Mar 9, 2007 - electric power from green energy sources in 2006-2010. (Dziennik ... 3. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9. Geothermal. 0.33. 0.46. 1. 5. 11. 12. 12. Wind. 1999. 2005.
Renewable energy research in EU from a Polish perspective Janusz Gołaszewski Renewable Energy Research Center University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Poland
Presentation at the FuSED Conference, Offenburg, Germany, June, 18-24, 2007
EU summit in Brussels 9th March 2007 (German presidency) Up to 2020 • increasing the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption up to 20% • the share of biofuels in transport • will not be lower than 10% • reduction of CO2 emission by 20% with taking into account • economic conditions • real potential • starting point
Poland – official quotas (in accordance with EU regulations) Up to 2010 • attaining the level of 7.5% renewable energy in national consumption of energy, including • biomass 4.0% • wind energy • hydro-energy
2.3% 1.2%
% 10.0
20 15
8.0
5
7.0 5.4
6.0 4.0
10
9.0
2.0 0.0
2 0.5
3.6
4.3
6
12
17 14
7.5
EU 1.5 2008 2009 2010 Poland 2006 2007
0 Estimated minimal thresholds of quantitative shares of electric power sources in'2020 2006-2010. '1995from green '2000energy'2010 (Dziennik Ustaw 267,2656,10 – Official Laws)
RES trend
Total energy production in Poland (thousand toe).
4062
thousand toe
The structure and trend of energy production and consumption.
3901 3830
Biomass
3541
92000 185
88000
200 181
196
Production
179
Water
144
9
80000
8 7
76000 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
6
2006
3
The share of RES (in %). %
189
Consumption
84000
1998
3898
3587
96000
thousand toe
3929
Geothermal
3
2
6
in total production 11
in total consumption
12
12
5 5
4 1998
0.33
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1999
0.46
Wind
1
2003
2005
Electric power
The type of power plant
In total 34300 MW CHP and other
1.8%
Other renewables
2.9%
Hydropower plants
3.8%
Brown coal-fired power plants
26%
Coal-fired power plants
67% MW
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Installed capacity of power plants in Poland (source: Mirowski et al. 2005)
34864 MW - installed capacity of power plants (2006) 1307 MW - installed capacity of renewable energy installations
MW 1200 1000
1003 (86%)
800 600 400 83 (6.3%)
200
190 (5.1%) 32 (2.6%)
0 water
wind
biogas
biomass
The power of renewable energy installations. (source: PIGEO, 2006)
EU - biofuels Up to 2010 increasing the share of biofuels in transportation (combustion engines) up to 5.75% In Poland at present productin of liquid fuels Ædiesel 6 mln t Æ petrol 5 mln t
to fulfill the need for biofuel production Æ biodiesel 0.35 mln t Æ bioetanol 0.33 mln t
it means that: • the area of rape cultivation should be increased two-fold • the potential of bioetanol production is sufficient
Incentives in Polish regulations Instruments: orientated directly on stimulation of capital expenditure into renewable energy investment
subvention, ecological funds, EU funds, preferential investment and taxes, preferential administrative process, legislative regulations, etc.
operational – guaranteeing the sale of produced energy and increasing the income of acting firms
obligation of energy distributors to purchase green power, price mechanism, trade of green certificates
Incentives in Polish regulations (examples) free from excise tax electricity produced from renewable energy sources (Official Journal - Dz.U.29,257, 2004)
biocomponents made from agricultural material, by-products and wastes and used in the production of liquid biofuels (Official Journal - Dz.U.199, 1934 from 2003 and Dz.U. 34, 293 from 2004)
partly free from excise tax biocomponents used in the production of liquid fuels while the tax volume depends on the percentage of biocomponent in the fuel (Official Journal - Dz.U.97, 966 from 2004)
UE and Polish subvention to farmers growing energy crops (after UE regulations the Decree of People’s State Council - 2012/2006)
Some good prognostics as for biomass production Growing area of plantations of energy crops 2000 100 ha 2005 4000 ha 2007 10000 ha Prognoses: |
| |
potential of biomass production is estimated on 50 mln t – ca. 400 mln GJ this is equivalent to 20% of coal ca 1.3 mln ha agricultural area
New cultivars of energy crops – Salix sp. registered as original forms in Polish Research Centre for Cultivar Testing – Słupia Wielka near Poznań
Polish potential in the production of renewable energy (source: EC BREC)
RES Biomass Water Geothermal Wind Solar
Percentage of potential production 12 2.5 0.1 0.1 0.002
Question: Why the country of such potential with Æ rich sources of renewable energy Æ an economy that is becomming favorable to their utilization Æ very high potential of rural areas and agriculture is an outsider in production and utilization of renewable energy and in the development of innovative technology in the field of RES
Answer: Æ national policy – unfavorable conjuncture!
Polish potential in renewable energy research – some limitations – 1). Energy security policy – the most important issue concentrated heat and power supply and concentrated and monopolistic fuel supply instead of increasing interest in utilization of own renewable resources consumer will pay more – not only by higher price of energy but also by „monopolistic rent” preference for traditional syndicate and countries supplying energy instead of developing the local entrepreneurs, entrepreneur people and administration to fulfill EU quotas of green energy on energy market the government talks with large energy suppliers traditionally oriented on coal instead of talking with SMEs – the potential independent suppliers of green energy
Polish potential in renewable energy research – some limitations – 2). Scepticism of Polish government to EU policy in RES support of large energy suppliers instead of SMEs an opposition to the liberalisation of energy market prefferable in EU 3). There is no pressure from energy consumers to lower energy prices – in common thinking Poland relies on coal and is dependent on imports of other natural energy sources, crude oil and gas, instead of developing the common consciousness and interest in green energy production and utilisation. 4) Less activity of non-governmental organisations due to lack of support from Polish and foreign ecological institutions and observation that large RES installation may be also dangerous for ecosystems instead of elaborating the vision for the whole future sector of renewable energy.
Polish potential in renewable energy research – some limitations – 5). There are limits on use of the funds from EU (less than 5 mln Euro on the project) and limits on the power of installation RES (less than 5MW) – uncommon in other EU countries 6). Even if green energy is included into the priorities of national research programs it is treated rather as one of the many commitments of Poland to EU instead of being a real activity of real progress. 7) There is good law for liquid biocomponents and biofuels (self-use, pure biocomponents as a biofuel in fleets, reduced excise – simple rules) but again the investors are large energy and oil consortia and as an „additional business” the biocomponents are mixed with mineral fuel.
This does not mean that Polish research on green energy is waiting for better times. The time is now. The institutions engaged in research on RES • higher education institutions (universities) – 82% • R&D institutes (departmental institutes) – 12% • the branches of Polish Academy of Sciences – 6%
The base for research – many were done in the last years: •
the regions of Poland were inventoried in the context of their ability to utilise different RES (water, geothermal, wind, biomass)
•
researches on energy plants and experiments have been established mainly with crops for heat and power purposes
•
with the advanced research it was possible to change the educational programs at the universities
•
on the 1st, 2nd and 3th cycle of higher education there have been incorporated courses now giving the first diplomas and titles for specialists in green energy
The good climate for research in RES: •
many possible sources of funds for research on green energy from EU and Polish institutions, governmental as well as local (regional) operational programs
•
the change of structure of funds on projects in the Ministry of Higher Education and Science – preferable large projects elaborated on a broad basis and orientated on the implementation in practice
•
there are numerous initiatives tending to combine scientific potential in order to concentrate it on the projects, like renewable energy research centers at the universities, clusters and consortia organized by entrepreneurs (large and SMEs) and local administration together with university research batch
The Case Study
Renewable Energy Research Center (CBEO – acronym in Polish)
University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Poland
inter-faculty unit the aim: to integrate interdisciplinary research potential of the University focused on renewable energy to be a partner in regional initiatives in the field of renewable energy with the local administration and enterprises to be effective in the application for research grants and regional development funds
Renewable Energy Research Center (CBEO acronym in Polish)
University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Poland 20
research teams from 8 faculties – 70 researchers the greatest research potential in Warmia and Mazury region
UWM – campus Kortowo
Scientific specialization of research teams covers practically all the research spheres in the field of renewable energy
but the most important achievements are in: agro-technologies of energy crops and utilisation of biomass as lignocelluloses material (electricity, heating, 2nd generation biofuels), and of high content of oil (biofuels), ie.
Harvest of Salix sp.
Field enxperiments with Salix sp.
Storage of Salix sp.
Boiler on fresh biomass of Salix sp.
Scientific specialization of research teams covers practically all the research spheres in the field of renewable energy
but the most important achievements are in: biotechnology of the production of biogas from sludge.
Anaerobic fermentors
technologies of utilization of wastes from agricultural and food industry to energy production purposes, environmental analysis of renewable energy installations (i.e. carbon circulation), economic and social analysis (balance of energy production from various sources, efficiency of biomass production from energy crops, the income sources of local societies), research and expertise on exploitation of wind and geothermal waters, mathematical modelling and simulation of energy needs in different scales (single farm, a group of farms, commune, etc.)
Scientific-research base specialised laboratories of research teams, i.e.: • to analyze the biomass combustion and gasification processes, • chambers for conducting the fermentation process of biogas production and to analyze its quality, • the analysis of biofuels in internal combustion engines • laboratory of satellite monitoring.
four experimental stations (Bałdy, Bałcyny, Łężany, Tomaszkowo)
with presently conducted collections and plantations of energy plants
Miscanthus sinensis giganteus
Sida hermaphrodita
Salix
International cooperation, common grants
at present the realisation of the two EU projects: 6FP – on the utilization of communal sludge by energy crop plantations (coordinator – France) Marie-Curie – indirectly connected with fuel cells (coordinator - Poland)
special interest of visitors from abroad is paid to our short-rotation coppice plantations with Salix.
Cooperation with local authorities and enterprises – common initiatives
elaboration of the new projects with determined localization for experimental installation in the field of renewable energy Kętrzyn Cluster of Renewable Energy (biofuels) – agreement on cooperation signed on 25th May 2007 in Olsztyn over-regional consortium Baltic See Eco-Energy Cluster – agreement on cooperation signed on 11 June 2007 in Gdansk
Recapitulations 1. The geographical location along with pressure on energy supply security predispose Poland to broad implementation of innovative technology in the field of renewable energy. 2. Relatively low number of green energy installations may be advantageous because it makes the „virgin” research area for creation of new green energy technologies in real location with considering local conditions – Polish research potential is ready and prepared to focus on advanced research in the field. 3. The new interdisciplinary structures of research centers and newly created clusters and consortia seems to be good partners to create international cooperation to elaborate the universal solutions in the field of green energy and its common application in practice.
References Mirowski T., Szurlej A., Wielgosz G. 2005. Polityka energetyczna. 2: 55-75. Stolarski M., Tworkowski J., Szczukowski S. 2006. Produktywność i charakterystyka biomasy jako paliwa. Energetyka, IX: 53-56. Wiśniewski G. 2007. Uboczne skutki centralizacji w sektorze energetycznym. Czysta Energia, 2(64): 12-14. Statistical Yearbook, 2005, 2006.
