Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific ...

16 downloads 195 Views 576KB Size Report
Crozier et al., 2003; Parker, 2005; Furlan, 2005; Brazauskienė, Semaškienė, 2006; Vernon et al., 2007; Tarnawski,. Buchholz, 2008; Landl et al., 2010).
Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 Edited by prof. Asta Raupelienė ISSN 1822-3230 / eISSN 2345-0916 eISBN 978-609-449-092-7 Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.15544/RD.2015.061

DISTRIBUTION AND DYNAMICS OF THE GROUND BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) AND THE CLICK BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, ELATERIDAE) SPECIES ABUNDANCE IN ORGANIC AND INTENSIVELY CULTIVATED CEREAL CROPS Sonata KAZLAUSKAITĖ, Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų g. 11, LT–53067, Akademija, Kauno raj., Lithuania, [email protected] (corresponding author) Povilas MULERČIKAS, Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų g. 11, LT–53067, Akademija, Kauno raj., Lithuania, [email protected] Vytautas TAMUTIS, Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų g. 11, LT–53067, Akademija, Kauno raj., Lithuania, [email protected] Audronė ŽEBRAUSKIENĖ, Institute of Agricultural and Food science, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų g. 11, LT–53067, Akademija, Kauno raj., Lithuania, [email protected] Elena SURVILIENĖ, Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno g. 30, LT–54333 Babtai, Kauno raj., Lithuania, [email protected] The research has been carried out in 2013–2014 in an organic farm located in Medsėdžiai village, Klaipėda district, and intensive farm located in Laiviai village, Kretinga district. Four agrocenoses have been investigated: wheat, triticale, oat, and multiannual grassland. Five pitfall traps were set out in each of agrocenosis and the traps were active from the last decade of April until the last decade of August. Ground beetle adults that were detected during the study belonged to 27 species and 15 genera. The most abundant ground beetle species were Poecilus cupreus L., Pterostichus melаnаrius Ill, Аmаrа аeneа Deg, Cаrаbus cаncellаtus Ill., Hаrpаlus rufipes Deg., Аnchomenus dorsаlis Pontop. and Bembidion properаns Steph., representatives of which were detected in large numbers in all without an exception investigated agrocenoses and in both types of farming. Two seasonal activity peaks of P. cupreus L. abundance were distinguished in the organic farm: first in the beginning of June and the second in the mid-July. Meanwhile, in the intensive farm it was observed in late May. Click beetle adults, identified in the study, were prescribed to 6 species and 4 genera. The most abundant click beetle speci es were Agriotes obscurus L., Agriotes lineatus L. and Agriotes sputator L. which occurred without an exception in all the agrocenoses and both types of farms. It was determined that the highest click beetle adults’ activity in the intensive farm was observed in the end of July while the maximum of click beetle adults’ activity in the organic farm was defined in June. Keywords: click beetles, ground beetles, agrocenoses, species composition, seasonal dynamics, abundance.

INTRODUCTION There are more than 350 000 insect species in the world belonging to the order Coleopterа (Beetles). This corresponds to a 1/4 of all the living species on the Earth (Bаrševskis, 1998). Click beetles (Elateridae >12,000 species in the world) and ground beetles (Carabidae >25,000 species in the world) both are among the richest families of the order Coleoptera (Pileckis, Monsevičius, 1995; Tаmutis et al., 2007; Tarnawski, Buchholz, 2008). Currently, 74 click beetle species are identified in Lithuania and over 30 species are mentioned, as expected, in view of the studies in neighbouring countries. 323 ground beetle species are described in the territory of Lithuania (Tаmutis et al., 2011). Wireworms are considered as one of the major pests in the most of European countries (Soroka, 2003; Blaser et al., 2004; Erlichowski, 2008; Sądej, 2008). Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus and Agriotes sputator may harm all without an exception agricultural crops (Eidt, 1953; Manole et al., 1999; Parker, Howard, 2001; Popov et al., 2001; Crozier et al., 2003; Parker, 2005; Furlan, 2005; Brazauskienė, Semaškienė, 2006; Vernon et al., 2007; Tarnawski, Buchholz, 2008; Landl et al., 2010). Meanwhile, ground beetles are recognised as important predators in ecosystems where they regulate the abundance of various invertebrates, including pests and invasive species (Pаill, 2004; Hаttelаnd et аl., 2011; Boreаu de Roince et аl. 2012; Trаugott et аl., 2012) contributing to the stability of the ecosystem. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Aleksandras Stulginskis University. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 Environmental conditions is the basic aspect affecting both click beetle and ground beetle species abundance in the agrocenoses. The prevalence of the click beetles depends on the number of physical-chemical properties of the soil: moisture, temperature, granulometric structure, concentration of mineral salts, pH, and humus content (Parker, Howard, 2001; Tarnawski, Buchholz, 2008). Most of the click beetle species give priority for the moist soil (Parker, Howard, 2001). Close relations with the relevant type of soil are typical to most ground beetle genera and species, and namely the soil is one of determinant factors for the structure and state of the ecosystem (Krejčová et аl., 2000; Šťаstná, Bezděk, 2003). There are quite few worldwide studies related to click beetle species dwelling in agrocenoses. Naturally, the greater attention is paid to the most harmful click beetle species. Many authors indicate that the representatives of genera Agriotes are the most harmful in all agrocenoses in the Europe (Parker, Howard, 2001; Chaton et al., 2008; Tarnawski, Buchholz, 2008). Among the most common 40 click beetle species only 4 are referred to most frequently, which widely occurs in both cultivated and non-cultivated territories: A. lineatus, A. obscurus, A. sputator and A. sordidus (Chaton et al., 2008). Click beetle species composition in Lithuanian agrocenoses almost has not been thoroughly investigated for a long time. Thereby, when the study in spring barley had been carried out, 6 click beetle species were discovered, however, only 2 of them were abundant – A. lineatus and A. obscurus (Tamutis et al., 2007). The latter species dominated in 2009-2012 when the research in four different agrocenoses with diverse tillage intensity and granulometric soil structure has been carried out (Mulerčikas, 2013). It was determined that ground beetle species diversity increases from the north towards the south. The most abundant species diversity was observed in wet biotopes, the lowest – in dry biotopes (Richlefs, 1990; Magurran, 1988). In agrocenoses of Lithuania, mainly ground beetles of genera Cаrаbus, Poecilus, Elаphrini, Nebriа, Bembidion, Loricerа, Pterostichus, and Аgonum were detected (Pileckis, Monsevičius, 1995). Ground beetle species composition in natural and biogeocenoses damaged by economic activity has been studied in Belarus. It was determined that in biogeocenoses, damaged by economic activity, live only 78 % of ground beetle species which were defined in undamaged biocenoses. The species of wide geographical range adapted easier to the damaged biogeocenoses, while species of narrow habitats were less frequent in the damaged biotopes. Species with a high ecological potential lived equally in both damaged and undamaged biogeocenoses. Thereby, species with the lower ecological potential were more responsive to the damaged biogeocenozes. It was determined that in the damaged biogeocenozes the mesophilic species had the best conditions for their development, especially in marshes and fields (Xoтько, 1991). Seasonal activity of the ground beetles is usually associated with the optimal combination of temperature and humidity, whereas most species are mesophilic and hygrophilic, so they are active in warm and wet season (Krejčová et al., 2000). Meanwhile, the analysis of the study, conducted in 2009–2012, revealed that the activity of click beetle adults during the growing season was variable. First specimens entered into the traps during the first decade of May when the average air temperature reached 13 °C. The activity of click beetles attains a peak in the first half of June. The period of activity of click beetles in lighter soils started two weeks earlier in average. The activity of A. obscurus was significantly lower in comparison with activity of Selatosomus aeneus. Therefore, A. obscurus activity was longer and more stable. Therefore, a sharp increase of the activity in late May and early June was specific for the adults of S. aeneus. By the way, such a high activity takes a comparably short time. Dependence of the activity dynamics of click beetles on the ambient air temperature during the growing season has not been defined. The ambient air temperature was specific for each click beetle species (Mulerčikas, 2013). Object of the study – to identify click beetle and ground beetle species composition and dynamics of the population abundance during the vegetation period in different agrocenoses in organic and intensive farms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in 2013–2014 from 25th of May until 24th of August in the organic farm located in Medsėdžiai village, Klaipėda district, and the intensive farm located in Laiviai village, Kretinga district (Figure 1). Soil type in the localities was (Calc(ar)i – Epihypoglayic Luvisols), and (Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol) (Buivydaitė et al., 2001). Each investigated field was bigger than 0.30 ha. Four agrocenoses - wheat, triticale, oats and multiannual grassland were selected in each farm.

Figure 1. Localities of the conducted study, 2013–2014.

2

Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 Pitfall traps were used for click beetle sampling. Traps were made from a half litre plastic dish of which the height was 17 mm and the width – 10 mm. A 4 % formaldehyde solution was used for the conservation of the beetles. Trials were set in the field randomly. Five pitfall traps were established in each field. A 10 m distance was preserved between different traps. The same distance was kept from the field borders. The traps were inspected every two weeks. Beetles were identified using descriptive keys: Pileckis, Monsevičius, 1995, Tarnawski, Buchholz, 2008. Dominance data were presented as the proportions of the specimens of the species in each agrocenosis. The following classes of dominance (D) – dominants were used (Gorny, Grüm, 1981; Tamutis et al., 2007): D1 – subrecedents (>1.0 %) – sporadical species, D2 – recedents (1.1–2.0 %) – species of scarce abundance, D3 – subdominants (2.1–5.0 %) – species of moderate abundance, D4 – dominants (5.1–10 %) – numerous species, D5 – eudominants (>10 %) – very abundant species. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH In total 12247 ground beetle adults were detected by applying Barber pitfall traps during the study. 27 species belonging to 15 genera were identified: Аgonum, Аmаrа, Аnchomenus, Аnisodаctylus, Bembidion, Cаlаthus, Cаrаbus, Chlаenius, Dolichus, Hаrpаlus, Loricerа, Nebriа, Poecilus, Pterostichus, and Trechus (Table 1). Table 1. Ground beetle species composition and abundance in different agrocenoses in intensive and organic farms, 2013–2014. Multiannual Species Farm type Wheat Triticale Oat Total Jointly grassland Intensive 2 D1 22 D1 26 D1 1 D1 51 D1 Cаrаbus cаncelаtus Ill. 250 D2 Organic 86 D3 54 D3 48 D3 11 D3 199 D3 Intensive 1037 D5 2162 D5 2693 D5 191 D5 6083 D5 Poecilus cupreus L. 9797 D5 Organic 1544 D5 1395 D5 583 D5 192 D5 3714 D5 Intensive 13 D1 9 D1 67 D3 89 D2 Аnchomenus dorsаlis Pontop. 136 D2 Organic 29 D2 10 D1 8 D1 47 D1 Intensive 2 D1 4 D1 4 D1 10 D1 Cаrаbus nemorаlis O. F. Müll. 18 D1 Organic 1 D1 1 D1 6 D1 8 D1 Intensive 164 D5 55 D3 124 D3 23 D4 366 D4 Pterostichus melаnаrius Ill. 739 D4 Organic 118 D4 56 D3 197 D5 2 D1 373 D4 Intensive 5 D1 48 D2 53 D2 69 D5 175 D3 Аmаrа аeneа Deg. 467 D3 Organic 179 D4 46 D3 14 D2 53 D5 292 D4 Intensive 2 D1 4 D1 9 D1 7 D2 22 D1 Hаrpаlus аfinis Schrnk. 81 D1 Organic 39 D2 13 D1 4 D1 3 D1 59 D2 Intensive 18 D2 11 D1 64 D2 43 D5 136 D2 Hаrpаlus rufipes Deg. 255 D2 Organic 17 D1 63 D3 35 D3 4 D2 119 D3 Intensive 3 D1 5 D1 16 D1 3 D1 27 D1 Pterostichus niger Schаll. 124 D1 Organic 17 D1 11 D1 66 D4 3 D1 97 D2 Intensive 2 D1 3 D1 1 D1 6 D1 Аgonum muelleri Hbst. 22 D1 Organic 7 D1 9 D1 16 D1 Intensive 1 D1 11 D1 1 D1 13 D1 Cаrаbus grаnulаtus L. 80 D1 Organic 46 D3 11 D1 1 D1 9 D3 67 D2 Intensive 24 D2 10 D1 30 D1 38 D4 102 D2 Bembidion properаns Steph. 145 D2 Organic 14 D1 15 D1 8 D1 6 D3 43 D1 Intensive 2 D1 19 D1 8 D2 29 D1 Nebriа brevicolis Fаbr. 33 D1 Organic 3 D1 1 D1 4 D1 Intensive 1 D1 2 D1 4 D1 10 D3 17 D1 Hаrpаlus luteicornis Duft. 20 D1 Organic 3 D1 3 D1 Intensive Аgonum sexpunctаtum L. 4 D1 Organic 4 D1 4 D1 Intensive 2 D1 2 D1 Trechus quаdristriаtus Schrnk. 3 D1 Organic 1 D1 1 D1 Intensive Аnisodаctylus binotаtus Fаbr. 5 D1 Organic 3 D1 2 D1 5 D1 Intensive 1 D1 2 D1 3 D1 Cаlаthus fuscipes Goeze 36 D1 Organic 27 D2 3 D1 3 D1 33 D1 Intensive 2 D1 2 D1 4 D1 Dolichus hаlensis Schаll. 9 D1 Organic 1 D1 3 D1 1 D1 5 D1 Intensive 2 D1 2 D1 Loricerа cаerulescens L. 12 D1 Organic 3 D1 4 D1 3 D1 10 D1 Intensive Chlаenius nitidulus Schrnk. 1 D1 Organic 1 D1 1 D1 Intensive Bembidion quаdrimаculаtum L. 3 D1 Organic 1 D1 2 D1 3 D1

3

Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific Conference Rural Development 2015 Species

Farm type

Wheat

Triticale

Oat

Bembidion guttulа Fаbr.

Intensive Organic Intensive Organic Intensive Organic Intensive Organic Intensive Organic Intensive Organic

-

1 D1

-

Multiannual grassland 1 D1

1275 2134 3409

1 D1 2351 1703 4054

2 D1 1 D1 3118 982 4100

1 D1 400 284 684

Pterostichus strenuus Pаnz. Hаrpаlus tаrdus Pаnz. Hаrpаlus lаtus L. Hаrpаlus griseus Pаnz. Total Jointly

Total 2 D1 1 D1 2 D1 1 D1 1 D1 7144 5103 12247

Jointly 2 D1 1 D1 2 D1 1 D1 1 D1 12247

Remark: D 5 – eudominants (> 10 %) - very abundant species; D 4 – dominants (5.1–10 %) – numerous species; D 3 – subdominants (2.1–5%) – species of moderate abundance; D 2 – recedents (1.1–2.1 %) – species of scarce abundance; D 1 – subrecedents ( 10 %) – very abundant species; D 4 – dominants (5.1–10 %) – numerous species; D 3 – subdominants (2.1–5 %) – species of moderate abundance; D 2 – recedents (1.1–2.1 %) – species of scarce abundance; D 1 – subrecedents (