l o r i d e i o n +
1
I n some t r i a l s
t l ~ ] p i was n o t c
were c o l l e c t e d f o r e a c h t e s t b y
11
running
a parallel
procedures The had
except
saline,
trial the
t h a t used a l l of the
environmental
thermal
discussed.
The
recirculation start
o f c h a l l e n g e s , a 15
procedures
sea
salt
C a r l o s , Ca.,
USA)
and
challenge
1.
second s a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e
challenge
increase
d i d not
consisted lost
h a v e any
the
saltwater.
c o n t r o l s and
the
i n saltwater had
controls
c h a l l e n g e was other
The
recirculated
at 3 L'min"
rate of
L*min
0.85
- 1
.
The
c h a l l e n g e box
(150
for
T h e r e was
glucose.
measurement s e r v e d handling
L,
1
In t h a t t e s t , and
challenges,
water
tolerance
As
added a t
p l a s m a was
part of the
subsamples o f f i s h
12
either
was
a c c l i m a t i o n p e r i o d and
as a c o n t r o l .
this
a
c h a l l e n g e s used a l a r g e r
p l e x i g l a s s ) and no
4°C
collection
f r e s h w a t e r was
handling
a
combined
thermal
data
and
California
of n o t i n g the temperature a t which f i s h
e q u i l i b r i u m or died.
third
first
i n water temperature while
temperature increase with test
The
removed
salinity.
temperature maintained
conditions.
the
solution
t o b r i n g the water t o the d e s i r e d
The
At
(Bio-sea,
aerated
two
already
L v o l u m e o f w a t e r was
W a t e r was
and
experiments
a flow through system.
a concentrated
A q u a r i u m S u p p l y House, San sufficient
handling
s a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e s used a water
r a t h e r than
replaced with
change.
t o l e r a n c e and
m o d i f i c a t i o n s of the general
challenge
analyzed the
0 hour
second
were
and
Figure 2. Diagram of the p e r s p e x / p l e x i g l a s s , s i x s l o t t e d b o x e s (one 48 L, t h e o t h e r 150 L) u s e d t o c h a l l e n g e t h e s i x s t o c k s from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia, Canada. The s i x h i n g e d t o p s (one t o e a c h compartment) a r e n o t shown.
13
morphologically The
four level
indexed f o r t h e i r stage of s m o l t i f i c a t i o n . index
(1 f o r p a r r t o 4 f o r s m o l t )
by Gorbman e t a l . (1982) was collected
during t r i a l s
calculate
the
individual
and
condition
used.
Weight
and
discussed
length data
sample w e i g h i n g s , were u s e d t o
factor
(KF = g ' c m ~ 1 0 0 ) o f 3,
fish.
Assays Plasma photometry England)
i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g for [Na ]
(Model
+
p l
410,
flame
Corning Instruments,
and c o u l o m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n ( C h l o r i d o m e t e r ,
Haakebuchler
I n s t r u m e n t s L t d . , NJ.,
USA.)
for
[Cl^Jp^.
G l u c o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were m e a s u r e d c o l o u r i m e t r i c a l l y the MO.,
g l u c o s e o x i d a s e method USA,
p r o c e d u r e No.
Spectrophotometer wavelength
o f 450
(Sigma
510)
Diagnostics,
by
St. Louis,
u s i n g a S h i m a d z u UV-VTS
UV-160 ( S h i m a d z u
Corp., Kyoto, Japan) a t a
nm.
Statistics Means f o r e a c h s t o c k f o r m e a s u r e d p a r a m e t e r s control
and c h a l l e n g e c o n d i t i o n s were t e s t e d
d i f f e r e n c e s by ANOVA. treatments) f a c t o r i a l d e s i g n was
used
A s i x ( s t o c k s ) by two
under
for significant (water
e x p e r i m e n t w i t h c o m p l e t e l y random
( S t e e l and T o r r i e
14
1980).
A one way
ANOVA
was
u s e d t o compare s t o c k s
trials
i n the
t e m p e r a t u r e and
as w e l l as t h e c o n d i t i o n f a c t o r d a t a .
appropriate,
(Wilkinson
1988).
test
( Z a r 1984)
was
In the h a n d l i n g
t e s t s was
The
0.05
error level
according
across
s t o c k s were
ranked
t o t h e magnitude o f change e x p e r i e n c e d . a measure t h a t e v a l u a t e d
d i f f e r e n c e between mean c o n t r o l and a stock
for either
challenge).
+
15
the values
glucose
maximum ( d e p e n d i n g on
Ranks were compared w i t h
ANOVA.
The
mean c h a l l e n g e
[ N a ] p ^ , plasma
concentration, or c r i t i c a l thermal
way
for a l l
a l s o compared
For each c h a l l e n g e , the
m a g n i t u d e o f c h a n g e was
for
Dunnett's
(a=0.05).
r e s p o n s e o f s t o c k s was
challenges.
challenges
HSD
u s e d t o compare e a c h 0 h mean t o
s u b s e q u e n t sample means.
The
Where
s t o c k means were compared u s i n g T u k e y ' s
test
statistical
handling
the K r u s k a l - W a l l i s
the one
Results
The
mean a n d s t a n d a r d
shown f o r e a c h s t o c k tables
I through
the t e x t . noted,
IV o r i n f i g u r e s
t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t
The
fish
fish
than
Stocks
hematocrit
a weight l o s s and h e m a t o c r i t
value challenge)
A v e r a g e w e i g h t l o s s was l e s s i n
i n challenged f i s h i n decreased
( A p p e n d i x A, T a b l e I ) .
hematocrit
values
B, C a n d D h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
for a l l
lower
v a l u e s under c h a l l e n g e c o n d i t i o n s .
P l a s m a i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y for
otherwise
d i f f e r e n c e among s t o c k s f o r
d u r i n g t h e 48 h (24 h a c c l i m a t i o n + 24 h
S a l t water r e s u l t e d stocks.
unless
used i n t h e s a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e o f October
t h e c h a l l e n g e box.
control
11 w h i c h a r e i n
Challenges
a l l experienced
decrease
3 through
i n A p p e n d i x A,
weight.
Saltwater
in
i n each c h a l l e n g e e i t h e r
In each o f t h e c h a l l e n g e t e s t s ,
mean f i s h
1988
e r r o r o f parameters measured i s
increased
a l l s t o c k s when t h e y were e x p o s e d t o s a l t w a t e r a n d t h e
magnitude o f t h e i n c r e a s e d i f f e r e d
between s t o c k s .
Under
c o n t r o l c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e were no d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n s t o c k s . The
o v e r a l l mean was 139 mEq-L"
1
for [Na ] +
p l
a n d 132 mEq'L"
1
for
[Cl~]pi.
[Na ]pi,
In s a l t
however, i t was
+
increases other had
w a t e r , s t o c k B showed an i n c r e a s e d
intermediate
highest.
The
stocks experienced [Na ]p +
1
i n c r e a s e s than
The
(Fig. 3).
increases, while
p
l
increased significant
The A, B a n d C s t o c k s h a d s m a l l e r
E , F a n d G.
s e c o n d s a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e was a c o m b i n e d
were l o w e s t
temperature
f o r controls,
Means f o r
intermediate
i n the
i n c r e a s e o n l y c o n d i t i o n s and h i g h e s t
for fish
exposed t o a temperature i n c r e a s e and s a l t w a t e r . and
A and C
D, E a n d F h a d t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e and s a l i n e c h a l l e n g e . [Na+]
Stocks
c o n d i t i o n s b u t t h e r e were f e w e r
d i f f e r e n c e s among s t o c k s . 1
l e s s than t h e
[ C l ~ ] p ^ were a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y
under c h a l l e n g e
[Cl~]p
significantly
Stocks
C were t h e o n l y g r o u p s t h a t showed s i g n i f i c a n t
i n c r e a s e s and s t o c k D r e c o r d e d
treatment,
(Fig. 4).
In the temperature p l u s
mortalities
r a t e s were h i g h e s t
occurred
17
+
only
saline
i n a l l stocks.
f o r s t o c k s D and C and l o w e s t
A a n d F.
[Na ]p^
t h e s m a l l e s t i n c r e a s e when
c o n t r o l s were compared t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e treatment
A
Mortality f o r stocks
195 dr
I 1—1
a
180
4
a
165 cd
b-
150 o
a
a
CD
a
o
o
o
135 120
a_ o
a o
A
B
C
D
E
F
Stock
F i g u r e 3. S a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e 1. P l a s m a s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c o n t r o l (open) a n d s a l t w a t e r ( f i l l e d ) t r e a t m e n t s f o r s i x s t o c k s o f coho salmon from s o u t h e r n B r i t i s h Columbia Canada. Mean ±1 SE, n=15 a n d t h o s e t a g g e d w i t h t h e same l e t t e r a r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t (P 7
145 2.2
2
1.5
2
3
a
148
L
4
139 a 2.8
140 1.6
141 1.8
H i g h pH C h a l l e n g e 2 Hematocrit,
[Cl~]pi,
[Na ]p , +
1
control
34 1.3
35 0.8
34 1.2
36 1.2
38 1.5
42 i .
h i g h pH
41 2.4
43
4 4 2.9
40 3.2
40 2.1
46 0.4
control
130 1.5
128 1.9
130 1.4
130 1.1
130 1.8
I
h i g h pH
131 1.3
130 0.5
132 1.3
129 1.6
129 1.2
127 1.5
control
42 1.3
41 1.8
45 1.9
38 1'.4
44 2.0
47 3.2
high
pH
38 2.1
45 1.6
45 2.1
40 1.0
42 1.8
48 i j
control
137 3.3
130 3.3
137 2.4
134 1.9
137 2.4
137 .
high
pH
144 1.6
133 2.3
133 3.6
122 1.7
131 1.3
138 2.1
control
156 1.5
150 1.5
149 1.5
150 3.2
140 2.5
143 2.4
h i g h pH
136 1.3
147 2.5
160 3.5
138 3.1
a
a L 2
3
6
1.5
0
see Figure 6
H i g h pH C h a l l e n g e 3 Hematocrit,
[Cl~]
p l
,
[Na ]p , +
1
a
a
152 2.0
C h a l l e n g e mean shows s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e f r o m c o n t r o l W e i g h t i n grams; h e m a t o c r i t a s %; [ N a ] and [ C l ~ ] p i +
p l
69
2
150
mean. a s mEq'L
1 > 4
9
A p p e n d i x A, T a b l e I V . Means, by s t o c k and t r e a t m e n t , parameters measured i n h a n d l i n g c h a l l e n g e s . S t a n d a r d are i n s u b s c r i p t . Stock
A
Handling Challenge l 50 Hematocrit, 0 h
C
D
E
F
1 h
53
1.9
44
1.4
46
1.5
48
2.0
51
1.3
49 8.1 51 1.2
3 h
47
2.6
46
2.0
49
1.2
45
1.4
47
1.4
45
1.3
6 h
49
1.4
48
0.8
48
1.5
48
2.4
48
2.3
47
1.5
9 h
50
1.9
48
1.3
49
1.9
49
0.8
50
1.0
53 0.9
12 h
51
1.3
50
1.9
51
1.4
51
2.5
51
1.4
54
1.6
1.3
53
1.8
49 2.2 54 2.0
18 h
51
Plasma G l u c o s e ,
see
Handling Challenge 2 53 Hematocrit, 0 h
1.8
46
0.8
47
2.1
47
2.2
48
1.7
2.2
51
Figure
1.5
50
1.1
49
1.5
50
8A
1.2
51
1.2
50
1.3
52
2.4
49
1.5
1.3
47
1.4
51
1.1
49
2.1
51
2.2
53
0.9
53
1.5
50
2.2
46
2.2
6 h
56 1.7 50 1.7
50
1.3
52
1.4
49
2.1
55
1.6
51 2.1 50 1.1
9 h
56
1.8
56
1.2
52
1.2
48
1.8
49
1.5
50
1.8
12 h
55
1.0
52
1.3
55
1.5
50
1.4
53
2.5
53
1.8
18 h
56 1.9 3.93
53
1.5
h
3 h
Smolt Index Plasma G l u c o s e ,
53
1.5 3.97
see F i g u r e
Handling Challenge 3 52 Hematocrit, 0 h
Smolt
B
f o r the errors
4.00
50 2.2
49 1.7
3.93
3.97
1.1
48
0.9
51
1.1
46
1.5
50
2.1
52
2.3
46
1.1
47
1.1
51
2.2
49
47
0.8
48
1.5
49
1.7
46
1.3
48
2.0
54
1.7
46 2.3 49 1.5
47
49
3 h
51
1.6
50 0.8 49 1.2
6 h
54
1.4
50
1.6 i
9 h
51
2.8
54
12 h
57
2.2
18 h
52 0.9 3..40
49 0.7 54 i 2.1 3 .93
Plasma G l u c o s e ,
53 1.8
8B
1 h
Index,
56 1.6 4.00 a
a
1.4 a
54
1.7
3. 93
49 50
1.3 1.6
1.4 4. 00
48 50
1.3
1.3
1.5 51 0.9 50 1.1 53
1.3
52
50 0.6 3.,90
54
1.7
1.9
1.5 3 .93
s e e F i g u r e 8C
Mean shows s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e f r o m 0 h mean f o r t h a t s t o c k . H e m a t o c r i t i s as a %; S m o l t I n d e x i s a r e l a t i v e m e a s u r e . 70
Appendix
Description
B
o f h a t c h e r i e s and
from which the s i x s t o c k s
71
local
watersheds
originated.
A p p e n d i x B, T a b l e I . Summary o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t was a v a i l a b l e on e a c h o f t h e h a t c h e r i e s f r o m w h i c h s t o c k s i n the s i x s t o c k comparison o r i g i n a t e d from. Stock
A
1st year of operation
1971
Generations enhanced
5
K i l o m e t e r s approx t o ocean 5 1
1
R e t u r n age (year)
3
3
June Dec.
Rearing temp (°C) Water source
Groundw a t e r temp River water
Sept Apr.
1-14
pH
Groundw a t e r pH River Hardness
*
2-16 8
1982
E
F
1974
1
1
1981
4
approx. approx. approx 100 500 5
1 approx 25
0
1
1
3
3
3
3
Oct.Mar.
Oct.Dec.
Oct.Nov.
4-18
7-8
1-12
r i v e r + ground ground water
river+ ground
2-22
river+ river + ground ground
R i v e r temp (°C)
2
1 approx 100
D
1980
1982
Release age ( y e a r )
Spawning months
C
B
2-23
0-18
5-12
11
Sept.Mar. 7 ground water
2-23
0-22
NA
7-8
7-11
7
6.4-6.8 5.6-6.7
7.1-7.4 6.9-7.9 6.8-7.9 6.6-7.5
approx 7
6-7
7.7-8.4 6.4-9.7
4-6
7-11
13-27
17-28
15-36
22-25
10-13
53-86
36-93
40-49
29-52
Groundwater approx. Hardness * 20
* hardness = CaC0
3
mg/L
72
NA
6.9-7.2
CAPILANO COHO Hatchery information P r o d u c t i o n a r e a : B u r r a r d I n l e t ( a r e a 28) F i r s t y e a r o f o p e r a t i o n - 1971 D i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - a p p r o x . 5 Km Water s o u r c e : S u r f a c e w a t e r i s m i x e d w i t h g r o u n d w a t e r . W a t e r temp a t h a t c h e r y : r a n g e f r o m l t o 1 4 O C . Water temp ( r i v e r ) : Ranges f r o m 1 t o 1 4 ° C . W a t e r temp ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 8°C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 6.4 - 6.8 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) a p p r o x . 7 Hardness range ( r i v e r ) 4 - 6 (soft) H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) a p p r o x . 20 D i s e a s e a g e n t s and p a r a s t i e s : F u r u n c u l o s i s , BKD, and c e r a t o m y x a s i s
and
unidentified.
Release/enhancement s t r a t e g y : Spawners a r e r e c r u i t e d f r o m t h e C a p i l a n o R i v e r , eggs a r e i n c u b a t e d and f r y r e a r e d a t t h e h a t c h e r y f a c i l i t y . Coho are r e l e a s e d a f t e r 1 year. Some f r y (0 age) a r e p l a n t e d above t h e h a t c h e r y i n t h e C a p i l a n o r e s e r v i o r . In the past, some Coho h a v e b e e n r e a r e d i n s e a pens i n I n d i a n Arm and S e c h e l t I n l e t then r e l e a s e d from t h e r e . Returning Adults: The Coho r u n b e g i n s i n J u n e and ends i n December. The peak o f t h e r u n v a r i e s d e p e n d i n g on t h e y e a r . The r i v e r i s s u b j e c t t o p e r i o d s o f low f l o w and o f t e n m a t u r e f i s h c a n s p e n d a p e r i o d o f t i m e a t t h e mouth o f t h e r i v e r . Spawning a t t h e h a t c h e r y t a k e s p l a c e o n c e a month. The age o f t h e returning adults i s 3 years. Habitat: The h a t c h e r y has a l m o s t r e p l a c e d t h e n a t u r a l c o h o r u n . W a t e r s t o r a g e , f l o w r e g u l a t i o n and r i v e r c h a n n e l i n g h a v e had a s e r i o u s e f f e c t on m i g r a t i o n u p s t r e a m and s p a w n i n g h a b i t a t .
73
CHEHALIS COHO Hatchery
information
P r o d u c t i o n a r e a : Lower F r a s e r ( a r e a 29) F i r s t y e a r o f o p e r a t i o n - 1982 D i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - a p p r o x 95 km Water s o u r c e : A c o m b i n a t i o n o f s u r f a c e ( C h e h a l i s R.) and g r o u n d w a t e r (3 w e l l s ) a r e u s e d . I n c u b a t i o n i s on g r o u n d w a t e r and r e a r i n g i s m o s t l y on r i v e r water. As t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r i v e r r i s e s d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g , more and more o f i t i s added t o the h a t c h e r y water s u p p l y . D u r i n g the summer, g r o u n d w a t e r i s added o n l y when warm r i v e r water b e g i n s t o cause h e a l t h problems. W a t e r temp a t h a t c h e r y : T e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s f r o m 1-23°C. W a t e r temp ( r i v e r ) : 1 - 23°C W a t e r temp ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 5 - 12°C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 5.6 - 6.7 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 6 - 7 Hardness range ( r i v e r ) : 7-11 Hardness range (ground w a t e r ) : 10-13 D i s e a s e a g e n t s and p a r a s t i e s : PKD, Henneguya, C e r a t o m y x o s i s and
unidentified.
Release/enhancement strategy: I n t h e p a s t , a d u l t s were r e c r u i t e d f r o m a number o f a r e a s i n t h e w a t e r s h e d ( e g . Coho C r e e k , B i g S i l v e r C r e e k , Squakum C r e e k , H i c k s C r e e k , and H a r r i s o n R i v e r ) . Each o f t h e s e g r o u p s o f f i s h were r e a r e d s e p e r a t e l y and t h e n returned to t h e i r native area. Now, a l l r e l e a s e s a r e f r o m the hatchery i t s e l f . These r e l e a s e d coho a r e 1 y e a r o l d smolts. Returning Adults: The c o h o r u n b e g i n s i n September and r u n s u n t i l The age o f t h e r e t u r n i n g a d u l t s i s 3 y e a r s .
April.
Habitat: A l l f i s h t h a t use t h e F r a s e r R i v e r f o r m i g r a t i o n a r e s u b j e c t t o t h e e f f e c t s o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e dumping, sewage d i s c h a r g e , u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , r a i l w a y and h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , f o r e s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , m i n i n g , and hydroelectric generation. The c h a n g e s t o w a t e r f l o w , w a t e r q u a l i t y and j u v e n i l e h a b i t a t p r o b a b l y have a c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t on t h e s u r v i v a l o f j u v e n i l e s and m i g r a t i n g s m o l t s . L o g g i n g a c t i v i t i e s h a v e r e s u l t e d i n f l o o d i n g , s c o u r i n g and siltation. T h e s e r e s u l t s h a v e h a d an e f f e c t on h a b i t a t .
74
CHILLIWACK COHO Hatchery
information
P r o d u c t i o n a r e a : Lower F r a s e r ( a r e a 29) F i r s t y e a r o f o p e r a t i o n - 1980 D i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - a p p r o x 100 km. W a t e r s o u r c e : A m i x t u r e o f C h i l l i w a c k R i v e r w a t e r and g r o u n d w a t e r (2 w e l l s ) i s u s e d . The primary water source i s the r i v e r . G r o u n d w a t e r i s a d d e d when t h e t e m p e r a t u r e g e t s below 4°C. W a t e r temp a t h a t c h e r y : The t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e i s 0-18°C W a t e r temp ( r i v e r ) : 0 - 18°C W a t e r temp ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 11°C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 7.1 - 7.7 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 7.7 - 8.4 H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 13 - 27 H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 53 - 86 D i s e a s e a g e n t s and Furunculosis, unidentified.
parasites: ceratomyxosis,
Henneguya, PKD,
BKD
and
Release/enhancement s t r a t e g y : I n t h e p a s t , s p a w n i n g f i s h were r e c r u i t e d f r o m t h e v a r i o u s a r e a s a l o n g t h e C h i l l i w a c k R i v e r and i t s tributaries. The j u v e n i l e s were r e l e a s e d a s e i t h e r f r y (0 age) o r s m o l t s (1+ age) i n t h e i r n a t i v e s t r e a m s . More and more, a l l r e c r u i t m e n t and r e l e a s e s ( a l w a y s s m o l t s now) are from t h e h a t c h e r y . Returning Adults: The c o h o r u n b e g i n s i n O c t o b e r and e n d s i n t h e month o f March. The age o f r e t u r n i n g a d u l t s i s 3 y e a r s . Habitat: A l l f i s h t h a t use t h e F r a s e r R i v e r f o r m i g r a t i o n are s u b j e c t t o t h e e f f e c t s o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e dumping, sewage d i s c h a r g e , u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , r a i l w a y and h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , f o r e s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , m i n i n g , and h y d r o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n . The c h a n g e s t o w a t e r f l o w , w a t e r q u a l i t y and j u v e n i l e h a b i t a t p r o b a b l y h a v e a c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t on t h e s u r v i v a l o f j u v e n i l e s and m i g r a t i n g s m o l t s . L o g g i n g a c t i v i t i e s have r e s u l t e d i n f l o o d i n g , s c o u r i n g and s i l t a t i o n . T h e s e r e s u l t s h a v e had an e f f e c t on h a b i t a t . C h a n n e l i n g and d y k i n g , a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y and u r b a n development have a f f e c t e d r e a r i n g h a b i t a t .
75
EAGLE COHO Hatchery
information
P r o d u c t i o n a r e a : S o u t h Thompson ( a r e a 29) F i r s t y e a r o f o p e r a t i o n - 1983 D i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - a p p r o x . 500 km. Water s o u r c e : O n l y g r o u n d w a t e r i s u s e d (2 w e l l s ) Water temp a t h a t c h e r y : 7 - 8 ° C W a t e r temp ( r i v e r ) : 2 - 23°C W a t e r temp ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 7 - 8 ° C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 6.9 - 7.9 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 6.4 - 9.7 Hardness range ( r i v e r ) : 1 7 - 2 8 Hardness range (ground w a t e r ) : 36-93 Disease agents and p a r a s i t e s : Some d i s e a s e s h a v e o c c u r r e d b u t r e m a i n Few s a m p l e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n .
unidentified.
Release/enhancement s t r a t e g y : A d u l t s a r e t a k e n f r o m b o t h t h e E a g l e R i v e r a n d Salmon R i v e r systems. J u v e n i l e s a r e r e l e a s e d t o t h e system o f o r i g i n a s f r y (0+ a g e ) . A very small percentage o f f i s h are h e l d over f o r l a t e r r e l e a s e Returning Adults: The c o h o r u n b e g i n s i n O c t o b e r a n d e n d s i n December. The age o f r e t u r n i n g a d u l t s c o h o i s m o s t l y 3 y e a r s . Habitat: A l l f i s h t h a t use the F r a s e r R i v e r f o r migration are s u b j e c t t o t h e e f f e c t s o f i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e dumping, sewage d i s c h a r g e , urban development, r a i l w a y and highway c o n s t r u c t i o n , f o r e s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , m i n i n g , and hydroelectric generation. The c h a n g e s t o w a t e r f l o w , w a t e r q u a l i t y and j u v e n i l e h a b i t a t p r o b a b l y have a c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t on t h e s u r v i v a l o f j u v e n i l e s a n d m i g r a t i n g s m o l t s . The S o u t h Thompson s y s t e m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a s y s t e m o f l a r g e l a k e s ( e g Shuswap L . ) . T h i s tends towards productive h a b i t a t s with s t a b l e flow. Irrigation of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s a n d h y d r o e l e c t r i c dams h a v e h a d a m o d e r a t e i m p a c t on r e a r i n g h a b i t a t .
76
QUINSAM COHO Hatchery information P r o d u c t i o n a r e a : m i d V a n c o u v e r I s . ( a r e a 13) F i r s t y e a r o f o p e r a t i o n - 1974 D i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - 5 km Water s o u r c e : S u r f a c e w a t e r f r o m t h e Quinsam R i v e r i s mixed w i t h groundwater ( s p r i n g source) from C o l d Creek. W a t e r temp a t h a t c h e r y : I n c u b a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s v a r y from 1 t o 8°C ( r i v e r w a t e r ) . R e a r i n g water ( s p r i n g ) temperature ranges from 8 t o 12°C. W a t e r temp ( r i v e r ) : 0 - 1 6 ° C W a t e r temp, ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 8 - 1 2 ° C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 6.8 - 7.9 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) NA H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 15 - 36 H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 40 - 49 Disease agents and p a r a s t i e s : F u r u n c u l o s i s , BKD, Henneguya a n d u n i d e n t i f i e d . Release/enhancement s t r a t e g y : Eggs a n d m i l t a r e t a k e n f r o m s p a w n i n g a d u l t s t h a t return t o the hatchery. The m a j o r i t y o f j u v e n i l e s a r e r e l e a s e d f r o m t h e h a t c h e r y a s s m o l t s (1+ a g e ) . Fry are also p l a n t e d t o water systems above t h e h a t c h e r y i n t h e f a l l o f t h e i r f i r s t year. The numbers o f j u v e n i l e s r e l e a s e d i n t h i s way v a r i e s f r o m y e a r t o y e a r . Returning Adults: The c o h o r u n s t a r t s i n l a t e September a n d e n d s i n e a r l y December. The age o f r e t u r n i n g a d u l t s i s 3 y e a r s . Wild Habitat: M o s t l y s m a l l s t r e a m s s u b j e c t t o l o w summer f l o w . L o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s ( l o g s t o r a g e and s o r t i n g ) has had a moderate impact. The e f f e c t s o f u p s t r e a m m i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s h a s b e e n a l e v i a t e d s i n c e t h e e a r l y 8 0 s . H y d r o e l e c t r i c dams have r e s u l t e d i n l o s s o f spawning a r e a s b u t f l o w s a r e stable.
77
TENDERFOOT COHO Hatchery
information
Production
a r e a : Howe Sound ( A r e a 28) Sguamish H a t c h e r y o p e r a t i o n b e g i n s : 1981 E n h a n c i n g Coho s i n c e : 1982 d i s t a n c e f r o m S t r a i t o f G e o r g i a - 26 km Water s o u r c e : A l l water i s from w e l l s ( 3 ) . Water temp a t h a t c h e r y : 7 ° C W a t e r temp ( r i v e r ) : NA W a t e r temp ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 7 ° C pH r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 6.6 - 7.5 pH r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 6.9 - 7.2 H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( r i v e r ) : 22 - 25 H a r d n e s s r a n g e ( g r o u n d w a t e r ) : 29 - 52 Disease agents and p a r a s t i e s : None r e p o r t e d , a l t h o u g h a few c a s e s o f u n i d e n t i f i e d d i s e a s e s have o c c u r r e d . F u r u n c l u o s i s has been i s o l a t e d from wild f i s h i n the area. Release/enhancement s t r a t e g y : The a d u l t c o h o a r e r e c r u i t e d f r o m T e n d e r f o o t C r e e k , S q u a m i s h R i v e r , Cheakamus R i v e r , A s h l u R i v e r a n d o t h e r nearby water systems as w e l l as from r e t u r n s t o t h e hatchery. J u v e n i l e s a r e r e l e a s e d t o t h e i r streams o f o r i g i n and d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e h a t c h e r y . R e l e a s e i s a s s m o l t s (1+ age). Returning Adults: The c o h o r u n b e g i n s i n September a n d e n d s i n M a r c h . The age o f r e t u r n i n g a d u l t s i s 3 y e a r s . Wild
Habitat: The c o a s t a l r i v e r s a r e s u b j e c t t o l a r g e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n flow. F l o w i s h i g h e s t d u r i n g t h e summer f r e s h e t a n d w i n t e r f l o o d i n g i s common. S e d i m e n t a t i o n a n d s c o u r i n g a r e common p r o b l e m s i n many r i v e r s . Logging a c t i v i t i e s accentuate these problems. P o r t development has a f f e c t e d e s t u a r y habitat.
78
Reference
Sources
As much i n f o r m a t i o n a s p o s s i b l e was g l e a n e d f r o m a number o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s i n c l u d i n g : Blackmum e t a l . ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; D e p a r t m e n t o f F i s h e r i e s and O c e a n s , ( 1 9 8 8 ) ; M a c K i n l a y , ( 1 9 8 4 ) ; M i l l e r e t a l . ( 1 9 8 6 ) ; and Whelen and Olmsted, (1982). D e t a i l s o f e a c h o f t h e s i x s t o c k s came t h r o u g h p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h ; Buck, P., C h i l l i w a c k R i v e r Hatchery; Harrsion, C , Eagle R i v e r Hatchery; Kahl, L., C h e h a l i s R i v e r H a t c h e r y ; s t o n e , E . , C a p i l a n o R i v e r H a t c h e r y ; Thompson, B., T e n d e r f o o t H a t c h e r y ; and V a n t i n e , J . , Quinsam R i v e r H a t c h e r y .
79
Appendix
D e t a i l s on
the
as d a t e s
egg
C
collection
and
hatching
f o r s a m p l e w e i g h i n g and
80
as
well
challenges.
A p p e n d i x C, T a b l e I . D e t a i l s on c o l l e c t i o n a n d h a t c h i n g o f each o f t h e s t o c k s used i n t h e s i x s t o c k comparison. I n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e s from spawning a t t h e d i f f e r e n t h a t c h e r i e s t o p o n d i n g a t UBC ( o r h a t c h e r y ) . Stock Spawning date
A 14/12 1987
C
B 20/01 1988
12/18 1987
Pool size (# p a r e n t )
6 f. 6 m.
25 f . 25 m.
15-20 f . 15-20 m.
Arrival UBC
04/03 1988
09/03 1988
01/03 1988
L i f e stage at a r r i v a l
eyed egg
eyed egg
eyed egg
A r r i v e ATU
295
334
357
Hatching date H a t c h ATU Ponding date Ponded ATU
22/03 -29/03
29/03 -03/04
18/03 -23/03
D 18/11 1987 NA 28/06 1988 fry * (3.7 g) NA
*
17/01 -18/01*
E
F
27/11 1987
24/12 1987
100 f . 100 m.
12 f . 12 m.
05/03 1988
04/03 1988
eyed egg
eyed egg
378
490
11/03 -16/03
03/03 -07/03
450
500
485
450*
440
500
23/04
24/04
12/04
21/04*
10/04
09/04
683
682
662
723*
648
* Early rearing of Eagle coho was at the Eagle River hatchery. ATU = Accumulated Temperature Units. f.= females; m. = males
81
760
A p p e n d i x C, T a b l e I I . The d a t e s a n d d e t a i l s o f t h e sample weights c o l l e c t e d from t h e s t r a i n s i n t h e s i x s t o c k comparison. T h e s a m p l i n g was u s e d a s a t o o l m a i n t a i n s t o c k i n g d e n s i t y o f each o f t h e r e a r i n g group 1 s t o c k s a t l e s s t h a n 35 kg/m3.
Date Jun.
Description
6, 1988
Comments
B i o m a s s and s a m p l e
weights
Jul.
27,
1988
Biomass f o r
a l l but Eagle
Jul.
31,
1988
Biomass weight
Aug.
13,
1988
B i o m a s s and s a m p l e w t s .
Aug.
27,
1988
Biomass w e i g h t s
Oct.
1,
1988
B i o m a s s and
individual
weight
O c t . 27,
1988
B i o m a s s and
individual
weight
adjust density
Dec.
8, 1988
B i o m a s s and
individual
weight
adjust density
Jan.
5,
1989
B i o m a s s and
individual
weight
Jan.
21,
1989
Biomass w e i g h t s
& fish
counts
adjust density
Mar.
25,
1989
Biomass w e i g h t s
& fish
counts
adjust density
f o r Eagle
adjust density
adjust density
B i o m a s s = T o t a l w e i g h t o f a l l f i s h i n t h e t a n k was m e a s u r e d . I n d i v i d u a l w e i g h t = A sample o f f i s h were i n d i v i d u a l l y weighed. F i s h c o u n t s = A c o u n t o f a l l f i s h i n t h e t a n k was d o n e . A d j u s t d e n s i t y = F i s h were removed f r o m t a n k s s o t h a t a l l d e n s i t i e s were s i m i l a r t o t h e l o w e s t d e n s i t y measured.
82
A p p e n d i x C, T a b l e I I I . D a t e o f t h e s t a r t o f c h a l l e n g e t e s t conducted i n the s i x stock comparison. See t h e M a t e r i a l s and M e t h o d s s e c t i o n o f t h e t e x t f o r d e t a i l s on t h e challenges themselves. Start
o f Experiment
October
9, 1988
Challenge
Experiment
Saltwater Challenge
1 a t 30ppt 1 controls.
October
12,
1988
Saltwater Challenge
October
30,
1988
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e
1 a t pH
9.4
October
30,
1988
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e 2 a t pH
9.4
NaCl.
November
8, 1988
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e 1 c o n t r o l s .
November
8, 1988
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e 2 c o n t r o l s .
December
8, 1988
S a l t w a t e r c h a l l e n g e 2, 30 p p t N a C l p l u s temperature i n c r e a s e .
December 10,
1988
Saltwater Challenge increase only.
2, t e m p e r a t u r e
December 16,
1988
Low pH c h a l l e n g e
December 18,
1988
Low pH c h a l l e n g e 1 c o n t r o l s a l s o , Saltwater challenge 2 controls.
February
11,
1989
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e
3 a t pH
February
14,
1989
H i g h pH c h a l l e n g e
3 controls.
March
24,
1989
Thermal t o l e r a n c e c h a l l e n g e a t loC/h
April
29,
1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e
2 and 4 c o n t r o l s .
May
1, 1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e
3 and 5 c o n t r o l s .
May
4, 1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e 2 a t pH
3.63.
May
9, 1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e
3 a t pH
3.67
1 a t pH
3.55.
9.8.
May
16,
1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e 4 a t pH
3.75
May
26,
1989
Low pH c h a l l e n g e 5 a t pH
4.10.
June
11--13,
1989
Handling
Challenge
1, 30s d i p n e t .
June
16--18,
1989
Handling
Challenge
2, 30s d i p n e t .
June
20--22,
1989
Handling
Challenge
3, 30s d i p n e t .
83
Appendix D
Definitions
84
A.
Stock
A g e n e r a l d e f i n i t i o n i s : a s p e c i e s group, o r p o p u l a t i o n , o f f i s h t h a t m a i n t a i n s and s u s t a i n s i t s e l f t i m e i n a d e f i n a b l e a r e a (Brooke 1981).
B.
over
Stress
The n o n s p e c i f i c r e s p o n s e o f t h e body t o any demand. The s t a t e i s m a n i f e s t e d b y a s p e c i f i c syndrome ( g e n e r a l a d a p t a t i o n syndrome) w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f a l l o f t h e n o n s p e c i f i c a l l y i n d u c e d changes w i t h i n a b i o l o g i c a l system. The r e s p o n s e h a s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r m , b u t no p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i f i c cause ( S e l y e 1976). The p h y s i o l o g i c a l a p p a r a t u s i n v o l v e d i n e m o t i o n a l o r arousal reactions t o threatening o r upleasant f a c t o r s i n the l i f e s i t u a t i o n a s a w h o l e (Mason 1 9 7 1 ) . A s t a t e c a u s e d by a f a c t o r ( s t r e s s o r ) t h a t r e s u l t s i n d e v i a t i o n from t h e normal r e s t i n g o r h o m e o s t a t i c s t a t e . W h i l e t h e , t h e s t r e s s f a c t o r c a n n o t be d i r e c t l y q u a n t i f i e d , t h e r e s p o n s e e x p e r i e n c e d c a n ( a f t e r d e c i d i n g what c o n s i t u t e s a normal r e s t i n g s t a t e ) . The s t r e s s r e s p o n s e i s t h e c h a n g e i n b i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n beyond t h e normal r e s t i n g range t h a t c h a l l e n g e s h o m e o s t a s i s a n d may t h r e a t e n t h e f i s h ' s w e l l b e i n g ( B a r t o n a n d Iwama 1 9 9 0 ) .
" T h e r e a r e few c o n c e p t s t h a t h a v e e v o k e d a s much d i s c u s s i o n a n d d i s a g r e e m e n t a s t h a t o f s t r e s s when a p p l i e d to b i o l o g i c a l systems." 1
P i c k e r i n g , A.D. I n t r o d u c t i o n P i c k e r i n g A.D. E d i t o r . Stress I n c . London 1981. pg 1. 1
85
t o the concept o f s t r e s s , i n and F i s h . Academic P r e s s
