Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Street Food Shajeda Begum1, Abdullah Al Faruq2, Mahabub Alam2, Ariful Islam3,4 and Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan2* 1Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Khulshi, Chittagong-4225 3EcoHealth Alliance, NY, USA; 4Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCER), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan; Email:
[email protected] ; Cell: +88-01554326951
Result (continued)
Introduction
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Street foods are random practices in Many developing countries including Bangladesh Most of the times street foods in particular, to be identified as leading food sources for human Salmonellosis Worldwide Salmonella is a significant food and water-borne zoonotic pathogens During the last decade, multi-drug resistance of Salmonella sp. has increased a great deal In developing countries like Bangladesh Antimicrobial Resistance occur due to an increased and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food animals, environments and human Salmonella infection of street foods has important implication on public health worldwide
Fig 4. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates from Fuska surface water
Fig 5. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates from sugarcane juice
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Aims
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This study was aimed to determine ▪ To estimate prevalence of Salmonella in street food items ▪ To determine antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated Salmonella from street food items
Resistance
Resistance
Intermediate
Intermediate
Sensitive
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20
0
0
Methodology Duration of study: January 2016 to June 2016 Study area: Five markets (Agrabad, Colnel hat, Alonkar
Fig 1. Map of the study sites. Circular red points indicates the
studied area from where the samples were collected and red colour name indicates the study area name.
Bazar, Bohderhat Bazar, Riazuddin Bazar) of Chittagong City Corporation (CCC). Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted Samples: A total of 143 samples of various street foods (Fuska surface water, Sugarcane juice and Borhani) were collected. Salmonella isolation and identification: Buffered peptone water, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD), Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar, and finally Triple Sugar Iron agar (TSI agar) slant Antimicrobial sensitivity test: Disk diffusion method as described by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2007). Mueller- Hinton agar was used. Statistical analysis: MS excel-2007, and STATA/IC-13 Fig 2. Pictures of collected samples from streets. Fuska with surface water, Sugarcane Juice and Borhani.
Acknowledgements
Fig 4. shows different level of antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from Fuska surface water. The resistance was higher (100%) for Ampicillin and Amoxicillin followed by Azithromycin (95%), Erythromycin (90%) and lowest in Pefloxacin (around 13%).
Fig 5. shows antimicrobial resistance pattern of different antimicrobial against positive Salmonella isolates from Sugar- cane juice. Highest resistance (100%) were detected in Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin followed by Colistin Sulphate (around 92%), Oxytetracycline (approximately 92%), and lowest in Pefloxacin (40%) against the Salmonella positive isolates.
Results (continued)
Fig 3. Laboratory evaluation for Isolation and
identification of Salmonella along with Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
Result Table 1 : Prevalence of Salmonella in different samples and sampling sites Table-1 shows the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in different samples like fuska surface water, sugarcane juice and borhani. The highest prevalence was found in sugar cane juice (~77%) and lowest (60%) in borhani. Among the category of samples the variation in prevalence of Salmonella were not differed significantly (P> 0.05). On the other hand, prevalence was highest (80%) in samples of Alonker bazar and lowest (66.67%) in samples of Agrabad but the prevalence variation of Salmonella among the sites were not varied significantly (P> 0.05).
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Variables
Categories
Number of
Positive (%) Chi2-value P-value
samples Sample
Sampling site
Fuska surface water
55
40 (72.72)
Sugar cane Juice
58
45 (77.58)
Borhani
30
18 (60.00)
Agrabad
30
20 (66.67)
Colnel hat
35
24 (68.57)
Alonkar Bazar
25
20 (80.00)
3.057
1.502 Bohderhat Bazar
31
23 (74.19)
Riazuddin Bazar
22
16 (72.72)
0.21
0.826
Fig 6. shows antimicrobial resistance pattern against positive Salmonella isolates from Borhani. The highest (100%) antimicrobial resistance were in Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Azithromycin and Erythromycin followed by Enrofloxacin and Pefloxacin (around 39%) against the Salmonella positive isolates. The highest sensitive drugs against Salmonella isolates were found in Ceftriaxone (100%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (around 84%), Enrofloxacin and Pefloxacin (approximately 56%).
Fig 6. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates from Borhani 120
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Sensitive
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• Study results revealed that the prevalence of Salmonella in street foods contaminated with Salmonella was higher and same finding was reported in many countries like Spain, United kingdom. • Level of antimicrobial resistance Salmonella from streets foods were variable from antibiotic to antibiotic and sample to sample. This results are consistent with many other previous studies in street foods in developing countries including Bangladesh. • Increasing antibiotic resistance can limit the therapeutic options available to physicians for clinical cases that require antibiotic treatment. • There is a need to find strategies to minimize the risk of spreading antimicrobial resistance among animal and human populations. • Collect foods daily and dirty foods should be separated from clean foods as soon as possible to minimize contamination. • Storage of foods should be maintained in a sanitized state fit for the production of food for human consumption. • All surfaces used for food handling must be cleaned thoroughly with a sanitizing solution
Conclusion • The results of the present study indicate that Salmonella contamination might be a great concern in Bangladesh • The poor sanitation and handling of sewage could be a source of Salmonella contamination • Antibiotic resistance is also a big problem in Bangladesh. In the current study, Salmonella isolates displayed resistance to antimicrobial and showed a larger number of multiple resistances • The Salmonella was detected in various street food samples • From the outcomes, it define that excess/ rational use of antibiotics in human, agriculture, and veterinary practice might be the cause of increased resistance to different antibiotics • The objective of this study is to make awareness among people
