Develop a national register of fish species (invertebrates, amphibia, reptiles, aquatic fauna would be subject of discussion afterwards), including their home ...
ABSTRACT
OBSTACLES OF RIVER BASIN DAMS
T h e r e ar e 3 3 r i v er s w it h a t ota l l e ngt h of 1 7 7 ,7 1 4 k m on Tu r ke y ' s 2 5 r i v e r b a s i n. T h er e a r e 3 6 8 f i sh s p ec i e s of 3 1 f a mi l i e s , of w h i ch 1 5 3 ar e e n d em i c i n a l l i n l a n d wat er s ( r iv e rs , da m l a ke s , n at ur e l a ke s et c . ). Tur ke y h a s a r ic h v a r i et y o f f is h s p ec i e s. T h e l i fe o f m i grat o r y f i sh a r e t hr e at en e d b y h um a n a ct i v i t i es o n r i v er s s yst e m s. T h e s e h u ma n act i v i t i es t h at d is r up t r i v e r int e gr i t y c an b e l i st ed a s ; da m c o nst r uct i o ns , h ig h l ev e e s a nd w e ir s , s a nd -g ra v e l q u a rr i e s, br i dg e s, r e cr ea t io n a l w or k s , wat e r p o l l ut i on s, o v e r f i sh i n g, ha b ita t l o s s e s, etc . Th e fo u r en d e m ic f is h sp e c i es ( A lb ur nu s a k i l i , A lb ur nu s n ic a ee n s is , A p ha n iu s sp l en de n s, Ps eu do pho x i nu s h an d l ir sc h i) b e l on g t o t h e Tur k i s h i n la n d fish fauna have completely ext inc t from t he nature due t o these activities. I n r ec en t y e ar s , Tur ke y h a s g on e to i nc r ea s e t h e nu m b er o f Hy dr o e l ec tr i c P ow e r P l an ts (H E PPs ) in r iv e rs i n or d e r t o s up p l y t h e i nc r ea s i ng e l ect r ic i t y d e m a nd . H ow e v e r, a l m ost n on e o f th e H E PPs t hat a r e c om p l et e d or p l an n e d h a v e f is h pa s sa g es . It i s no t k no w n w h et h er t ho s e w ho h av e f i s h pa s sa ge s w o r k e f f ic i e nt ly. T h e p r es e nc e o f ga p s i n th e l e g is l at i on suc h a s t h e c o nst r uct i o n a n d su p e r v is i o n o f f is h pa s sa g es a nd ot h e r o bst ac l e s c au s e t h e d is a pp e ar an c e o f m i grat o r y f i s h s p ec i e s w h ic h m igr at ed fo r br e e d in g a n d fe e d in g in th e r i v er. T h i s s it ua t io n t hr e at en s t h e en v ir o n m ent a nd b i od i v er s it y o f Tur k i s h f i s h fauna. I n p a rt ic u l ar, en d ang e r ed f is h s p ec i e s s uc h a s st urg e o n, s ea tr o ut a n d E u ro p e an e e l ar e mu ch af fe ct ed . F o r e xa m p l e, da m s, H EP Ps , r eg u la to rs , b r i dg e s, s a nd - gra v e l qu a rr i e s l e d t o t h e l o s s es o f br e e d i ng a nd fe e d i n g h a b ita ts o f s tu rg e on s i n t h e S ak a r ya R i v e r. T h e f i rst H E PP o n t h e S a k a ry a R i v e r i s l oc at e d a b ou t 9 0 k m fr o m t h e mo ut h of th e r i v e r, an d st urg e o ns tr y t o s pa w n o n l y th i s d ist a nc e of 9 0 k m i f th e y d o n ot e nc o unt e r ot h er o bst ac l e s. S a k ar y a R i v e r i s 8 2 4 k m l o ng in to ta l a n d th e r e ar e 9 D a ms / HE PP s o n it , 7 o f w h ic h a r e p la n n ed t o b e co ns tr uct e d. No n e of th e f is h pa s sa g es w it h t h i s d a ms o r H E PP s w er e p la nn e d t o m igr at e fo r s tu rg e on s . T h e y a r e p l a nn e d t ec hn i ca l l y f o r only small fish passing. I n or d e r t o so l v e s w i m m in g pr ob l e m s of st ur g eo n s a n d ot h er a q uat i c f au n a i n t h e r i v er, f irs t l y t h e f i s h pa s sa g es o f e x i st i ng H EPP s s ho u l d b e a da pt e d t o u p str e a m an d d o wn st r ea m m i gra t io n s. A l l t h e s tr uc tu r es a n d ob st ac l e s t ha t p r e v ent s w i m m i ng ac t i v it i e s i n t h e r i v er s h ou l d b e a rr an g ed gr a du a l l y s o t ha t f i s h c an m i gra t e to r ep ro d uct i o n a n d n ut r it i o n p u rp o s es i n Tu r ke y ’s r i v e r syst ems.
Fig. 10: Pamukova HEPP (Sakarya river)
POLLUTION
Fig. 11: Deriner HEPP (Çoruh river)
Fig. 12: Useless Fish Passages (Sakarya river)
Fig. 12: Istanbul stream (Sapanca)
SAND-GRAVEL QUARRİES
Fig. 13: Sand quarry (Sakarya river)
Fig. 14: Stone quarry (Yanık stream, Sapanca)
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
Fig. 15: Yanık Stream, Sapanca (winter)
Fig. 18: It is forbidden to wash Fig. 17: Ereğli reeds, Wetland Fig.16: Yanık Stream, Sapanca Conservation Area (Konya-Karaman) laundry and swim (Karapınar, Konya) (summer)
HIGH LEVEES AND WEIRS
Fig. 19: Artificial waterfall construction (İstanbul stream, Sapanca)
Fig. 20: Ali Fuat Paşa Bridge (Sakarya river)
OVERFISHING
Fig. 21: Artificial weir and fish passage (Karabük)
Fig. 22: Fyke net catching (Sakarya river)
TURKEY’S EXTINCT SPECIES
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Fig.1: Alburnus akili
Fig.2: Alburnus nicaeensis
Fig.3: Pseudophoxinus handlirschi Fig.4: Aphanius splendens (Fishbase)
TURKEY’S ENDANGERED SPECIES
Fig. 5. Lampetra lanceolata Turkish Brook Lamprey (Yanık stream , July 2007)
Fig. 6. Salmo cf. coruhensis (Artvin, 2008)
Fig. 7. Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Sakarya river, 2016)
Fig. 8. Acipenser stellatus (Sakarya river, 2016)
Fig. 9: Anguilla Anguilla (Kovada stream, 1993)(Fahrettin Küçük)
Cricitally Endangered (CR) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Oxynoemacheilus seyhanensis Cobitis kellei Capoeta pestai Gobio gymnostethus Gobio hettitorum Luciobarbus subquincunciatus Pseudophoxinus maeandricus Alburnus timarensis Pseudophoxinus ninae Squalius cappadocicus Salmo chilo Salmo platycephalus Alburnus nasreddin Anguilla anguilla Huso huso Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Acipenser nudiventris Acipenser sturio Acipenser stellatus
Endangered (EN)
1.Oxynoemacheilus mesudae 2.Oxynoemacheilus seyhanicola 3.Oxynoemacheilus ercisianus 4.Cobitis phrygica 5.Cobitis turcica 6.Capoeta mauricii 7.Chondrostoma fahirae 8.Chondrostoma beysehirense 9.Gobio intermedius 10.Pseudophoxinus anatolicus 11.Pseudophoxinus fahrettini 12.Pseudophoxinus hittitorum 13.Pseudophoxinus alii 14.Pseudophoxinus maeandri 15.Salmo labecula 16.Lampetra lanceolate 17.Scardinius elmaliensis 18.Squalius carinus
19.Aphanius sureyanus 20.Ponticola rizensis 21. Alburnus attalus 22. Alburnus baliki 23. Capoeta barroisi 24. Garra kemali 25. Chondrostoma kinzelbachi
Vulnerable (VU) 1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Oxynoemacheilus germencicus Oxynoemacheilus eregliensis Seminemacheilus ispartensis Seminemacheilus lendlii Alburnus battalgilae Alburnus demiri Alburnus orontis Barbus grypus Capoeta antalyensis Pseudophoxinus antalyae Luciobarbus kottelati Squalius recurvirostris Carasobarbus kosswigi Chondrostoma holmwoodii Chondrostoma meandrense Gobio microlepidotus Ponticola turani Squalius cephaloides
O n e o f t h e m a i n t h r e a t s f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d w e l l b e i n g o f b i o d i v e r s i t y i n Tu r k i s h w a t e r s i s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e e x t e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e h y d r o p o w e r s e c t o r. O t h e r impacts compr is e land us e, pollution of v ar ious s our ces w hich ar e incr eas ingly dominated by climate change. For this tas k , an inter -minis ter ial team of exper ts has to be es tablis hed the s us tainable h y d r o - c o n s t r u c t i o n s t r at e g y. T h i s e x p e r t t e a m s h o u l d b e w o r k i n g o n f i s h m i g r a t i o n activ ities and s hould hav e the total ov er v iew. I n pr inciple the s tr ategy compr is es 3 main tar gets ar e as follow s : 1 . D ev elop an inv entor y (bas ic ov er v iew s of exis ting infor mation) a. D ev elop a national r egis ter of f is h s pecies ( inv er tebrates, amphibia , r eptiles , aquatic f a u n a w o u ld b e s u b j ec t o f d is c u s s io n a f t er w a r ds ), in c lu d in g t h eir h o m e r a n g e, m ig r a t io n r o u t es , t h ei r h a b i t a t u t i l i z a t i o n , m i g r a t i o n c a l en d a r a n d p h y s i o l o g i ca l r eq u i r em en t s a n d limitations . b. O utline the endemic s pecies and their cons er v ation s tatus including a per s pectiv e a s s e s s me n t e v a l u a t i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f o n g o i n g a n d p l a n n e d p r o j e c t s f o r h y d r o dev elopment. c. Aggr egate a national r egis ter of hy dr o cons tr uctions, including location, catchment, s iz e, age, condition, efficiency d. D efine a pr ior ity lis t of s pecies and habitat ty pes (and s iz es ) that ar e thr eatened, endanger ed or cr itically endanger ed life for ms . 2 . D ev elop meas ur es to pr ev ent adv er s e impacts upon the pr ior ity s pecies and habitats . Thes e s hould compr is e a s hor t and concis e lis t of cr iter ia for the mos t common us ed fis h w ay s : pool ty pe, natur e like by pas s f or dams
