Transceiver Station), Electronic Charger and Laptop with. Desktop PC. ... They act as cheap and clean substitutes over fossil fuels. Solar energy due to its infinite availability can be harnessed as best alternative to drive electricity generation.
2015 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering
PV BASED GREEN COMPUTING SYSTEM FOR ICT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Chandani Sharma1, Anamika Jain2 Research Scholar, Dept. of ECE, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India 1 Professor, Dept. of ECE, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India 2 fuel-cell and high-density energy storage super capacitors they maximise energy capture and maximum power output. A block diagram of the MRDEG system is shown in Fig.1.
Abstract— Photovoltaics (PV) appear to be upcoming solution for triple crunch i.e. credit, climate and energy crisis. In a step forward to reduce carbon emissions and promote clean renewable technology, ICT (Information Communication and Technology) is promoting Green Computing for planetary and personal sustainability. Although India ranks amongst top five solar investors in world, PV Research and Development support is not achieving benchmarks in ICT. A massive utilization of PV potential towards designing, fabrication/ manufacturing, lay-out, installation, operationalization, maintenance of complete hard ware units as well as the product processes development, product manufacturing, product packaging, storage and marketing, etc needs to be identified. PV technology can give a platform to form basis of green IT and sustainability for manufacturing different computer gadgetry. An integrated solution on real ground towards achieving ICT development is presented by comparing energy saving and CO2 emission statistics for BTS (Base Transceiver Station), Electronic Charger and Laptop with Desktop PC. The innovative green solar PV products available in market are presented. It is observed that their implementation can deliver high efficiency, reduced fuel consumption and reduction of harmful effects. The system can work as low risk capacity green resources based asset for entrepreneurs.
Fig. 1 Diagram of MRDEG system Such systems maintain MPP (Maximum Power Point) irrespective of orientations in environment conditions of changing sunlight. MPP is specific operating point of solar panel that gives maximum power output. The overall power captured by the PVC panels, and the DC or AC output power is a function of the system’s operating points such as the voltages and currents of different incoming sources to the energy storage capacitors. Ultra-capacitors are connected in parallel with battery banks to store the energy produced by the PV module. The output of ultra-capacitor and battery operating voltage is used for many DC applications. A multifunction power converter supporting multi-source renewable distributed energy units (MSREU) is integrated for operating multitasking operations. When such a system is connected with computer systems or charging applications they proves to be a boon in green computing.
Index Terms— PV, ICT, Green computing, green IT, sustainability, Solar BTS, Solar Electronic Charger and Solar Laptop or Desktop PC. INTRODUCTION
An inoculated survey on global emissions and depleting non conventional energy states that ICT industry contributes to 2% of world wide harmful emissions. Infact, carbon emissions from ICT are comparable to airline industry consuming huge electricity potential to operate computer systems and peripheral devices. The increasing demand of energy and parallely decreasing supply avalibility is arousing interest for green RET’s (Renewable Energy Technology sources). RET’s are getting significance over conventional forms since they are synthesized using natural resources. They act as cheap and clean substitutes over fossil fuels.
Green computing referred sometimes as green IT employs use of scientific methods for design, manufacture and recyclable products. Basically it provides maximization of energy efficiency and minimization of electronic waste. As per demographics, the head of population usually an industrialized developed country produces more emissions then developing country. Thus the use of solar incorporated MRDEG system to power computers globally rather than electricity can be massive step to ICT sustainability. Solar sustainability in ICT is to help in processes and systems that
Solar energy due to its infinite availability can be harnessed as best alternative to drive electricity generation and distribution. MRDEG (Multi-Source Renewable Distributed Energy Generation system) is implemented for electricity generation and distribution utilising solar energy. Multiple solar power subsystems based on photovoltaic cell (PVC) arrays are parallely connected. PVC arrays are active devices that convert sunlight impinged on their surface into electricity by Photoelectric effect. If these are connected with 978-1-4799-1734-1/15 $31.00 © 2015 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICACCE.2015.40
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are non-polluting and conserving proper power management. This correlates with applications that are environment friendly and have no negative impact concerning temperature rise, pollution levels, fuel prices and supply shortages.
It uses solar PV panel to absorb sunlight. By significant conversion of photon energy to electron hole pairs it produces current available across load. Solar Regulator is used to limit rate of electric current from overcharging battery connected across it. To run a standalone off grid system dc operated system, directly this battery is used. On the other hand to plug in ac operating devices, inverter is supplemented after this battery which converts dc to ac. This ac can be used to drive on grid connected appliances.
In this paper efforts are made to emphasise use of PV ICT areas prior to three different sections. First section illustrates assessment of green computing system principles and practices. Second section describes new green products being used in ICT. Calculative statistics based on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions produced by ICT using comparative scale of mobile charger and BTS together with Desktop and Laptop are described towards end of paper.
II. NOVEL GREEN ICT PRODUCTS
Various innovative scientific green appliances are increasingly flooding markets. The trio elements kept in mind while designing such products are power, portability and price. PV systems in ICT deliver high efficiency and operating lifetime by reducing power consumption and carbon emissions. An overview of products avalible in market is described below.
I. GREEN COMPUTING SYSTEMS
Green computing system refers to system that is intended to deal with harmful effects of global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They relate to five green principles of green use, green design, green manufacturing, green disposal and green recycle. GEC (Green Electronics Council), EPA (Environment Protection Agency) and EPEAT (Electronic Product Environment Assessment Tool) are leading high performance registrations promoting use of green technology. Although tropical developing countries have certain drawbacks like poor connectivity, poor installation of energy sources and poor electrification they have availability in plenty of green sources like solar, wind, small hydro and geothermal to curb these effects. The Green computing system targets to achieve 90% of Kyoto targets (ITU, 2008). ICT has potential to decrease overall GHG by 15% and save global industry $US 800 billion in annual energy costs by 2020; Carbon economy growing by 58% to $92B, $500B by 2050. The use of solar is being promoted for standardization of green sustainability in ICT. A global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems is through Green grid founded in 2007. Green 500 is a system to provide rating to supercomputers by energy efficiency (megaflops/watt). Model for designing green computing system is shown in Fig. 2 below.
The conventional green PC systems were based on charging technology. They utilized fixed solar panels for battery charging. Fig. 3 represents a PV charger for tablet operation.
Fig. 3 Solar panels charging Tablets Another PV charger is solar laptop briefcase as shown in Fig. 4. Being powerful and compact it provides protection like briefcase and ideal device for touring purposes. It is versatile device with accessories like inbuilt connectors to be supplemented for use of different devices simultaneously.
Fig. 4 Sunshine Solar Briefcase Charger Since foldable PV products are quite heavy, solar notebook or e-PC came in existance in recent years as Fig. 5.
Fig. 2 Diagram of Green Computing System
Fig. 5 Solar notebook 241
without any constructional modifications eliminating use of electronic charger.
Solar notebook utilizes solar reflective coating at laptop backside. It charges when placed in sun and helps effective working for hours. However, trendy systems were introduced unlike fixed panels for charging few years back. To improve durability with multi linking facility, Rollable solar, advanced technology is constructed using amorphous thinfilm solar cells. They provide supplementary features of lowlight performance with Reverse current flow protection and light weight. Fig. 6 represents one such Nova system integrating foldable solar panel mounted as sheets. They are effective portable devices ready to charge laptops, mobile phones, cameras etc.
Fig. 9 Handy Solar Laptop Bags Solar stickers are upcoming products in market that can be stuck on wall for PV sheet to charge up mobile phone and other electronic gadgets in sun as shown in Fig.10.
Fig. 6 Foldable Solar Roll Sun ray Desktops using atom screens comprising stamp size solar cells are being invented with windows compatible to operate for cost sensitive application areas as in Fig. 7.
Fig. 10 Solar Wall Sticking Chargers Electree and Sun flower Chargers in Fig. 11 demonstrates power pot solar chargers for smart phones that can be supplement for interior decoration purposes.
Fig. 7 Sun ray Desktop However dust, temperature, energy hungry properties and cooling effects have motivated researchers to design solar processors through experimental modules followed in Fig. 8. Fig. 11 Solar Pot Chargers A recent lightweight foldable solar laptop/phone charger adding potential in off grid charging is picturized in Fig. 12.
Fig. 8 Intel Solar Powered Processor This promising step of Intel's research in solar-powered processors could trigger small projects, like powering sensors to communicate wirelessly with computers. Much improved potential can be incorporated to tackle even bigger challenges. Together with large PV, optimum small miniaturized devices are also being worked upon.
Fig. 12 Solar Foldable Charger In order to eliminate problems of interrupted power supply in charging or using devices, portable solar charger Socket Windows are boon. These miniaturized sockets give availability even in absence of sun at night by using air pressure when connected through window across suction plate as in Fig. 13.
Eyeball handy solar bags Fig. 9 act as battery bank for storing solar energy in charging currently operated laptops 242
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Fig. 13 Solar Charger Socket Windows Other than standalone applications in IT, solar BTS (Base Transmitting Station) Fig. 14 are upcoming solution to meet increasing complaints of fuel consumption, operating costs and maintenance troubleshoots in Telecom sector. Solar panels can be used to meet power requirements using rooftop, carport or ground panel distribution in charging Power Generation Unit (PGU), Power Storage Unit (PSU) and Fuel Tank Unit (FTU) of BTS.
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION in 1 year in INDIA Parameter Desktop Laptop Users Approx. Average energy consumption Daily energy consumed
15 Million
2.5 Million
139Whr in 1 hour
80Whr in 1 hour
139Whr*8 hr =1115Whr
80Whr*8 hr =640Whr
Users daily 15M*1115Whr 2.5M*640Whr consumption =16.725GWhr =1.6GWhr Yearly 16.725GWhr*365 1.6GWhr*365 Consumption =6105GWhr =584GWhr CO2 EMISSION in 1 year in INDIA
1
Average 0.7 Kg CO2 per 0.1 Ton each CO2 KWhr year emission 2 CO2 daily 0.7*6105GWhr 0.1*2.5Million emission =4.27Million Ton =250Kilo Ton Table 1 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission for Desktop and Laptop It is clear from above Table 1 that although energy consumption for laptop is less than desktop, still yearly massive electricity consumption takes place. Regarding CO2 emissions, increasing temperature of earth is raising pollution levels. Thus intelligent automation needs to incorporate measures using natural ventilation and carbon emission recovery systems in computer and laptop based industries.
Fig. 14 Solar BTS Station Equipment shelters, Pneumatic Mast, Mobile BTS Trailers are also built by PV. They determine SOC (State Of Charge) by charging battery and supply to BTS load. Incentives and subsidies provided by Government decreases operational cost of investments in telecom sector. There are higher benefits relative to green balance sheet with carbon credits improving CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). This causes overall increase in sustainable development. Moreover, Energy consumption and environment friendly characteristics reducing carbon emissions are attractive features of solar stations.
Another example is presented for mobile users in charging phones and BTS used in telecommunication services. Presently, conventional fossil fuels are used to start up electricity generation at BTS in rural and even in urban areas. This utilizes diesel operated generator sets. An approximation is considered by estimating 15KWhr generator is used consuming 2 liter diesel per hour in rural areas. Prior to irregular supply avalible in rural areas, energy consumption and carbon emissions are determined.
A comparative analysis on how use of solar in ICT can overcome energy cricis is proposed in following section. The comparision covers laptops and desktops followed by solo mobile chargers and BTS chargers.
The status of energy consumption and carbon emissions by mobile charger users and BTS payloads is calculated in Table 2.
III. COMPARITIVE STATISTICS FOR ICT
ENERGY CONSUMPTION in 1 Year in INDIA
Historically consumers only look for speed and cost while purchasing computers be it desktops or laptops. However, ecological impact and biodegradability also needs to be identified as modern technology concerns. Computers release toxic chemicals, carbon dioxide emissions creating global warming with huge electricity usage. A description of energy consumption and emitted carbon dioxide for ICT devices is given in Tables 1 and 2.
S.N
Parameter
1
Users Approx. Average energy consumption Daily energy consumed
2
Considering an estimate of 15 Million users for desktop and 2.5 Million laptop users, energy is determined in Whr on daily basis and then calculated on yearly basis for overall energy consumption in context of India.
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Mobile Charger 750 Million 4.4Whr for 20 minutes charge daily 4.4Whr
BTS 330000 or 0.33 Million 5KWhr in hour 5KWhr*24 =120KWhr
1
The fittest solution to alarms hit in ICT would be promotion of PV application in informaton and communication areas. Solar PV design structures can help not only India but world to make great leaps and bounds on ICT front. Being tenth largest economy in world, India can overtake France, UK and Russia to become fifth largest country by popularizing PV use.Different models of PV for energy efficient module in ICT products need to be focussed upon strongly. The classic energy distribution sources need to be optimized by solar renewable sources. By introducing measures and promoting green ICT through innovation skills in design and develop systems many challenges of global warming, increasing temperature, pollution control, energy expanses can be reduced to a greater extent.
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User daily 750M*4.4Whr 0.33M*120KWhr consumption =3.3GWhr =39.6GWhr 5 Yearly 3.3GWhr*365 39.6GWhr*365 Consumption =1204.5GWhr =14454GWhr CO2 EMISSION considering Diesel generator sets 1 Average CO2 7557Gigagram 2.68 kg CO2 per emitted per day liter (2 lit daily) 2
CO2 daily 7557Gigagram 2.68*2*12*.33M emission in *750*365 *365 (12 hrs use) =5.667M Ton an year =7.747M Ton Table 2 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission for Mobile Charger and BTS
Summarising above tables, calculated percentage share of India in one day for energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission is depicted in Table 3. Device Desktop
Energy Consumed 6105GWhr
Carbon dioxide Emission 4.27Million Ton
Laptop
584GWhr
0.250Million Ton
Mobile Charger
1204.5GWhr
5.667Million Ton
BTS
14454GWhr
7.747Million Ton
Total
22347.5 GWhr
17.934Million Ton
Solar chargers could be an effective substitute for mobile phones, computers and other peripherals in rural area. With poor availability of fluctuating electricity solar chargers could revolutionize villages. Other application areas like Telecommunication, SME (Small and Medium Enterprises), and Service sector can implement solar computerization to increase turnover. CEC (Central Electricity Commission) is accelerating PV by many incentives through ESP (Energy Star Program) and DEEP (Developing Energy Enterprises Programs). REFERENCES [1] Access to Clean Energy “A glimpse of off grid projects in India”, Government of India Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Report. [2] “Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Phase II”, Government of India Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Report. [3] B.C. Ramachandraa, Rishabh Jain, Gautham, A Krishnadas “Hotspots of solar potential in India”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 15 (2011) 3178–3186. [4] A. Soteris Kalogirou “Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems”. [5] “The Solar PV Landscape in India: An Industry Perspective”, PV Group White Paper. [6] “India Solar PV Advisor”, Guide by Energy Alternatives India (EAI). [7] Pragya Nema, R.K. Nema, Saroj Rangnekar “A current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol: 13, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 2096–2103. [8] Articles accessed on IEEE Technical Committee on Green Communications & Computing. [9] Ritesh Kumar Kalle and Arvind Mathur “Green Information and Communication Technology Standards Development: An India Perspective”, Journal of ICT Standardization, Vol: 1, Issue 2, November 2013. [10]B. Unhelkar “Handbook of Research on Green ICT: Technology, Business and Social” and “Green IT Strategies and Applications: Using Environmental Intelligence”. [11] Asia Pacific Telecommunity Report on “Introduction to Green ICT Activities” 2011
Table 3 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission in 1 year in India The table identifies need of miraculous improvements desired in India in ICT sector. A huge energy consumption of 61.22 GWhr daily or 22347.5 GWhr yearly with release of carbon dioxide spills in environment about 0.491 Million Ton daily or 17.934 Million Ton in a year is an alarming notification for us. The survey projects an urgent need to simulate structure of green computing system for real time PV applications. Against this backdrop, the stage is gradually ripening for another big obstacle. This relates to conversion of electricity into heat by electronic devices making temperature to rise. Mostly to keep electronic devices cool, fans are used. These fans for regulation have strong affinity to dust. They circulate dust each time it enters and after some time causes choking and hence slow death of fans. As a result, fan replacement is required that causes rupture of component protection walls. This increases maintenance costs and trouble shoot of device. CONCLUSION
The effect of ICT in energy consumption and environment sector has been studied. There are endless opportunities for solar PV in green systems. Global energy savings and emissions can be drop down by promoting green computing. Instead of sleep mode or paperless office concepts, promotion of solar savvy servers and systems can be streamlined to power green computing. 244
