Public Participation: Energy policy aspect to support

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 168 (2015) 321 – 327

AicE-Bs2014Berlin (formerly AicE-Bs2014Magdeburg)

Asia Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies Sirius Business Park Berlin-yard field, Berlin, 24-26 February 2014 “Public Participation: Shaping a sustainable future”

Public Participation: Energy policy aspect to support rural electrification program in West Java Ida Nurlailaab*, Sonny Yuliarb, Boy Kombaitanb, Agus Eko Madyob a Padjadjaran University Researchers on School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development

b

Abstract This paper focuses on the policies of West Java’s local government, to increase people’s welfare through the rural electrification program. It will focuses on the policies of West Java’s local Aimed to increase the number of electrification ratio, the rural electrification program is expected to increase project The program assumes that electrification can create a multiplier effect in HDI’s components, such as education, economic, and the others; however, how the correlation on the energy security aspect. The method analyzes of this paper is the focus on electrification program implantations. Moreover, analyzes will elaborate energy policy perspective to stimulate local community contribution especially. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Centre for Environment(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Universiti TeknologiPlanning MARA,&Malaysia. Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty PlanningStudies & Surveying, Peer-review under responsibility of Centreof forArchitecture, Environment-Behaviour (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Keywords: Public participation; policy impact; behavior change; local culture and energy security

1. Introduction The quality of human resources in Indonesia, measured by the human development index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), falls into the medium range by international standards (Kusharjanto, 2011). In 2000, the HDI of Indonesia (69.2) ranked 107 th in the world (UNDP 2007). Java’s HDI is commensurate with its status as the most highly developed area in Indonesia; it is far below the international standard. The global average is above 80. However, The HDI for DKI Jakarta province,

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . E-mail address: [email protected].

1877-0428 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

Peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.237

322

Ida Nurlaila et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 168 (2015) 321 – 327

which is the highest HDI in Indonesia, is only 76.1. Moreover, West Java is the nearest of province to support DKI Jakarta activities, it has an ambitious program to stimulate the HDI. The program is Jabar Caang which stimulates a long and healthy life (health), knowledge (education) and a decent standard of living (wealth). It is energy sector policy especially electrification program because the government has assume that the access of electricity is undoubtedly very importantly for the lives of communities. Moreover, the locals miss out on economic opportunities and the children are out of school (West Java Energy Department Report, 2001). The main goal was the West Java above 80 in 2010 and to deliver it was supported by Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (State Budget), Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah I (Province Budget and Expenditure), and Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah II (Regency Budget and Expenditure). It is has a similar program in Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara/ PLN (Indonesian State Electricity Trading Company). The proposed their project is supporting GoI's goal of electrifying 90% of the Country's households by 2020. In parallel, PLN has set a target of 100% electrification by 2020, being their 75th Anniversary (Word Bank Report, 2007). 2. Method analysis The preliminary methodology to evaluate the impact of West Java Energy Policy is using Actor Network Theory that placed human and non-human actors equally. Law (1992) argues that the social is nothing other than patterned networks of heterogeneous materials. The heterogeneity implicate that social networks are composed not only of people, but also of machines, animals, text, money, architectures— any material that you want to mention (Law, 1992). ANT is conducted by following electrification actors from several entry points consist of documents, scientist, policy makers, and technology artifact. Relation among actors are observed by following the actors. In human actors, actor to be observed is conducted by ‘rolling a snow ball’—an actor mention or suggest another actor to be interviewed, while in non-human actor, are conducted by following a document, following technology artifact construction, etc. In practice, distinction between human and non-human is vanished through ‘center of calculation’ mixed both of them. The method analyzes of this paper is divided into three-folds. The first, it identifies the public participation on energy self-supporting village. It is a very interesting approach because of the innovation on local behavior knowledge, its correlate with behavior change of local communities. The second looks at the regulation perspective aspect on rural electrification program. The third focuses on inaccuracy energy development program. Moreover, involved methodology is set out in the following sections and it have micro hydro activities. They are electrified villages by rural electrification, half step villages of rural electrification program villages, and new list villages rural electrification program receiver. The electrified villages are the existing connections after five year rural electrification was implemented and it was finished. Haft step village: it is one of village that received the program and it will continue at next government budget. New list villages are the villages that are not have electrification supporting from government. Moreover, it is supporting electricity by their self. 3. Case study The site location is Bogor Regency that one of buffer capital city of Indonesia. Bogor Regency population is 4 million and it is the most populous and most densely populated on buffer area (Statistic, 2008). It is special area has been known to contain pockets of poverty due to problems that typically plagued a laggard region: low access to achieve education, and poor human resource among others. The divorce and suicide rates are among the highest in the country; the common reason cited is economic


hardship. Moreover, In Bogor Regency, Rural electrification program has more than 37 locations; however, three locations will be elaborated in this paper. The main reason of site location because they have an experience on self-supporting energy. They produced electricity by their self and they shared it to the some households. They could explained the impact of rural electrification program. There are Desa Banyuasih, Kampung Ciguha, and Kampung Cilanggar. Desa Banyuasih location is around 80 km from Jakarta that the capital city of Indonesia; however, all of facilities of life is very contradictive. In Desa Banyuasih for villages supplied by PLN, most community and education facilities are customers of PLN; however, it is different situation in 1980. At long time ago, they produced electricity by their self and they called “turbin”. Firstly, the initiator is Mang Ana who is the mechanic man. He is uneducated person who is unfinished Elementary School. The unique inspiration is television program at government channel television especially “Dari Desa ke Desa” session. He modified motorcycle machine to be an generator of electric successfully. Base on his experience, his neighbours copied it; furthermore, it was hot issues so another village person did the same. One of them was Kampung Ciguha persons. It received electrification program in 2007 and it made the different energy supply and social behaviour situation. Their electricity supplied by PLN and they was consumer people. Moreover, many unskilled young men and women either opt to migrate to urban areas looking for employment or to work overseas as domestic help and unskilled labour in neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia and as far as the middle-east countries. Kampung Ciguha is part administration of Desa Bantar Karet and it is more than 84 km from Cibinong (Centre of Bogor Regency Administration). Kampung Ciguha is an agriculture village dependent on rain-fed rice field. The farmers in this village are mostly landless share croppers or have rice field between 1 – 2 hectares and engage in subsistent farming. Any off-farm activity is done outside the planting and harvesting seasons, such activity is often temporal jobs without regular income. The location is in site of PT Aneka Tambang that Government Company has authority to exploited gold. Some people are illegal miners, but they could not do anything without technical resource. To support their activities, they used electric that they produced by their self. However, it was very little capacity. In 1988 or Orde Baru Era, people did not access to the mining area and most of them was poor. However, some household produced electricity by their self. In 1998, Indonesia had a reformation of government. After 1998, PT.Aneka Tambang was more opened to the society to access their location. In 2000, some of illegal miners from Cikoto came to exploit at the area. They transferred knowledge the local community. Their job was changing from a farmer to the miner and their energy knowledge was changing, too. The need more energy for mining activities. They had well known diesel electric generator and they use it to support their activities. The main impact of miner activities is increasing their income significantly; furthermore, they can influence to electric accessible. In 2008, they was got electrification program and it was preparation second periode. In Kampung Ciguha, the main problem supports local economic activities (illegal mining) is energy access because the topography is hilly. Waterwheel placed in the valley whiles the gold processing activities of the above hill. The rural electrification is one of solution, so the side effect of electrification program will stimulate an increasing of illegal miner. Waterwheel generator user was decreasing significantly and they are only 6 (six) miners. One of the electricity initiator had a family in Kampung Cilanggar. He shared his knowledge to them and they generated electricity by their self, too. However, Self-supporting electricity activities are unconnected with Besa Banyuasih‘s initiator. Kampung Cilanggar is very remote area in Halimun Mountain and it is part of tea plantation PT.Nirmala Agung. Similar with social condition of Kampung Ciguha that is an agriculture village dependent on rain-fed rice field. They in this village are mostly landless share croppers or have rice field between 1 – 2 hectares but they did not engage in subsistent farming. In terms of social strata, these people are known as ‘urang leutik” (the little people) often perceived as helpless and powerless against

323

324


the power elite and tend to ‘narima’ i.e. to accept whatever is expected of them with no complain. They are produced electricity by their self. They used it for lighting and entertainment activities (watching television). 4. Rural electrification program distortions 4.1. Public participation on energy self-supporting village Rural electrification program is intended for village communities that have a little income. The village is identical with the less educated and underdeveloped; furthermore, it will stimulate income capacity of rural community. Indonesia government jargon is “energy self supporting village” that appear at the same time energy crisis (fuel crisis). Energy has a general meaning; however, fuel and electric sometimes is not similar meaning. They had inclusive meaning because in Indovesia’s power plant had been generated by fuel. Energy self-sufficient village' or energy self-supporting village was defined as a village that can provide energy to support their activities by local energy sources. The local resources include biomass, solar power, micro hydro and wind power. In India and Germany have energy self-supporting village because most of energy generator is using local resources. In Indonesia, Kampung Cilanggar is the example of “self supporting energy village especially electricity. Moreover, Kampung Cilanggar is the real energy self-supporting village because the innovation appears from local community to answer their solution on energy access; furthermore, Pak Asan is a real actor on rural energy sector. However, it is not a pilot project of Indonesia’s government self supporting energy village project because it has a different definition. It is not focus on local resources commodity but focus on Jatropha Curcas commodity. Desa Raja Desa is Indonesia’s energy self-supporting village; however it has no indigenous local activities to create energy generator. It has land that need to Jatropha curcas plantation. The table shows the components to compare of Indonesia’s energy self-supporting village program. Table 1. Indonesia’s energy self-supporting village program comparison No

Component

Kampung Cilanggar

Desa Rajadesa

1

Initiator

Local Communities

Government initiator

2

Orientation

Local

Activities local to support regional activities

3

Local Resources

Local

Localisation product

4

Sustainability

Depend on local resources

Depend on goverment program

5

Market Access

Supporting local activities

Supporting local and regional activities

6

Market Expansion

Local commodities

7

Government Supporting

minimal

Dominant

8

Competitiveness

Base on efficiency

Government stimulation

(Source: Analysis, 2008)

In development process need a multidimensional perspective, so it is not only focusing on their private respective. In case of rural development, it needs the synergized with other programs such as development of roads, social education, and others. To realized need some efforts and it need coordination between another department and they are Bappeda, Department of Public Works, Mines and Energy departments, other agencies. The electricity is put as a means of supporting education aspect, it


need cooperation with either the TV or radio broadcasting. It is needed to anticipate the negative impact of the presence of electricity in rural areas. 4.2. Regulation perspective General Plan of the National Electrical (RUKN) documents in arrangements for the development of the electricity network is not necessarily in a network that is connected to the government network. If an area has a local potential, then the thing to do is to stimulate the development of skills and self-reliance of the village that also significantly contribute as an electricity provider. If it is done then the energy diversification program launched by the government is not just a slogan but soon realized. RUKN mentioned that electricity program consider to develop local potential; moreover it must appreciate minimize fuel usage. Indonesia’s government has a problem in subsidies budget because integrated networking is costly. To improve their services, government policy has a planning to design a small grid generator; rural electrification program will be unconnected in Java-Bali networking. Disconnected policy will make it more efficiently because they can save some energy losses in electric transmission. Furthermore, Java-Bali networking is using fuel oil to generate the electric. In Kampung Ciguha household, the electric of supply energy is by waterwheel and diesel generator. Both of them were usage to support domestic activities (lighting, and entertainment); however, it is to support illegal miner activities, too. It is ambiguous condition because government launching the program to increase local economic potential. However, subsidies program is used to support economic activities that are unsuitable with Indonesia’s regulation. 4.3. Inaccuracy energy development program Rural electrification program implementation has provides a variety of effects and some perspective can use to evaluate it. For example, independence perspective gives negative impact; because the implementations of the program turn off the local potential. Self supporting village in Desa Banyuasih had turn off after it got rural electrification program. According to Law 20 of 2002 mention that electricity will provide on welfare benefits, intellectual of community and improving economy capacity. Indonesia's status is the slowly economic growth countries to put electricity as infrastructure; furthermore, economic growth will be realized, increasing on education level and others. In addition, it has labels that are used for the successful development of such indicators that affect the electrification ratio HDI assessment into the development electricity target. Various output becomes target scale, and it has a "forced program". Electricity development has two sides of a coin, one of side will have a positive influence that the availability economy infrastructure, while the other side demanding supply resilience. Widely realized the power grid and increasing users demand drive increasing on 'supply'. It is contradictory facts when development of the electricity grid electrification was extended by free of charge; moreover, it stimulate on turn off of power generation. This phenomenon indicates that the electricity supply crisis. It is happened because the absence triggered unbalance on supply - demand, the national electricity crisis occurred because the power supply is not able to keep pace with the needs of the economy. Since the 1997 crisis, it can be said there is no addition of significant new generation capacity. Discrepancies of the electrical infrastructure is happened, it can be seen at the stagnant growth of the plant in 1998. The electricity growing is 3 percent, while economic growth reaches 5-6 percent (Hartati, 2007). It shows that the growth of electricity under economic growth, while it is seen as a function of electrical infrastructure. It has a function on economic growth. The goal of implementation of development achieves welfare of life. Therefore, development will be successful if it is able to increase

325

326


the welfare of society. Electricity is the indicator; moreover, it is the amount of output power sector target of development. The aim of electrification program is increasing economic capacity at remote area. It was raises because of the growth failure. It is of the trickledown effect target. Developing concept of electric policy focuses on the growth. It is still being used as a foothold. 5. Conclusion Rural electrification program can be synergized with energy development. It is suitable with government issued/jargon 'energy self-sufficient village'. The existing village understanding is very limited that independent meaning is similar function of energy. It is the same with ‘fuel’; however, it is expanded as interpreted 'self-electric'. So, social community will do something to support the 'energy selfsufficient village' program. West Java government was lunching energy policy “Jabar Caang” to increase income because it is the centre of development. In this case, energy policy is meaning independent program to stimulate income. However, increasing income needs supporting program such as education program, infrastructure and the other. Moreover, very few studies in the literature have analyzed the infrastructure transmission mechanism as it affects human development. Rural electricity development in West Java puts electricity as infrastructure development . The program is intended to support the achievement of HDI figures 80 in 2010. By HDI 80 has assumed the people of West Java ' prosperous ' . It can be seen by synchronizing the program with other programs such as ' Jabar Caang 2010'. Other assumptions used in the development of this program that the electrical infrastructure in other sectors will be moved, such as education, the economy and so forth. However, in this study found a contradictory finding that the conditions ensued, with the time spent school age children on the wane. It happens because children are more interested in the events on television than to learn. In addition it was also found the presence of an electric ' not enough' to help people access higher education, it is because other critical infrastructure is still not feasible way so that the cost incurred public education is still high and not affordable . Referring to the concept of the development of electricity in RUKN document, it emphasizes to the renewable energy and local resources. Implementation of program needs a new understanding or paradigm that must support on local recourses. Moreover, something is needed by local community. For example, Kampung Cilanggar electric initiator was upgrade his capacity on electric generation knowledge.

Reference Ali, I., & Pernia, E. M. (2003). Infrastructure and poverty reduction – what is the connection? ERD. Bijker, W. E. (1986). The social construction of technological system. MIT Press. Bijker, W. E.(1995). Of biycles, bakelites, and bulb. MIT Press. Bungin, B. (2001). Methodology of social research . Surabaya: Airlangga University Press. Callon, M. (1986). Some elements of sociology of translation: Domestification of the scallops and the fisherman of St. Brieu Bay. In John Law (ed.) Power, action, and belief: A new sociology of knowledge. London: Routledge. 196-233. Ekadjati, E. S. Kebudayaan Sundanes cultur. Bandung: Pustaka Jaya. Estache, A., & Fay, M. (1995). Regional growth in Argentina and Brazil: Determinants and policy options. Washington, DC: The World Bank, Mimeo. Ezcurra, R., et al. (2005). Public capital, regional productivity and spatial spillovers. The annals of Regional Science, 39, 471–494. Fan, S., & Zhang, X. (2004). Infrastructure and regional economic development in rural China. China Economic Review, 15, 203– 214. Farrington, J., & Slater, R. (2006). Introduction: Cash transfer: Panacea for poverty reduction or money down the drain?. Development Policy Review, 24(5), 499-511.


Garrick, R., Bath, C., Dunn, K., Maconochie, H., Willis, B., & Wolstenholme, C. (2010). Children’s experiences of the early years foundation stage. UK: Department of Education. Gonya, J. (2007). Early childhood building blocks: Turning curiosity into scientific learning. Resources for Early Childhood. Retrieved from http://rec.ohiorc.org/orc_documents/orc/recv2/briefs/pdf/0008.pdf. 20 Greene, W. H. (2008). Econometric analysis (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hart, R. (1992). Children’s participation from Tokenism to citizenship. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Helm, J. H., & Katz, L. (2010). Young investigators: The project approach in the early years (2nd ed): Early childhood education series. NY: Teachers College Press. Hikmat, H. (2006). Community empowerment strategy. Bandung: Humaniora. Jacoby, H. (2002). Access to market and the benefits of rural roads. Economic Journal, 110 (465), 713–737. Jalan, J., & Ravallion, M. (2003). Does piped water reduce diarrhea for children in rural India? Journal of econometrics, 112 (1), 153–173. Koentjaraningrat. (2003). Antropology (I). Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta Kohn, A. (1993). Choices for children: Why and how to let students decide. Phi Delta Kappan. Retrieved on December 20, 2013, from http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/cfc.htm Korten, D.C. (1989). Community management.: Kumarian Press. Kusharjanto, H., & Donghun K. Infrastructure and human development: the case of Java, Indonesia. Lansdown, G. (2001). Promoting children’s participation in democratic decision-making. Italy: UNICEF. Lui, A. (2012). Teaching in the zone: An introduction to working within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) to drive effective early childhood instruction. Children’s Progress. Retrieved from http://www.childrensprogress.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/free-white-paper-vygotsky-zone-of-proximal-development-zpd-early-childhood.pdf. Manzo, A., & Manzo, U. (2004). Instructional ingredients: Educational chefs share tricks of the trade. Thinking classrooms. Journal of the International Reading Association, 5(3), 34-40. Martin, R., Sexton, C., Franklin, T., & Gerlovich, J. (2005). Teaching science for all children: An inquiry approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Mason, C. (2013). Think peace: Child participation: Mkombozi’s position. In Mkombozi Empower, Engage, Enable. Retrieved on December 20, 2013, from www.mkombozi.org McAuliffe, A., Linsey, A., & Fowler, J. (2006). The childcare act 2006: The essential guide. London: National Foundation for Educational Research and the National Children’s Bureau. McLeod, S. (2012). Zone of proximal development. Retrieved on December 20, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Zoneof-Proximal-Development.html Muhadjir, N. (2000). Methodology of qualitative research. Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin. National Healthy School Standard. (2004). Promoting children and young people’s participation. Department for Education and Skills and Department of Health, United Kingdom. Retrieved from www.wiredforhealth.gov.uk. Partowidagdo,W. (2004). Development and policy analysis. Bandung: Studi Pembangunan ITB. Partowidagdo,W. (2000). Agenda 21 sectoral. Jakarta: Proyek Agenda 21 Sektoral. Purwanto. Green revolution in rural. Retrieved from http://www.gogle.co.id Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Policy on renewable energy development and energy conservation. Jakarta: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Roesmidi. (2006). Community empowerment. Bandung : ALQA. Sasmojo, S. (2005). Sains, technology, society & development. Bandung: Studi Pembangunan ITB. Soekartawi. (1996). Agriculture development and poverty. Jakarta: Uninersity Indonesia Press. Soerawidjaja, T. H. (Jun, 2000). Relation of energy and food. Jurnal Studi Pembangunan, 3(2). Soesastro, H. (2003). Energy development under regional autonomy: Distribution, Poverty alleviation, subsidies, and corporate social responsibility. Economic Working Paper Series, Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retreived from http://www.csis.or.id/papers/ wpe086 Triwibowo, D. (2006). Social movement. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES. Todaro, M. P. (2000). Pembangunan ekonomi di dunia ketiga. Jakarta: Erlangga. UNICEF . (2011). A handbook on child participation in parliament. Inter-parliament Union, 18. UNICEF. (2012). A summary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_press.pdf Wasistiono, S. (2006). Rural development prospect. Bandung: Fokusmedia. Word Bank. (2007). Indonesia: Regional electrification master plan studies. Xiaohua, W., & Zhenmin, F. (2002). Sustainable development of rural energy and its appraising system in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 6(4), 395-404.

327