Characterization of landrace durum wheat populations using microsatellite markers ( SöylemezoÄlu,2006),. ⢠Rapid quality breeding employing modern biotech ...
WHEAT GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR EXPLOITATION FOR BREEDING IN TURKEY Prof. Dr. İrfan Özberk Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Plant remnants from several excavations in turkey
EVOLUTION OF WHEAT Ae. speltoides
X
T. urartu
T. boeoticum T. monococcum
Ae. tauschii
X
Doç. Dr. Alptekin Karagöz Aksaray Üniversitesi Aksaray TBMYO
Date (BC)
Excavatio Plant remnants n Sites
7500
Aşıklı Höyük
Siyez, gernik, durum wheat, barley, lentil, lathyrus, checkpea
7200– 6500
Çayönü
wild siyez, gernik and barley; cultivated siyez, gernik, peas, lentil, wetch and linum
6750
Hacılar
Wild siyez; cultivated gernik
6500
Can Hasan
Wild siyez; cultivated siyez, gernik, wheat, barley (2 rows), lentil, wetch
6000– 5000
Çatal Höyük
Cultivated siyez, gernik, barley (naked), peas, wetch
6000– 5000
Erbaba
Cultivated siyez, gernik, wheat, barley (2 rows and naked), peas, lentil, wetch
T. dicoccoides
Early wheat genetic resources studies in Turkey •Pioneer of PGR studies in Turkey . •Dedicated his life for PGR. •Collected wheat throughout Turkey. •Determined 18.000 wheat types, •identified 256 new varieties among them.
Wheat landraces found in Ş.Urfa by Gökgöl Ak şami, Berzinnar, Beşiri (Bişeri), Beyaz, Beyaz sert, Beyaz topbaş, Beyaz yumuşak, Beyaziye, Biricik, Bozova, Havrani, İskanderiye Buğdayı, Karakılçık, Kendehari beyaz, Kendehari kırmızı, Kırmızı buğday, Kırmızı havran, Kırmızı kara, Kırmızı Menceki, Kırmızı mısri, Menceki, Mestişani, Mısrı, Niseyri, Samsai, Siri Seyhan, Şami, Ufak daneli, Yazlık buğday Kandehari, Yerli karakılçık ve Yusufi.
T. aestivum T. durum
History of wheat cultivation in Turkey Wheat is assumed to be grown first time in the fertile crescent (Harlan,1981). Wheat relatives are abundant mainly in South –east and throughout Turkey. Genera Ploidy level No.of Species Triticum & Diploid 9+1 Aegilops Triticum & Tetraploid 12+1 Aegilops Aegilops Hekzaploid 4+1 Total 25+3
wheat,
Wheat landraces found in Diyarbakır by Gökgöl Abuzer, Beyaz, Devedişi, Geore, Humrik, İskenderi, Karakılçık, Kırmızı, Kışlık Beyaz, Kışlık Büyükbaş, Komoy-Karakılçık, Memeli, Pırçıklı Sorgül, Ruto=Köse, Sörgül, Yazlık, Yazlık Beyaz, Yazlık Kırmızı ve Yusufi. Durum wheat cultivars of Bağacak, Sorgül,Beyaziye, Menceki, İskenderi, Havrani are still under cultivation in the region Several references claim that wheat had been first cultivated and spread to the world from Karacadağ of Diyarbakır Province
Diploid wheat species (2n = 14) in Turkey Species
Genome
1 Aegilops caudata
C
2 Aegilops comosa
M
3 Aegilops mutica
Mt
4 Aegilops speltoides
S (B)
5 Aegilops tauschii
D
6 Aegilops umbellulata
U
7 Aegilops uniaristata
Un
8 Triticum boeoticum
A
9 Triticum urartu
A
Cu T. monococcum var. lt monococcum (siyez) (einkorn)
A
Triticum dicoccoides Karacadağ, 1996
İvriz, BC 750
EX-SITU GENETIC CONSERVATION
Mt Karacadağ
(Heun et al., 1997; Diamond, 1997; Nesbit and Samuel, 1998; Lev-Yadun et al., 2000; Salamini et al., 2002).
Tetraploid wheat species (2n = 28) in Turkey Species 1 Aegilops biuncialis 2 Aegilops columnaris 3 Aegilops crassa 4 Aegilops cylindrica 5 Aegilops kotschyi 6 Aegilops ovata 7 Aegilops peregrina 8 Aegilops triaristata 9 Aegilops triuncialis 10 Aegilops ventricosa 11 Triticum dicoccoides 12 Triticum timopheevii Cul T. turgidum var. dicoccon (gernik) / (emmer) t T. Durum ( durum wheat)
Genome UM UM DM CD US UM US UM UC DUn AB AG AB
IN SITU CONSERVATION STUDIES in CEYLANPİNAR,TURKEY
Hexaploid wheat species (2n=42) in Turkey Species Genome 1 Aegilops triaristata
UMUn
2 Aegilops crassa
DDM
3 Aegilops juvenalis
DMU
4 Aegilops syriaca
DMS
Cul Triticum aestivum (ekmeklik buğ.) / (bread t wheat)
ABD
EARLY USE OF WHEAT GENETIC RESOURCES AND IN DURUM WHEAT IMPROVEMENT STUDIES
LAND RACE VARIETIES SOWN BEFORE 1950
LAND RACES SOWN BEFORE 1950
COLLECTING MISSION OF LANDRACES
•Central Anatolia and transitional zones; Üveyik, Şahman, Kunduru(%70) •Southeastern Anatolia; Bağacak, Sorgül, Beyaziye, Menceki, İskenderi, Mısri, Havrani ( %80) •Çukurova’; Kıbrıs Buğdayı, Amik ve Havrani •Aegean region; Akbaşak, Akküsen ve Çam buğdayı (%40) •Marmara and Thrace; Karakılçık, Kokana, Akbaşak, Kocabuğday (%60)
BAĞACAK
VARIETIES DEVELOPED FROM LANDRACES BETWEEN 1950 – 70 •Akbaşak 073/144 •Sarı Bursa 7113 (1963, Ankara Üniv.) •Karakılçık 1133 (1964, Edirne) •185.1 (1964, Eskişehir) •Kırmızı 5132 (1967, Edirne) •Kunduru 1149, (1967, Eskişehir) •Berkmen 469 (1967, Ankara)
BEYAZİYE
KARAKILÇIK
KUNDURU
CONTRIBUTION OF TURKISH MATERIAL TO INTERNATIONAL BREEDING PROGRAMMES
German scientist Mennonites took with him wheat variety of “Türkiye kırmızısı” while he emigrated to Kansas City (1873) via Turkey . This became parent of many varieties developed by many countries This variety has been the base material for hard red wheat breeding in USA (Braun et al., 2001). Gökgöl (1935) claims that Manitoba and ItalianSarogolla varieties are also of Turkey origin Zhukovsky collected 10.000 temperate cereals, forage and vegetable accessions from Turkey (1925-1927) Turkish material contributed significantly to plant breeding of USSR providing initial breeding material(Zhukovsky, 1951).
Spring durum wheat variety (Horanek): early, heat tolerance, high yielding, high quality, resistant to Fusarium and Oscinella frit L.. Landrace Horanek out yielded many of the HYV’s of USSR (Zhukovsky, 1951). Harlan collected wheat genetic resources in Turkey in 1948 and 1964. Harlan collects 2.121 landraces from Turkey including bread wheat PI 178383 originated from Şemdinli PI 178383 was tested for agronomic characters and found MISERABLE for many traits such as height, tendency to lodging,susceptibility to stem rust, resistance to be vernalized, low bread making quality,etc..
Material remained on the shelves of the seedbank for 15 years, When the yellow rust epidemy occured in the North West of USA, then PI 178383 was referred and evaluated once again for disease and pest resistance, upon a yellow rust epidemy. Finally material was found to be resistant to 51 races of several diseases. US benefited millions of dollars each year out of the varieties developed from PI 178383(Qualset, 1996). Harlan concludes: Value of a variety can not only be assessed in the field. Such sources may serve as breeding material or for some other means for several years. However even one beneficial material out of thousands, may be a reason for storing them for many years.
USE OF WHEAT GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DURUM WHEAT IMPROVEMENT Some of quality characteristics of the lines derived from T. durum "Geographic Distribution And Domestication Of Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum Dicoccoides)", Ozkan et al.,2011 X T. dicoccoides crosses ( Tosun ve Altınbaş,1999). T. dicoccoides must be included to crossing programs to increase Genome Size Variation in Diploid And Tetraploid Wild Wheats", Ozkan et al., 2010 drought tolerance of material and zinc and iron content of grain Testing Of Rye-Specific Markers Located On 1rs Chromosome And Distribution Of 1al.Rs And 1bl.Rs Translocations In Turkish Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L., T. Durum (Çakmak et al.,2004) Desf.) Varieties And Landraces",( Yediay et al., 2010) T. araraticum must also be included to crossing block to increase Screening Of Wild Emmer Wheat Accessions (Triticum Turgidum Subsp Dicoccoides) protein content and drought tolerance of material to be derived For Mycorrhizal Dependency", (Ortas et al.,, 2009) from such crosses (M.A.R.F Sultan ve ark; 2012). Relationships Between Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks. and Henn.) Transfer to stripe rust resistance gene Yr26 to Turkish wheat Resistances and Morphological Traits in Some Wheat (Triticum spp.) Hybrids (Ulukan using microsatellite markers (Yıldırım et al.,2004) and Ozgen, 1999) Molecular marker facilitated pyramiding of resistance genes for "Separating The Wheat From The Chaff - A Strategy To Utilize Plant Genetic Resources fungal diseases of wheat (Yıldırım, 2005) From Ex Situ Genebanks", (Ozkan et al.,2014) Characterization of landrace durum wheat populations using "Geographic Distribution And Domestication Of Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum Dicoccoides)", (Ozkan et al.,2011) microsatellite markers ( Söylemezoğlu,2006), Rapid quality breeding employing modern biotech. Methods "Natural Variation And Qtl Identification Of Microelements Content In Seeds Of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum Monococcum)", (Ozkan et al., 2007) (Yıldırım et al., 2009) Relationships Between Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Genetic Characterization of Turkish Cultivated Emmer Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.) Landraces Based on Isozyme Analysis. (Ozbek et al.,2013) Eriks. and Henn.) Resistances and Morphological Traits in Some Wheat (Triticum spp.) Hybrids (Ulukan and Ozgen, 1999) Proteome changes in wild and modern wheat leaves upon drought stress by twodimensional electrophoresis and nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS", (Budak et al.,2013) "Separating The Wheat From The Chaff - A Strategy To Utilize Plant Genetic Resources From Ex Situ Genebanks", (Ozkan et High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Variation In Turkish Emmer Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.) Landraces. (Özbek et al.,2012) al.,2014) FUTURE PERSPECTİVES
The characterization of wheat genetics resources were assessed extensively in Turkey in last decade. But exploitation of this material for breeding has been emerging MAS selection for some characteristics to be flowed from wild relatives must be routine in plant breeding programs in Turkey
New ongoing study by Pehlivan,2015 Wild relatives and cultivars crosses Kızıltan 91, Çeşit-1252, Altın 40/98, Yılmaz 98, Mirzabey 2000, Kunduru 1149, Crossing block entries
T.araraticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon
Backcrosses 58 F5 lines
F1 lines derived the crosses made in 2008-2009
Wheat acreage,production and yield 2013
Bread wheat Durum wheat Hulled wheat
Area sown (ha)
Production (t)
Yield (t/ha)
6.494.000
17.975.000
2,77
1.278.600
4.075.000
3,19
6.900
13.658
1,98
7.779.500
22.063.658
2,84
