Pyrolysis of Agricultural and Forestry Residues into Bio-oil

Pyrolysis of Agricultural and Forestry Residues into Bio-oil ENGINEERING CONFERENCES INTERNATIONAL 2009, Bioenergy II: Fuels and Chemicals from Renewable Resources •Ran Xu •Lorenzo Ferrante •John Edwards • Franco Berruti •Cedric Briens

Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR) Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, CANADA

TITLE | 01

Outline • Motivation • Approach • Experimental Set Up • Experimental Results • Conclusions

OUTLINE | 02

Motivation -1 • Global Warming. • Depleting Conventional Fossil Fuel Reserves.

Demand for proper disposal of agricultural and forestry residues.

Demand for renewable energy.

Utilization of Agricultural and Forestry Residues as Energy Resources

MOTIVATION | 03

Motivation -2

Wine Grape

Wine

Corn

Bio ethanol

Sugarcane

Sugarcane Juice

Forest Resources

Pulp and Paper

Grape Skins and Seeds

Dried Distiller’s Grains

Sugarcane Bagasse

Forestry Residue

12.2 million tonnes worldwide

3.5 million tonnes in North America

500 million tonnes worldwide

280 million tonnes worldwide

MOTIVATION | 04

One Possible Solution • Conversion of Agricultural and Forestry Residues into Bio-Oil via Fast Pyrolysis. Heat Recovery Grape Skins and Seeds Fuels

Gases

Dried Distiller’s Grains Food Additives

Liquid Bio-oil Sugarcane Bagasse Pesticide

Heat Recovery

Forestry Residue

Solid Char

Fertilizer SOLUTION | 05

Outline • Motivation • Approach

• Experimental Set Up • Experimental Results • Conclusion

OUTLINE | 06

Experimental Set Up

Pilot Plant Reactor

Fluidized bed: • 7.8 cm diameter • 0.5 m high.

Equipped with removable freeboard sections. • Residence Time Range: 1 to 30 seconds. Intense heat transfer & mixing

Pilot Plant Reactor

Operating Temperature Range: Up to 700 °C.

Pilot Plant Reactor Top ICFAR PILOT PLANT | 07

Experimental Set Up

ICFAR Pilot Plant

GC gas bag Gas Filter

Quenching N2

Pneumatic Feeder Demister pad Carrier N2 Ar

Chilled Water

Fluidization N2

Condensers train Pre-heater

ICFAR PILOT PLANT | 08

Experimental Set Up

ICFAR Pilot Plant Compensating line

GC bag

Biomass Slug

gas

Pneumatic Valve

Gas Filter Carrier N2 To the reactor

Quenching N2

Timer

Solenoid valve Pulse Ar (at 3.5 atm)

Pneumatic Feeder Demister pad

Carrier N2 Ar

Chilled Water

Fluidization N2

Condensers train Preheater ICFAR PILOT PLANT | 08

Experimental Set Up Vapors Inlet

ICFAR Pilot Plant

Gas Outlet

Bio-Oil Mist

GC gas bag Gas Filter

Collected Bio-Oil

Quenching N2

Pneumatic Feeder Demister pad Carrier N2 Ar

Chilled Water

Fluidization N2

Condensers train Pre-heater ICFAR PILOT PLANT | 08

Outline • Motivation • Approach • Experimental Set Up

• Experimental Results Product Yields (Mass Balance) Thermal Sustainability (Heat Balance) Liquid Bio-Oil Product

• Conclusion

OUTLINE | 09

Experimental Results

Product Yields: Liquid

Liquid Bio-oil Yields of Different Biomass Resources Residence Time: 5 seconds 65

DDGS

Liquid Bio-oil Yield, %

60 55 50

Forestry Residue

45 40

Grape Residue

35 30

Sugarcane Bagasse 25 400

450

500

550

600

o

Pyrolysis Temperature, C RESULTS | 10


Product Yields: Biochar

Solid Char Yield, %

Solid Biochar Yields of Different Biomass Resources Residence Time: 5 seconds 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8

Grape Residue Sugarcane Bagasse

DDGS Forestry Residue

400

450

500

550

600

o

Pyrolysis Temperature, C

RESULTS: YILEDS | 11


Product Yields: Gases

Gas Yields of Different Biomass Resources Residence Time: 5 seconds 65 60

Sugarcane Bagasse

55 50

Forestry Residue

Gas Yield, %

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

Grape Residue

DDGS

5 400

450

500

550

600

o

Pyrolysis Temperature, C RESULTS: YIELD | 12


Thermal Sustainability (Heat Balance)

Heat Measurements • Heat of Pyrolysis

• Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the Feedstocks and Liquids Products

=

Heaters Power consumption during the pyrolysis test

=

Higher Heating Value (HHV)

• Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the product gases

-

Power consumption before the start of the feed Water vapor in the combustion gases

estimated from the product gases composition and the lower calorific value of each gas.

Thermal Sustainability Heat of Pyrolysis

vs.

Product Gases LHV Product Bio-oil LHV RESULTS: ENGERY BALANCE | 13


Thermal Sustainability (Heat Balance)

Pyrolysis at the Temperature for Maximum Liquid Yield, 5s Residence Time Grape Residue 450C

DDGS 450C

Sugarcane Bagasse 350C 38.7%

42.5%

Forestry Residue 500C 20.2%

27.8%

Liquid Yield Solid Yield Gas Yield

29.4% 20.5%

19.7%

6.96%

65.2%

50.4% 40.8%

37.8%

12

Heatrequired for the process Heat 10

Energy, kJ/ g biomass feed

Required by the Process

8 Energycontained in the bio-oil Energy

Contained in the product bio-oil Energy Contained in the product gases

6

4

2

0 Grape Residue

DDGS

Sugarcane Bagasse

Forestry Residue

RESULTS: ENGERY BALANCE | 14

Forestry Residue Bio-oil Bio-oil Phase Separation Forestry Residue Pyrolysis Liquid Biooil Aqueous Phase & Organic Phase Yields Total Bio-oil Yield% Aqueous Phase Yield% Organic Phase Yield%

60

Liquid Yields%

50

40 Organic Phase

30

20

10

400

450

500

550

600

Aqueous Phase

Pyrolysis Temperature/ oC RESULTS: LIQUID BIO-OIL | 15

Grape Residue Bio-oil Aqueous Phase Environmental Analysis

• Environmental analysis has been conducted for the distilled aqueous phase (85 C to 115 C): Total Ammonia-N, Total BOD, COD, TKN, TOC, Phenols4AAP, etc.

• Comparison with ”Sanitary and Combined Sewer Discharge by Law, Toronto, Canada” shows that the distilled aqueous phase needs to be treated before disposal to sewer.

RESULTS: LIQUID BIO-OIL | 16

Dried Distiller’s Grains Bio-oil Organic Phase Drying Agents Molecular Sieve 4A

Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous

Increased by 7%

35

30

Higher Heating Value, kJ/g

Higher Heating Value, kJ/g

30

25

20

15

10

5

25

20

15

10

5

0

0 Before Treatment

After Treatment

Before Treatment

25

25

20

20

15

Decreased by 59%

10

5

Moisture Content%

Moisture Content%

Increased by 6%

35

After Treatment

15

10

Decreased by 66%

5

0 Bio-oil Before Treatment

Bio-oil After Treatment

0 Bio-oil Before Treatment

Bio-oil After Treatment

RESULTS: LIQUID BIO-OIL | 17

Conclusions For the product yields at 5 s residence time: Maximum liquid yield at: • 450 ºC for grape residue and DDGS. • 350 ºC for sugarcane bagasse. • 500 ºC for forestry residue. Thermal Sustainability : It can be achieved by burning all the gas products and part of the bio-oil

Phase separation of Bio-oil : • The aqueous phase of grape bio-oil needs to be treated before disposal to sewer. • The heating value of the organic phase of DDGS bio-oil can be enhanced through the use of drying agents.

CONCLUSION | 18

Acknowledgements • Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada • Canada Foundation for Innovation • Ontario Research Fund • Agri-Therm • Ontario Centers of Excellence • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada • The University of Western Ontario ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 19

Our Team: Supervisors

Dr. Franco Berruti

Dr. Cedric Briens

Our Team: Lab Pilot Plant Team Lorenzo Ferrante

Mohammad Latifi Ran Xu

Rohan Bedmutha

WE ARE ICFAR!

Questions?

Thank You!

QUESTIONS | 25

Grape Residue Bio-oil Aqueous Phase Environmental Analysis Units

Distilled Aqueous Phase Grape Bio-oil

Sanitary and combined sewer discharge by Law, Toronto, Ontario[i]

RDL

Calculated Parameters Hardness (CaCO3)

mg L-1

11

1

Total Ammonia-N

mg L-1

10000 #