Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming strategies in Nepal

Editor Tek Bahadur Gurung

Proceedings of 1st National Workshop on Scaling-up of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farming Strategies in Nepal

Proceedings of the workshop on scaling-up of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming strategies in Nepal. August 2008

Edited by: Tek Bahadur Gurung

Organisers: Fisheries Research Division, Godawari (NARC) Japan International Cooperation Agency Directorate of Fisheries Development (DoA) Nepal Fisheries Society

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NARC- Nepal Agricultural Research Council 2008

Published by:

Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, Lalitpur of NARC

Copyright:

2008, Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal Agricltural Research Council The printed materials in the proceedings may be reproduced for education, research and other non-profit uses with acknowledgement of the source.

Citation:

Gurung T. B (2008) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming strategies in Nepal. Proceedings of the workshop on scaling-up of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming strategies in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

Available from:

Fisheries Research Division, Godawari PO Box 13342, Lalitpur, Nepal

Disclaimer:

Opinions expressed by the authors and editor in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of NARC or JICA or the organization they represent. There might be several grammatical errors in this publication; those are not of authors but of the editor.

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Foreword Technological development of rainbow trout farming in Nepal is one of the most appreciable technologies generated by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). The present stock of rainbow trout, one of the excellent fish for cultivation in cold water was introduced from Japan. Presently several aspects of trout farming have been accomplished by scientists of Fisheries Research Division, Godawari and Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli of NARC. The present technology generation on rainbow trout farming has been well applauded by Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok. Trout farming technology has been well received by the farmers in hills. As a result, several trout farms in private sector have been emerged. Now onwards, the commercial production technological package for increased production is highly desirable. Visualizing this fact a workshop on further strategies on scaling up of rainbow trout farming in Nepal was organized in January 2007. This workshop has recommended several important aspects for enhancing commercial farming of rainbow trout production in the country. I hope these recommendations would be highly useful for planners, extensionist, NGO's, media, students, researchers and farmers for rapid expansion of trout farms in different parts of the country. So the market demand of this commodity in country as well as abroad could be fulfilled in affordable price in the market for consumption. I wish to thank and congratulate all fisheries related scientists who actively participated in trout research, develop the technologies and also played significant role in expansion of trout farming in the country. I also wish to extend my sincere thanks to all donors and stakeholders without whom this technology would not have been developed and extended in the country.

Dr. Nanad Prasad Shrestha Executive Director Nepal Agricultural Research Council

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Abbreviations ADB BMP cm CF CP CO2 DO DoA DoFD FCR FE FRD FRCT GR IU

Agriculture Development Bank Best Management Practices centimeter Crude Fat Crude Protien Corbon di-oxide Dissolved Oxygen Department of Agriculture Directorate of Fisheries Development Feed Conversion Ratio Feed Efficiency Fisheries Research Division Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli Growth Rate International Unit

JICA LI-BIRD NARC (NO2+NO3) OVOP PUFA KJ kg m mg mt MoAC MoF Ropani SAARC o C NEFIS sqm SLC SR TL WTO

Japan International Cooperation Agency Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Conservation and Development Nepal Agricultural Research Council Nitrate +Nitrite One Village One Product Polyunsturated fatty acid Kilo Joule Kilogram meter miligram Metric ton Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative Ministry of Finance Nepali unit of land measurement (1 Ropani =500 m2) South Asian Association Regional Countries Centigrade or Celsius Nepal Fisheries Society Square meter School Leaving Certificate Survival Rate Total Length World Trade Organization

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Contents Contents

Page No.

Foreword Abbreviations Contents Acknowledgment Program Highlights Few words Inaugural Address Chairperson remarks Closing Session Field Trip Report Vote of Thanks Summary Report of the Working Groups

Technical Papers

History of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal:

1

Status and prospect of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming in Nepal:

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Breeding performance of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in northeastern hills, Nepal Sadhu Ram Basnet, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Raja Man Mulmi, Tek Bahadur Gurung

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larval rearing methodologies in Nepal:

17

Nutrition and feed formulation for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal:

23

Raw material, storage, equipment & accessories for rainbow trout feed preparation in private sector in Nepal: Resham Raj Dhital, Nand Kishor Roy

41

Water Quality parameters for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming:

46

An evaluation on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diseases and their control measures in Nepal:

52

Market Channels of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) products in Nepal: Devendra Gauchan, Narendra. Thakur, B. Shrestha, Asha Raymajhi, S. Gautam, Gopal Prasad Lamsa

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Socio-economic study of rainbow trout farming in Nepal: A case study of Kathmandu - Trishuli - Rasuwa road corridor: Naresh Singh Thakur, Devendra Gauchan, Asha Raymaghi, Gopal Prasad Lamsal

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Prospects of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming commercialization in relation to global context in Nepal: Tek Bahadur Gurung, Neeta Pradhan, Dharni Man Singh, Tek Bahadur Thapa

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Deep Bahadur Swar

Ash Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung, Sadhu Ram Basnet, Raja Man Mulmi

Neeta Pradhan, Asha Raymajhi, Sant Kumar Shrestha

Jay Dev Bista, Suresh Kumar Wagle, Neeta Pradhan, Nanda Kishor Roy

Raja Man Mulmi, Neeta Pradhan, Ram Prasad Dhakal

Asha Raymajhi, Resham Raj Dhital

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Linkage need among research, development and private institutions for commercializing rainbow trout farming in Nepal: Kiran Raj Joshi, Sudha Sapkota, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, S. Gautam

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GIS based evaluation on potential sites of cold water fish, Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming in Nuwakot, Nepal Suresh Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung, Gopal Prasad Lamsal

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GIS based potentiality of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming innorthern high hill Rasuwa, Nepal: Saroj Prasad Aryal, Mahendra Nath Paudel

89

A case study on integrated trout farming in hill terrace with other developmental activities: Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Sadhu Ram Basnet, Padam Bahadur Rumba

95

g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f kfngsf ultlalwM

100

df5f kfng Joj;fodf s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f nufgL gLlt tyf k|lqmofM

103

Recipes for dish preparation of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Bharati Moktan

106

Best management practices (BMP) for aquaculture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal: Surendra Prasad, Jay Dev Bista, Suresh Kumar Wagle

110

Extension strategies for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture development in Nepal:

116

Constraints and potentialities on scaling-up of Rainbow trout farming practices in mid and high hills of Nepal: Farmers Perspective : Aditya Raj Khanal, Resham Gautam

120

Role of media for scaling up of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming technologies among stakeholders: Bhola Man Singh Basnet

125

"One Village One Product" (OVOP) program with special reference to Rainbow trout farming and marketing perspective in Nepal: Kiran Raj Pandey

132

Rainbow trout farming in hills of Nepal in relation to gender perspectives: Sudha Sapkota, Kiran Raj Joshi

137

w||'j s'df/ d'8e/L 6+s k|;fb e6[

Dharni Man Singh, Bikash Chand Shrestha Shanker Prasad Dahal, Ramanand Mishra

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Acknowledgement Sincere gratitude to the farmers for their perseverance and active involvement in participatory trout cultivation research in hills and mountains of Nuwakot, Kathmandu, and Rasuwa districts. Thanks to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for continuous encouragement and support. We are grateful to JICA for financial support to conduct the workshop on scaling-up of rainbow trout farming in Nepal. Thanks also to the people and the former Governor of Miyazaki Prefecture Mr. Matsukata for providing rainbow trout seed to Nepal and several other Japanese friends, Mr. Tatsuo Morimoto and Mr. Utaka Nakagawa for their support and encouragement by which present endeavor of rainbow trout cultivation in Nepalese mountains could be possible. All authors are thankful for their thoughtful papers. The resource personnel involved in the workshop are also appreciated for extending their cooperation, Mr. Bhola Man Basnet, Mr. Jay Dev Bista, Mr. Suresh Wagle, Mr. Raja Man Mulmi, Mr. Krishna Murari KC, Lalit Tamang, Mr. Shiv Lal Adhikari, Ms. Neeta Pradhan, Ms. Asha Raymajhi & Ms. Renu Aryal are gratefully acknowledged for their support. We expressed our gratitude to Professor, Dr. Sena De Silva, Director General idea for his encouragement. Special thanks to the "One Village One Product" Program of Agro-Enterprise Center (AEC) under Federation of Nepal Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FNCCI) for providing financial support to publish this proceeding.

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Programme Highlight and Objective of the Workshop Dr. Tek B Gurung

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dGtAo (Few Words)

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o; ;df/f]xsf k|d'v cltly dfggLo s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL Pj+ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf cWoIfHo', kl/ifb\sf kfif{b Ho'x?, laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf dxflgb{]zsHox?, lgb]{zsHo'x?, NACA sf dxflgb]]{zs 8fM ;]gf 8L l;Njf, FAO, JICA sf g]kfn k|ltlglwHo'x?, kqsf/ / laleGg ;+3 ;:yfsf k|d'v Ho"x? . cfh g]kfndf 6«fp6df5f ;DalGw k|yd /fli6«o sfo{zfnf uf]li7 cfof]hgf eO{ /x]sf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfndf 6«fp6df5f kfngsf] k|ljlw lasf; g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbaf6 ;DkGg e} s[ifs :t/df la:tf/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] e'agf}6 / k|fslts hn>f]tsf] lx;fjn] g]kfndf dT:o kfng k|ljlwnfO{ la:tf/0f u/L pRr / dWo kxf8 / t/fO{ If]qsf] u|fdL0f e]]udf kf]if0f, cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf ;fy} u/LaL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o; s'/fsf] k'i6o+fO{df dT:o sfo{s|d, bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf k|fyldstfdf gk/]tf klg lautsf 8]8 bzsdf dT:o If]qsf] s[lifsf] s'n u||fx:y cfDbfgLdf of]ubfg ! k|ltzt af6 xfn nueu @ k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . of] kl/l:ylt t/fO{ If]qsfnflu dfq} pko'St k|lalw pknAw x'Fbfsf] kl/b[Zo xf] . xfn, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] dT:o kfngsf] ljljw k|ljlwx?sf] la:tf/0fsf] s|ddf pRr lxdfnL e]udf pko'St x'g] 6«fp6df5f kfngsf] k|ljlw la:tf/0faf6 le/ kfvf 8+f8f s+f8fdf /x]sf lxdfnL s+rg kfgLsf >f]t ;b'kof]u u/L ;f] e]usf hgtfsf] hLjg :t/ p7fpg, u|fdL0f kf]if0f tyf cfo cfh{gdf a[l4 ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn g'jfsf]6 / /;'jf lhNnfdf Ps ufFp / Ps pTkfbgsf] gLlt cg';f/ sfo{s|d ;+rfng u/]sf / ;f] e]]usf lgjf;Lx? klg cfk\mgf lhNnfnfO{ 6«fp6 lhNnf egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf xF'bf 6«fp6 df5fsf la:tf/0f sfo{s|dnfO{ yk of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . b]zdf laBdfg u/LaL, s'kf]if0f h:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf g]kfndf k'j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd pQ/L lxd >[v+nf leq /x]]sf] lr;f] kfgLsf >f]tx?s]f ;b'kof]u u/L lr;f] kfgLdf pko'St o; 6«fp6 df5fsf k|ljlw lj:tf/0f ug{ If]qut ?kdf gLlh tyf ;/sf/L :t/sf ;+o'St k|of; af6 lk5l8Psf s0{ffnL If]q nufot dWo tyf ;'b'/ klZrd e]usf vfB ;'/Iff, u/LaL lgjf/0f, cfo cfh{g, kf]if0f tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg u/L k'g{:yfkg, 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 . g]kfn Pp6f s[lif k|wfg d'n's ePsf]n] goFf g]kfnsf] cfl{y{s ;d[l4sf]nflu s[lif If]qsf xl/t s|flGt, Zj]t s|flGt / lgnf] s||flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . xfn g]kfndf t/fOsf nflu pko'\St sfk{ df5f k|ljlw afx]s, kxf8L If]qsf nflu klg k|lalwsf] lasf; ePsf] ;Gbe{df, cj jf:tljs lgnf] s|flGtsf pko'St ;do ePsf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . t;{y, b]zsf lawdfg hn>f]tsf If]qut ?kdf ;b'kof]u u/L ;dfg'kflts pkof]usfnflu If]q ;'x+fp+bf] dT:o k|lalw la:tf/0fsfnflu cfjZos ef}lts k'jf{wf/ lasf; ug{ u|fdL0f hgtfsf ;xeflutfdf ;/sf/L lglh If]qsf] ;xsfo{ cGtu{t /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ;3+ ;+:yfx?n] ;xhsQ{fsf] ?kdf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u lnO{ dT:o pTkfbg a[l4sf] nfuL sfo{ cuf8L agfpg' kg]{ wf/0ff /fVb} cfkmgf] dGtAo olx cGt ub{ 5' . wGojfb .

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k|d'v cltly dfggLo s[lif dGqL dxGt 7fs'/sf] dGtAo (Inaugural Address) o; ;df/f]xsf ;efklt dxf]bo, laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf dxflgb{]zsHox?, lgb]{zsHo'x?, NACA sf dxflgb]]{zs 8f= ;]gf 8L l;Njf, FAO, JICA sf g]kfn k|ltlglwHo'x? . kqsf/ aGw', laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|d'v, cfof]hs ju{, ;Dk'0f{ pkl:yt kqsf/, s[ifs, dlxnf tyf ;Hhga[Gb . gofF g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nflu s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] / jt{dfg ljZjahf/sf] d'NofFsg ubf{ a9L k|lt:k{wfTds / ahf/df dfFu /x]sf s[lif pkhsf] clea[l4 af6 dfq ls;fgsf] lhljsfdf gof cfofd yk x'g ;Sg]df d laZjZt 5' . cfhsf o; uf]i7Ldf g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] ljsf; u/L lj:tf/0f ug{ nfu]sf] 6«fp6 df5fv]tLsf] k|ljlw Pp6f lbuf] cfly{s a[l4 xfl;n x'g], vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ ul/jL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] s8Lsf] ?kdf lasl;t x'g' kg]{df hf]8 lbg rfxG5' . g]kfn Pp6f s[lif k|wfg / k|fs[lts hn>f]tsf wgL d'n's ePsf]n] :jefljs ?kn] s[ifsx?sf] ;d'GgltsfnfuL kfgL / hdLg PsLs[t?kn] kl/rfng x'g ;s] s[lif pTkfbsTj a[l4 x'g] laifodf z+sf 5}g . dnfO{ v'zL nfUof] g]kfndf Pp6f o:tf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5, h; af6 kfgL ePdf le/fnf]] hdLg ;d]tsf] k|of]u af6 ahf/df w]/} dfFu eO{ pRr d"No kg{] 6«fp6 df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . t/fO{df dT:o kfngsf] k|ljlw lgs} klxnf b]lv 5 . tyflk g]kfnsf] e'agf}6 / k|fslts hn>f]t cg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ dT:o pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tf tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg / a9L eGbf a9L ls;fgsf lhljsf ;+u hf]8g, k'?if tyf dlxnfx?sf ;xeflutf h'6fpg k|ljlwnfO{ ca k"j{ d]rL blv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd ;dy/ t/fO{, dWo / pRr kxf8L If]qx?df Aoj;flos dT:o kfng u/fpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . ta dfq, dT:o kfngsf] la:tf/ af6 pRr, dWo kxf8 / t/fO{ If]qsf] u|fdL0f e]]udf kf]if0f, cfo cf{hg, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf ;fy} u/LaL lgjf/0fdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] b]Vb5' . lr;f] kfgLdf pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] 6«fp6 df5f pTkfbg k|ljlw af6 w]/} ls;fg nfeflGjt x'g xfn ljsl;t k|lalwx?nfO{ ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ pTkfbgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{, cfO{ kg]{ sl7gfO{x?nfO{ x6fpb} sfo{qmdnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg' pko'Qm x'g] 5 . 6«fp6 df5f Aoj;fo k|j{wgsfnfuL cfjZos kg]{ C0f k|jfxnfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/L n}hfg u[xsfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . b]zdf laBdfg u/LaL, s'kf]if0f h:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf g]kfndf k'j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd pQ/L e]udf /x]]sf] lr;f] kfgLsf >f]tx?s]f ;b'kof]u u/L lr;f] kfgLdf pko'St o; 6«fp6 df5fsf k|ljlw lj:tf/0f ug{ If]qut ?kdf gLlh tyf ;/sf/L :t/sf ;+o'St k|of; af6 lk5l8Psf s0{ffnL If]q nufot dWo tyf ;'b'/ klZrd e]usf vfB ;'/Iff, u/LaL lgjf/0f, cfo cfh{g, kf]if0f tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|bfg u/L k'g{:yfkg, 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ca b]zdf zfGtL axfnL e} k|fljlws, cfly{s / ;fdflhs lasf;sfnfuL pko'St jftfj/0f tof/ e}/x]sf] cj:yf 5, t;{y, lawdfg hn>f]tsf If]qut ?kdf ;b'kof]u u/L ls;fgsf] ;xeflutfdf ;/sf/L / lglh If]qsf] ;xsfo{af6 /fli6«o dT:o pTkfbg clea[l4 ug{ d cGt/fli6«o ;3+ ;+:yfx? / bft[ lgsfox?nfO{ ;xhsQ{fsf ?kdf ;xof]us]fnfuL klg d cfJxfg ub{5' . cGtdf, uf]i7Lsf cfof]hsx?nfO{ awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . o; uf]i7Laf6 cfPsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;x? g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ klg lbzfaf]w ug{ ;Sg] agf]; eGg] d]/f] z'esfdgf 5 . oL l;kmfl/zx?nfO{ ;du| dT:o k]zfdf ;+nUg ls;fg, Aoj;foL, pwdL, pkef]Stf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] lxtsf]nfuL sfo{fGjog ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy d]/f] dGtAosf] s|d oxL ;dfKt ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' . wGojfb .

12

;efkltHo"sf] dGtAo (Chairperson) u0f]z s'df/ s]= ;L=, ;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno ;efklt Ho", k|d'v cltly Pj+ s[ifL tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf dfglgo dGqL Ho" , ;a} la1 ;fyLx? , dlxnf tyf ;Hhg j[Gb . /fi6|sf] 7'nf] cfo >f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hn>f]tsf] ;b'kof]usf] qmddf kxf8 tyf lxdfnL If]qsf] le/fnf] 8fF8f kfvfdf 6«fp6 df5f kfng k|lalwsf] lasf;n] u|fld0f Iff]qsf hgtfdf vfB ;'/Iff , lhlasf]kfh{gdf d4t lbg'sf] ;fy} b]zs} s'n u|fX:y pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg 6]jf lbg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . /fli6|o sl[if lgtL sfo{qmddf 6«fp6df5fn] k|fyfldstf kfpgnfO{ o;sf] dxTj bzf{p5 . 6«fp6 df5f la:tf/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf]?k lbg pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ;dofg's'n ljsf;tkm{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn s[lif cg';+wfg kl/ifbn] ljleGg cGt/dGqfno Pj+ ;+3;+:yfx? ;+usf] ;dGjo tyf bIf hgzQmL ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . 6«fp6 df5fnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ub{} nfg kf]i6xfe]{i6df laz]if hf]8 lbb} /f]huf/L Pj+ ul/aL lgjf/0f tkm{ s]lGb|t /xL sfo{s|d cuf8L a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn laZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] v'nf ahf/df :j:y k|lt:kw{f ug{ ;Sg] u/L pTkfbg nfut vr{ 36fpb} lgo{ft k|jw{gdf hf8lbg', cg';Gwfg af6 k|fKt pko'Qm k|lalw k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf tfnLdsf] dfWod af6 hg:t/ ;Dd k'¥of{pg' cfhsf] cfa:ostf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy ;fy} lxdfnL e]udf kfO{g] :jfb]zL hftsf df5fsf] klg kfng tyf laleGg kIfdf hf]8 lbb} 6«fp6 df5f la:tf/0f sfo{qmd cuf8L a9fpg]df laZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cGtdf uf]i7L cfof]hs nfO{ awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . o; uf]i7Ln] cfjZos sfo{lgtL tof/ ug{ lgisif{ Pj+ ;'emfjx? tof/ ug{]5 eGg]df k'0f{ laZj:t 5' .

13

Vote of Thanks Dharni Man Singh, Program Director Directorate of Fisheries Development (DoFD)

o; uf]i7Lsf ;efklt Pj+ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrjHo", d'Vo cltly dfglgo s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqLHo" sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsHo", ;x–;lrjHo"x?, s[lif ljefusf dxf–lgb]{zsHo", Resident Representative, JICA, Dr. Sena S De Silva, Director General, NACA, s[lif ljefusf pk–dxflgb]{zsHo"x?, s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf lgb]{zsHo"x?, al/i7 clws[tHo"x?, al/i7 a}1flgsHo"x?, lghL 6«fp6 Aoa;foL Pj+ s[ifs ;fyLx?, ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yfaf6 kfNg' ePsf dlxnf tyf ;Hhg a[Gb, kqsf/aGw'x?, ljleGg ld8ofaf6 kfNg' ePsf ldqx?, ;j{k|yd dnfO{ cfof]hssf] tkm{af6 wGoafb 1fkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{Psf]df cfof]hsnfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . b]zsf] ablnbf] /fhlglts kl/j]z;+u} s[lif If]qsf] ;du| ljsf; / To;sf] Aoa;foLs/0fsf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ xfd|f] b]zdf ljsl;t eO{/x]sf] /]Gjf] 6«fp6 df5f kfng / lj:tf/ u/L ul/jL lgjf/0f Pj+ k|f0fL k|f]6Lg cfk'tL{df yk 6]jf k'¥ofpg]5 . g]kfn h:tf] kxf8L / lxdfnL e'efu Pj+ lxd gbLsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]zdf lr;f]kfgLdf kfng ul/g] pRr d"Nosf] 6«fp6 df5fsf] Aoa;flos kfng k|0ffnLsf] oyf]lrt ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] k|;:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] / cfufdL lbgx?df To; tkm{ ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ to ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} Ps uf+p Ps pTkfbgdf /]Gjf] 6«fp6sf] pTkfbg sfo{qmd g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf ;+rfng eO{/x]sf]5 . o;} sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf Pj+ lj:tf/sf nflu ljrf/ ljdz{ ug{ o; uf]i7L ;+rfng x'g uO{/x]sf]df cToGt v'zL nfu]sf]5 . cfk\mgf] clt Ao:ttfsf afah't klg kfNg' ePsf dfglgo s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL >L dxGt 7fs'/Ho"n] o; uf]i7Lsf k|d'v cltlysf] cfltYo u|x0f u/L uf]i7Lsf] pb\3f6g ;d]t ul/lbg' ePsf]df jxf+nfO{ ljz]if wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . b]zdf dT:o ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{ dfu{bz{g lbg'x'g] uf]i7Lsf ;efkltTj ul//xg' ePsf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrj >L u0f]z s]=;L=Ho"nfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . o;}u/L s[lif ljefusf dxflgb]{zs 8f= bLk axfb'/ :jf/Ho" / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= gGb k|;fb >]i7Ho"x?n] uf]i7Lsf] ljz]iftf af/] k|sfz kfl/lbg' ePsf]df jxf+x? b'a}nfO{ wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . g]kfndf lr;f]kfgLdf df5f kfngdf lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ cfPsf] hfO{sf / hfO{sf Resident Representative Ho"n] b'O{ zAb /flv lbg' ePsf]df wGoafb lbg rfxG5' . I would also like to thank Prof. De Silva, Director General, NACA, who has come all the way from Bangkok to attend this Workshop, cGtdf o; uf]i7Ldf kfNg'x'g] ;x–;lrjHo"x?, s[lif ljefusf pk–

dxflgb]{zsHo"x?, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf lgb]{zsHo"x?, al/i7 clws[tHo"x?, al/i7 a}1flgsHo"x?, lghL 6«fp6 Aoa;foL Pj+ s[ifs ;fyLx? / ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yfaf6 kfNg' ePsf dlxnf tyf ;Hhg a[Gb, kqsf/aGw'x?, ljleGg ldl8ofaf6 kfNg' ePsf ldqx? tyf ;Dk'0f{ cltly / ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGoafb lb+b} s[t1tf k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . wGoafb .

14

Directions for Field Trip Report Term of Reference to Group No. 1 (Extension strategies) ;d'x ! sf] nfuL sfo{ ;Gbe{ -k|;f/ /0fgLlt_ • Review the existing fisheries extension agencies and structural set up in Nepal (government, NGO, INGO service centers, human resource, policy, strategies)

g]kfndf at{dfg dT:o k|;f/ lgsfox?sf] ;dLIff -;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L /fli6«o cGt/fli6«o, lasf; / ;]jf s]Gb|, dfgjLo >f]t, of]hgf, /0fgLlt / ;+/rgf _

• Recommend appropriate approaches, process, systems of extension strategies (government, NGOs, CBO, cooperative and other private farms) covering above all aspects to promote trout aquaculture and cold water fisheries in Nepal

dflysf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/ 6«fp6 df5f tyf lr;f] kfgLdf x'g] df5fsf] clea[l4 ug{ k|rf/ k|;f/ / /0flgltsf] dfWod / k|ls|of / tl/sfsf] l;kmfl/; / ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, :yflgo ;+:yfx? .

• Review geographical, social, gender, financial, marketing constraints and advantages of resources

ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, n}+lus, cfly{s tyf Aoa:yfkg ;+alGw ahf/ ;d:of tyf ahf/ Joa:yfkg ;+alGw k'g/fjnf]sg .

• Recommend appropriate extension strategies for production enhancement of trout in potential areas in hills of Nepal

;+efljt kxf8L If]qdf 6«fp6 df5fsf] pTkfbg clej[l4 ug{ plrt k|rf/ k|;f/ /0flgtLsf] l;kmfl/; .

Fingertips for group exercise in trout farming extension 6«fp6 v]tL k|rf/ k|;f/ nfO{ ;d'xut 5nkmnsf d'Vo d'Vo a'+bfx? Horizontal scaling-up w/ftnLo la:tf/0f

Expand trout farming in feasible areas

;+eflat If]qdf 6«fp6 df5f v]tLsf] la:tf/

Establish trout hatcheries in private sector

lghLIf]qsf] 6«fp6 df5fdf k|hgg\ kmfd{sf] :yfkgf

Provision of subsidy in interest on loan for the capital investment

;'? nufgLdf nfUg] Jofhdf ;x'lnotsf] Aoa:yf

Develop code of conduct for responsible aquaculture at national level

lhDd]jf/Lk"a{s dT:okfng ug{ /fli6«o gLlt lg0fo{sf] th{'df ug]{ . Enforcement of Aquatic Life Protection Act

hnr/ ;+/If0f P]gnfO{ nfu" ug]{ .

Credit scheme for trout should include an enterprise as collateral and land (steep land) should be valued in accordance with the annual turnover of the trout farm.

6«fp6 kmfd{sf] aflif{s cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df hUufsf] d"Nof+sgsf] k¢lt lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ .

Promote commercialization of trout through public-private partnership (farmers' cooperative, NGOs, INGOs) approach

;xeflutfd"ns sfo{s|dsf] cfwf/df Aoa;flos 6«fp6 df5f v]tLnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . Expand domestic and explore abroad market for the trout.

6«fp6 df5fsf] :yflgo ahf/sf] la:tf/0f / a}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] ;+efAotf .

Develop input delivery mechanism in trout growing pocket areas

6«fp6 df5f pTkfbg If]qdf pTkfbg ;fdfu|L 9'jfgLsf] tl/sf .

Initiatives on establishment of fish feed industry in private sector

15

lghLIf]qdf df5fsf] bfgf pwf]usf] :yfkgfsf] z'?jft ug{] .

Prepare database on fish production, demand, consumption , export and import

dT:o pTkfbg, dfu , vkt, lgo{ft / cfotsf] tYofÍ tof/ kfg{] . Develop training curriculum for farmer level training

s[ifs:t/ tfnLdsf] z}lIfs tfnLsf tof/ kfg{] .

Develop human resources, infrastructure, facilities required for the rapid expansion trout

6«fp6 df5fsf] b|'t lasfznfO{ cfaZos hgzStL ,ef}lts ;'lawfsf] lasfz ug{] .

Develop/strengthen feedback mechanism and communication system for all stakeholders

;a} ;/f]sf/x?nfO{ ;'rgf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] b/Lnf] t/Lsfsf] lasfz ug{] .

16

Term of Reference to Group No. 2. (Research Strategies) ;d'x @ sf] nfuL sfo{ ;Gbe{ -cg'';Gwfg /0fgLlt_ • Review existing research facilities, human resource strategies, organizational and institutional strength and weakness setup in Nepal

cg';Gwfgsf] nfuL ef}lts ;'lawf, hgzStL /0flglt, ;+u7gfTds ;:yfut lasfzsf] kIf / sld sdhf]/Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] .

o Lack of national level research program to address researchable issues in coordinated approach in wider ecological region

laleGg xfjfkfgL /x]sf If]qdf cg';Gwfgd'ns ;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{ /fi6|Lo:t/sf] cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf] cefj .

o Inadequate human resource (only five research personal)

bIf hgzSQLsf] cefj -% hgf cg';Gwfgstf{ dfq ePsf]_

• Review present status of linkage among research institutes at national, regional and int'l level for the advancement of research support to trout growers/industry

6«fp6 pwf]u la:tf/ sf] nfuL laleGg /fi6|Lo / cGt{/fi6|Lo :t/sf cg';Gwfg ;:yf ;u+sf] ;DaGwsf] ;wf/ • Recommend possible research strategies (technical, post harvest, market, social, policy etc). ;+eflat cg';Gwfg /0flgltsf] l;kmf/L; -k|flalws, e08f/0f, ahf/ Joa:yfkg, ;dflhs / lglt cflb_

•

Recommend appropriate organizational and institutional frame to enhance research capability

cg';Gwfgsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ plrt ;u+7gfTds / ;:yfut tj/ t/Lsfsf] l;kmf/L;

• Recommend approaches to strengthen linkage among research/ academic/ development/ private sector

cg';Gwfg, z}lIfs ;+:yf, lasfz / lglh:t/ lar ;dGjogsf] dhj't dfWod :yfkgf ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{] .

Fingertips for group exercise in research 6«fp6 v]tL cg';Gwfgsf] ;d'xut 5nkmnsf d'Vo d'Vo a'+bfx? • Research on the year round supply of trout seed

aif{ e/L 6«fp6 e'/f pknAw x'g ;Sg] cg';Gwfg

• Feasibility study in different development regions from commercial and livelihood prospective

laleGg lasfz If]qdf Jofkf/Ls / lhlasf]pkfh{gsf] nfuL 6«fp6 df5f lasfzsf] ;+efjgf cWoog

• Research on quality feed based on local ingredients

:yfgLo ;dfu|Laf6 u'0f:t/Lo bfgf pTkfbgsf] cg';Gwfg

• Technology on Low cost pond/raceway construction

sd d'Nodf kf]v/L tyf /]zj] lgdf{0f k|lalw .

• Maintenance of genetic variation, genetic purity

a+zfg'ut ljljwtf / z4tf sfod /fVg] .

• Participatory trout farming research in new locations

gofF I]fqdf ;xefuLtf d'ns 6|fp6 df5f v]tLsf] cg';Gwfg .

• Mitigation research with trout establishment in hydel reservoirs impounded in cold water regions

lr;f]kfgL If]qdf law'tu[x lgdf{0faf6 lgdf0f{ x'g] hnfzodf 6«fp6 df5f af6 x'g] ;fdflhs c;/ af/] cg';Gwfg .

• Fish health management research

dT:o :jfYo Joa:yfkg cg';Gwfg .

• Research to increase reproductive performance of trout

6«fp6sf] k|hgg\ clea[l4 cWoog .

• Research on delayed maturity of female

17

kf]yL df5f nfO{ dWo lr;f] a]nfdf l9nf] kl/kSj u/fpg cg';Gwfg .

• Establishment and study on different strain of rainbow trout

laleGg k|hftLsf 6«fp6 df5fsf] cWoog / k|lti7fkg .

• Environmental impact study on effluent of trout farm in recipient water (water quality and biodiversity perspective)

6«fp6 df5f v]ltaf6 aUg] kfgL] lgsfzsf] jtfj/0fLo k|efjsf] cWoog -kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ / h}ljs ljljwtfdf_

• Improve survivability of allevins

e';'gf x?sf] afRg] b/ ;'wf/ ug]{ .

• Socioeconomic impact of trout farming

6«fp6 v]ltsf] ;dflhs cfly{s k|efj .

• Market and marketing

ahf/ / ahf/ Joj:yfkg

o Research on meat quality of trout grown in high altitude Himalayan water

pRr kxf8L lxdfno If]qsf] kfgLdf pTkfbg x'g] 6|fp6 df5fsf] df;' u'0f:t/df cWoog .

o Study on fish processing and value addition

df5fsf] k|;f]wg / u'0f:t/ a[l4 cWoog .

o Study on post harvest technology (transportation, smoking, frozen, etc.)

e08f/0f k|lalwdf cWoog -9'jflg , ;'sfpg], lr;f] kfg{] cflb_ .

o Surveillance of consumer preference

pke]fQmf x?df df5f vfg] cle?lrsf] cWoog .

o Market behavior and interaction with other meat products

ahf/ sf] k|s[lt / cGo df;' pTkfbg ljr ;fdGh:o .

• Study of social behavior on natural resource (land and water) use for trout farming

k|fs[lts >f]t -hUUffhldg / kfgL_ k|of]u af/] ;dfhLs k|efjsf] cWoog .

• Research institution should undertake trainers' training programs

cg';Gwfg ;:yfx?n] k|lzIffyL{, k|lzIfs tfnLd ug'{ kg{] .

Summary Report of the Working Groups Group A •

• •

• •

The existing fisheries extension activity is not enough to promote “One Village One Product” slogan in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District: – No SMS (cold water) – No JT/JTA (cold water) – It needs specialized extension agents in cold water Participatory extension – Use of NGOs/INGOs/CBOs – Integration with micro/macro hydropower Ensure Seed Production and supply – Participatory – Government – Import of fertilized eggs Inventry preparation of most potential area in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District Inventry preparation of most potential area in Rasuwa and Nuwakot District

Horizontal scaling-up Expand trout farming in feasible areas: • Rasuwa and Nuwakot District particularly focused and other Mid-hill and High-hill general Establish trout hatcheries in private sector: Partnership mode 18

Broods, Technical Service - FDC Venue, Labour and operating cost - Farmer's field Provision of subsidy in interest on loan for the capital investment: • As for Coffee, Tea, Cold storage subsidy for interest should be provided – Ist year 100% – 2nd year 75% – 3rd year 50% – 4th year 25% – 5th year no subsidy • Loan Secure scheme for total capital – Government Sector 60% – Private Sector 40% Develop code of conduct for responsible aquaculture at national level: • Water user's right • Farm Registration • Water Resource conservation • Effluent water monitoring Enforcement of Aquatic Life Protection Act: • Escape of trout in natural water body monitoring Credit scheme for trout should include an enterprise as collateral and land (steep land) should be valued in accordance with the annual turnover of the trout farm: – Land Valuation on the basis of total Investment – Re-valuation after infrastructure Promote commercialization of trout through public-private partnership (farmers' cooperative, NGOs, INGOs) approach: • Expand domestic and explore abroad market for the trout. • Develop input delivery mechanism in trout growing pocket areas. • Initiatives on establishment of fish feed industry in private sector – Encourage to local manufacturers • Prepare database on fish production, demand, consumption , export and import • Develop training curriculum for farmer level training • Develop human resources, infrastructure, facilities required for the rapid expansion trout • Develop/strengthen feedback mechanism and communication system for all stakeholders Group B: Recommendations for research strategies of trout scaling up Based on TOR provided to the group, the following research needs are recommended • Fisheries and aquaculture as national commodity research programme needs to be established • Human resource: o Discipline wise – inadequate number o Regular recruitment of researchers o Utilize available resources/experts • Research facilities o Upgrading of lab facilities o Seed research facilities

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o Production research facilities • Research needs o Genetics and breeding – Genetic improvement, Brood management (Fecundity improvement, Maturity alteration, Alevins survival) o Feed and nutrition – Feed standardization, Digestibility improvement, Cost effective feed o Health management – Regular monitoring for site specific protocol; Research tie up with other research fields, Virology research o Production research – Economic harvest size, Stocking density versus water flow, Alternative production systems o Post harvest – Value addition, transportation (Quality maintenance) o Socio –economic - Consumer preference, Marketing cost o Environmental – Effluent discharge, Effluent utilization o Site characterization – GIS and Remote sensing • Research linkage o Networking with national and international Institutions o Collaborative research o Participatory research

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History of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal Deep Bahadur Swar, PhD Department of Agriculture, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper gives a brief description on the history of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction, status of trout farming and perspectives, especially in high hills where abundant cold and unpolluted water are available. Key words: Trout, Asala, fry, introduction 1. Introduction Nepal has an area of 147,181 km2, which can be divided into three physiographic regions, from south to north: the Terai plain, the mid hills, and the Himalayas. The Terai lies between 65 m and 500 m elevation, the lower hills up to 2700 m, the upper hills up to 4000 m, and the greater Himalayas are located above tree line (>4600 m). Mountain and hills make 77 percent of the area of Nepal, while the Terai occupies only 23 percent. The Himalayas in the north strongly influence the climate of Nepal. The country may be divided into three climatic zones according to altitude: sub-tropical in the Terai, temperate in the hills, and alpine in the mountain. These geographical zones are endowed with many water resources, approximately 5% of the total area, in the forms of river and stream, lake, reservoir, pond and swamp. Among these, the rivers represent about 49 percent of the total water area. 2. Fishery Resources Cool and cold water streams and rivers in Nepal extending from the Himalayas offer excellent habitat to 76 native (Rajbanshi 2002) and 3 exotic cold water species (including Brown trout and Amago trout: perhaps do not exist in Nepal; and Rainbow trout). The native cold water fisheries resource offers vast scope for development of cold water aquaculture; however, at present this sector is predominant by subsistence and recreational fisheries only. Cold water native species for their aquaculture promotion is still in its infancy. It is only few indigenous species that have been domesticated and propagated for cultivation purposes. Their culture has yet to be adopted by the private sector. Among the exotic species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) formerly known as Salmo gairdeneri is widely cultivated cold water salmonid throughout the temperate world (Bardach et al. 1972). In Nepal, its farming practices has recently been started to adopted (Rana 2007a, 2007b). 3. The Snow Trout (Schizothorax spp) There are about 14 species of 'snow trout' (colloquial Asala), cold water riverine native fish in Nepal. The 'snow trout' is English vernacular name of Asala (Nepali name). These Asala belongs to Cyprinidae family and do not have any relation with Salmonidae, however, they are called snow trout due to their appearance from dorsal side which closely resemble with trout, in general. Chuche Asala (Schizothorax plagiostomus) is found in a range of 345 m to 3,323 m altitude, whereas, Buche Asla (Schizothorax progastus) is found in 300 m to 1,820 m altitude. These are high value food fishes with its importance for sport also; available in most mountainous rivers and streams in Nepal. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a cold-water carnivorous sport fish of North America, which was taken to California, Alaska, Asia and Europe during different periods of 19th century. Among which, Japan is one of the largest producers of rainbow trout, where this species was introduced in

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1877. Rainbow trout requires high protein feed and well oxygenated water for its cultivation. In natural habitat it feeds on aquatic insects, small crustaceans and small fish. Nevertheless, it can be cultured using artificial feed containing high animal protein. Trout can survive within a temperature range of 0-25°C. However, it grows best at the water temperature range of 10-20°C. Normally, the trout attains commercial size of 200-300gm within 14 to 20 months. Its growth depends on the quality and quantity of feed, suitable temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration in the water body. 4. Introduction of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Considering the suitable climatic condition and abundance of cold water, juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) were introduced from India for the first time during late 1969; and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the United Kingdom in 1971. They were distributed in two places. Few hundred juveniles were kept in Godawari in a cement tank and the rest of them were transported to a newly established Trishuli Trout Hatchery (which was established in Nuwakot district on the bank of the river Trishuli). Its objective was propagation, rearing and releasing of trout into suitable hill streams to establish sport fishery for tourism development. However, mass mortality was occurred in Trishuli within the few months of their arrival. Since the Trout Hatchery was established in the king's interest, the mass mortality of trout created a big issue for the Ministry of Agriculture along with Department of Agriculture. A high level commission was constituted. Mr. K. G. Rajbanshi and Mr. J. C. Gautam were the members of that investigation team. The team, after a through investigation of all possible reasons of mortality came to a conclusion that the trout was introduced without proper preparation of physical facilities such as: • ponds were leaking with earthen bottom, • proper pellet high protein feed was not available, • only buffalo meat/liver was fed, and • The water was highly silted. The trout commission recommended that the existing facilities (ponds, water resources, human resources, and feed) were not suitable for trout culture; and the trout farming program was dropped until rehabilitation of Trishuli Fisheries Station. Activities in Trishuli station were resumed as usual from 1974. Exotic carps were breed and distributed for pond culture and paddy cum fish culture for few years. In the beginning of 1990s, Nepalese government requested a mini project from Japan International Cooperative Agency (JICA) under the leadership of a Senior Volunteer Mr. Kiyoshi Masuda. Under which, the JICA supported rehabilitation of Trishuli Fisheries Station. for trout hatchery and raceway construction Technical support was provided through Japan Overseas Cooperative Volunteer. Realizing the importance of trout for cold water in Nepal, 50,000 eyed-eggs of Oncorhynchus mykiss were again imported form Miyazaki Prefecture of Japan. These eyed eggs hatched out in Godawari Fish Farm (Gurung & Basnet 2003) where more than 80 percent of the eyed eggs were successfully hatched. These fry were grown in Godawari and Trishuli Fish Farms for several generations. Several fisheries scientists were trained with Japanese counterparts in Nepal and Japan. Afterward, studies on its culture and breeding technologies were conducted in Trishuli and Godawari Fish Farms. Research on effectiveness of local feed on growth and spawning behavior of trout in Nepalese waters were carried out. Participatory research and development trials were also conducted in farmers' ponds with encouraging results (Rana 2007a, 2007b). In addition to aquaculture, rainbow trout fingerlings have been introduced in one of the isolated rivers in high hills (Modi Khola). Studies were carried out to assess the survival rate of rainbow trout and its impact on native fish fauna. Nevertheless, trout farming is gaining popularity among the farmers of high hills region due to its high value and excellent taste. Besides these accomplishments, trout seed has also been exported to Thailand. Nepalese experts under Technical Cooperation program sponsored by JICA providethe technical assistance.

22

Fig 1: Trout production in Nepal. 5. Present status of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal Rainbow trout culture in Trishuli is being practiced in water coming down from glaciers, whereas spring water is used in Godawari station. The area of trout farm at Trishuli is about 2,000 sqm whereas it is nearly 300 sqm at Godawari. The breeding of rainbow trout was initiated around 1990. The experiment on rainbow trout cultivation started around 1993. At present, production technology has been developed and verified in farmers' raceways. To date private sector involvement is limited. However, the private farmers are attracted towards trout farming in Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts. Number of trout farmers is being increased every year and production is also increasing. Mr. Purna Bahadur Lama (Mr. Gopal Lama) of Kakani VDC-4, Ranipauwa, Nuwakot District is the first private trout culturist in Nepal. He started rainbow trout culture in 1998 on the trial basis. Presently, he has been growing 10,000-20,000 fingerlings of rainbow trout each year in an area of 136 sqm (Nepal et al. 2002). Total production of trout in Nepal is estimated about 17 mt in the year 2006 (Fig 1), where production from private sector contributes 60 percent. However, total annual fish production in Nepal is estimated to be 42,463 Mt, of which captured fishes accounted about 47%. Majority of the production came from private sector. At present annual trout production in Nepal ranged between 10-15 mt. Trout production in Nepal in 1993 was about 318 kg which was 1565 kg in 2005. 6. Constraints A major constraint for expansion of trout culture is the availability of adequate seed and year-round supply of clean and cold water at suitable site where motorable road, electricity and other infra structure are well developed. The trout is a high value but perishable food product, thus, should be marketed as soon as it is harvested. Post harvest handling in trout farming in near future, therefore, would be important aspect of trout production management. Transportation network, cold storage facilities, fish dryers are considered as pre-requisites for efficient marketing of trout. The domestic market for rainbow trout may be not wide and simple as that of carp due to its lower production and higher price. Nonetheless, record shows that over the last four years demand for trout in Nepal has been increasing.

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7. Way forward Trout farming provides a great opportunity for utilizing the abundant source of cold water in Nepal. From technical point of view, it can survive and grow in flowing water with temperature range of 0 to 25 0C. As Nepal has several rivers and their tributaries of glacial origin, suitable to grow trout using their waters, such sites suggest high prospect of further expansion of trout farming. Despite of its low production, trout fetched very good market price, thus, trout farming has been one of the highly profitable agricultural commodities. Research conducted on small-scale trout private farm indicated that farmers do not have any problems in selling trout. Feasibility survey for the expansion of trout farming is being carried-out in various parts of Nepal. Some of the probable sites identified are Modi Khola of Parbat district, Khimti Khola of Dolakha, Khokundol of Sindhupalchowk, and Naubise of Dhading District. Department of Agriculture is proposing additional projects on promoting rainbow trout farming in private sector of hilly areas of central and western development regions. Above all trout culture not only generates entrepreneurs' income but also help establish recreation site for tourism. Acknowledgement I am indebted to the organizing committee of the workshop for providing me to present this work. Thanks are also to all of concerned personal involved in rainbow trout farming in Nepal. I wish to express my sincere thanks to all farmers for providing information on rainbow trout farming activities. Reference Bardach J, J. H. Ryther & McLarney W. O (1972). Aquaculture: The farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms, Wiley Inter-Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 868pp. Gurung T. B & Basnet S. R (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Nepal; Constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia. No. 4. p 16. Nepal A. P, S. R. Basnyat, G. P. Lamsal, P. L. Joshi & Mulmi R. M (2002) Economics of rainbow trout farming in Nepal. In: Petr T & Swar D. B edited "Cold water fisheries in the transHimalayan countries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 431 Rome FAO, p 376. Rajbanshi K. G (2002) Zoo-geographical distribution and the status of coldwater fish of Nepal. In: Petr T & Swar D. B edited "Cold water fisheries in the trans-Himalayan countries”. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 431 Rome FAO, p 376. Rana C (2007a) Rainbow trout: an agricultural breakthrough. The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 97-99. www.readtheboss.com Rana C (2007b) No, fishy business! The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 76-77. www.readtheboss.com

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Present Status and Prospect of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farming in Nepal Ash Kumar Rai, Tek Bahadur Gurung1, Sadhu Ram Basnet2, Raja Man Mulmi1 1

Fisheries Research division, Godawari, Lalitpur 2 Fisheries Research Centre, Trishuli, Nuwakot Email: [email protected]

Abstract Intensive studies on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming started after its introduction in 1988. As a result farming package of the fish was developed in two research stations of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, namely, Godawari and Trishuli. Presently, altogether 12 farmers are involved in trout production, out of them 10 farms are in business with profit. In 1998/’99, the production of trout in private sector was 0.8 Mt, but in 2006 trout production has been increased to 12 Mt from 1270 m2 water surface area. The production rate calculated in average from the farms ranged 15-20 kg/m2/year The feed for trout containing 35% protein are prepared by farmers themselves. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is about 2:1. Trout attains marketable size (about 200-300 g) from alevins stage within 12-17 months. The farm gate price of trout ranges Rs 300-700/kg. The demand of rainbow trout in market is high. Nepal, predominantly a mountainous country with rich cold-water resource possesses high potential for rainbow trout commercial cultivation. It can also supports ecotourism development through opportunities like recreation by fishing. Key words: Trout breeding, fry, alevins, survival, growth rate, grow out 1. Introduction Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most suitable fish to cultivate in cold waters. It can survive in cold waters having a water temperature range from 0 to 250C, but performs relatively well for growth in 16-180C. The water temperature range from 9 to 140C is considered suitable for maintaining spawners for breeding and incubation. To grow the trout at commercial scale water volume, quality and constant water temperature play important roles. Though trout farming in Nepal is a new endeavor, however, commercial rainbow trout cultivation was started as early as 1853 in the US and a little earlier in Europe (Bardach et al. 1972). Nowadays, cultivation of rainbow trout for both commercial production and recreational fishing purposes has been a well-established industry throughout the world (Barrington 1983). Rainbow trout was introduced in Japan from USA in 1877. Now trout has become the third highest fish products of freshwater aquaculture in Japan (Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd 1991). Rainbow trout was introduced first time in Nepal in 1969 from India; and second time brown trout were brought from United Kingdom (Gurung & Basnet 2003, Swar 2007). Those fish were kept in Fish Farm, Godawari and later on in Trout Hatchery, Trishuli. These stocks could not survive due to lack of technical know-how and management practices. After few years in 1988, again 50,000 eyed eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were brought from Miyazaki Prefecture of Japan. These eggs were hatched out in Fish farm, Godawari. Then some broods were taken to Trishuli for study. Now this stock is in cultivation in research farms as well as in private sector. After a decade of continuous efforts on research, a complete technology package of breeding, fry nursing, rearing and grow-out of rainbow trout with feed production technology has been developed by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). 25

Nepal is one of the major countries for having abundant cold freshwater resources in the world; however, these water resources have been poorly used. Rainbow trout being a cold-water fish has high potential to cultivate in Nepal particularly in hilly region where cold water streams prevailed well. People living in the hilly region have less opportunity to increase their income to better their livelihood. Rainbow trout farming could be an important source of their income and providing job to the people living in such regions. Rainbow trout can also supports eco-tourism through developing recreational based fisheries for fishing opportunities to tourist in hill streams. However, effort on that direction is required. Trout farming has bright prospects for expansion as Nepal is rich in cold water resources from east to west in the hilly region. Here, in this paper we aim to provide existing technological performance of rainbow trout farming and highlight some with issues possible solution for scaling-up of the developed technology in the country. 1. Introduction Fingerlings availability is the main bottle neck for trout production. Since, the trout fingerling production is an urgent need to enhance trout production nationwide. Therefore, trout breeding was initiated in private sector since 2005 with technical support of NARC. In the first year about 44,000 fingerlings were produced by two farmers of Rasuwa and Nuwakot. Trout can breed after attaining two years. In general, a 3-4 years old single female can laid up to 3,0003500 eggs/kg (Morrissy 1973), however, breeding performance and quality egg depends on the quality of water, feed and other management practices. The brood fish should be fed at least 35% protein content diet at the rate of 2-3% of body weight once or twice daily. Two years old adult rainbow trout are bred artificially once in a year during December to March; and the same group of brood can be used for coming years. The older brood generally lays higher number of eggs/kg body weight. These broods also produce larger eggs. The smaller eggs might have low hatchability; contrarily larger size of eggs produce higher alevin. The eggs are stripped from females and the stripped eggs are fertilized with the milt obtained from males (Fig. 1). Normally, one male can supply enough milt for the eggs of two females. The fertilized eggs are incubated in incubation trays in Atkins incubators, where clean and cold water had been supplied @ 3-7 L/sec. The water used for incubation should contain the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) >7 mg/L. The eggs used for incubation hatch out within 20-30 days interval depending on water temperature.

Fig 1. Mature female rainbow trout (A) and milt mixing with the eggs for fertilization (B).

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Nursing and rearing: The Newly hatched sac fry which are often called "alevin" weight about 0.08 g each and take about 2 weeks to attain swimming stage. At the beginning the alevin with a large yolk sac (reserved food) can not swim well. These sac fry attains swimming stage after absorption of the yolk sac. These alevin are fed with starter feed, which contains 35-40% crude protein. The feeding is carried at the rate of 1520% total biomass of fry. The feeding is generally performed at 2-hour intervals in day time till attaining 3 g size, which take about 10 weeks. After 3 g sizes fingerlings are fed @ of 8-10% body weight of fish at 2 hours interval till about 5 g sizes. Alternatives to the starter feed for nursing frozen raw buffalo liver mixed with starter feed has been proved to be one of the best starter diets with healthy and better growth compared to other diets fish meal 30% mixed with local feed, 30% earthworm mixed with local feed and 100% earthworm (Fig. 2). Egg custard has also been found as a potential alternative to the starter feed (Pradhan 1998). According to Parova & Rehulka (1997), the growth of trout receiving 18.5% of fats was dynamic and faster. Basnet & Silwal (1995/’96) have claimed that deformed alevins of rainbow trout might be due to high water temperature during the spawning season. 3. Rainbow trout cultivation Trout needs clean and cold water for its growth. Earthen ponds are not used but they can also be used for growing trout, if abundant year round cold water is available. Concrete raceways of various shapes and sizes are used normally for trout culture. Circular tanks typically range from 4 to 6 m in diameter but less suited to automated handling, grading or harvesting which have been used overseas to improve productivity (Bromage & Shepherd 1990) with a depth of about 0.75 m. Generally, water supply equivalent to 4 L.sec-1 can permit stocking densities up to 20 kg.m-3.

3.1 Stocking density In worst conditions when water flow are not regulated negative correlation between stocking density and growth might occur. The stocking density can be increased up to 35 kg/m3 water flow is sufficient (Bekiroglu et al. 1995). If the water supply is reliable, permanent, stable and adequate ponds can be constructed in parallel fashion to avoid contamination. But, if water source is limited then linear raceways for holding trout could be constructed. However, it needs a filter chamber to clean the used and polluted water before sending to other raceways.

Fig 2. An effect of different starter feeds for fry nursing (Source: FRD 1999/’00; 2001).

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3.2 Site selection and water quality The selection of suitable site for trout farming is one of essential part for successful business. The best site for trout farm establishment should have preferably a slope of 1-3% to permit adequate water flow and water quality. Easy access to road, availability of electricity, safety and security, free of poaching and no possibility of flooding are also important factors that need to be considered during site selection. Adequate volume of cold water below 200C throughout the year is the pre-requisite for a trout culture. Yamazaki (1991) has reported rainbow trout grow well at between 10-200C but in Nepal it showed the best growth takes place in between 16-180C (FRD 2001). Feed consumption decreases when water temperature increase above 200C, resulting in slow growth and eventually death, if exposed to higher water temperature for longer period. Trout require more than 7 ppm dissolved oxygen (DO) in its water for proper growth and breeding. The growth could be retarded or fish could die, if dissolved oxygen remained below 7 ppm (Gibson's Limited 1998). The preferred pH range for trout is between 6.5 and 8.0 with optimum value between 7.0-7.5. At higher pH levels, relatively low levels of ammonia can also be dangerously toxic (Bromage & Shepherd 1990; Sedgwick 1985). 4. Grow out rainbow trout Trout can be stocked at 50-100 fish/m2 depending upon water source the quantity, the quality and its flow. But the stocking density in government and farmers ponds at present is 50 fish/m2. At this stocking rate the marketable size of 200-300 g reach at 14-16 months of culture period. However, fish need to be graded timely to attain uniform growth and avoid cannibalism. Specific growth rate (SGR) decreases with the increasing size of fish. In general, if quality feed could be provided the feed conversion ratio (FCR) equals 2:1. So, it requires about 2 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of trout. Several other works abroad have also showed similar results (Bromage & Shepherd 1990, Gibson's Limited (1998). For achieving success in trout farming fish of different sizes should be graded time to time. This management avoids competition and cannibalism. The size category for separation might be of 2-5 g; 10-20 g; 50-60 g; and >100 g sizes. Such management could also help to improve FCR and minimization of the cost of production. The trout diet formulation depends on the age and size of the fish. Rainbow trout needs high protein containing diet which might be obtained using dry shrimp/prawn and soybean products for feed preparation (FRD 1998/’99). Other feed ingredients could be wheat, oil cake, rice bran, vitamin mixture and minerals to prepare trout feeds. With the success of research on feed formulation and testing in farmer’s field NARC has demonstrated viability of commercial trout feed production in the country. Generally, the marketable body weight of trout is about 200 g. The longer culture period after 200g body weight might results in increase in the cost of production. Therefore, it is advised to harvest the fish right after attaining the size of about 200 each to get the best profit. Feed efficiency in trout in Japan ranges from 60-80% (Tasiro et al. 1974) but it has been found lower (43-46%) in Nepal (FRD 1999/'00). This suggests that there is still need research on trout feed efficiency improvement. The cost of rainbow trout production has been analyzed which shows that to produce 1 kg of marketable size (200-300 g each) of trout might cost nearly Rs. 170 (Joshi & Westlund 1996). Economic analysis of trout culture based on the experiences of the private sector in Nepal (Nepal et al. 2001; Rai et al. 2005) showed that annual rate of return could be nearly 43% of the total investment. The high initial investment for raceways construction could be a constraint for rapid expansion of trout cultivation, in general.

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5. Prospect of rainbow trout farming in Nepal Efforts have been made to transfer the technology to the private sector with the help of various government and non-government channels. As a result, till now about 1175.2 m2 areas of 88 raceway ponds have been used for trout production. The suitable size and depth of the ponds are 50-150 m2 and 80-90 cm, respectively. Trout farming has become a success in Nepal after more than a decade of continuous and untiring efforts. It generates not only the income to the farmers but also creates employment opportunities to the people living in the mountainous and hilly regions. In addition, it has potential to be exported overseas and earn foreign currency. Rainbow trout can also entertain tourists and provide fresh fish in restaurant as well. In order to expand the industry, government should initiate and take interest and support providing subsidy as well as technical support. To make the trout farming a successful business, further research and supports are also necessary. People living in the hilly regions have limited income resources to improve their livelihood. Therefore, the introduction of trout and its culture technology in the hilly region could be supportive and encouraging to the people for income generating opportunity by utilizing rich cold-water resources. Out of about 6,000 rivers in Nepal most of them origin from the Himalayan snow peaked mountains. These rivers could be utilized for cold water aquaculture, if related infrastructures such as road and electricity are available. Pond fish culture in warmer region has limited area and should compete with other agricultural activities for land and water use. Therefore, to develop aquaculture in Nepal utilization of cold water resources in hilly terrain could be one of the best options. Therefore, cultivation of cold water fish could ascertain promising agriculture activities in Nepal. In addition, the development of cold water fisheries could also supports sport fishery based eco-tourism for income generation activities to local people. The market for trout is enormous as it has high demand in and outside the country. Fresh trout can consume directly to the hotels and restaurants in towns within the country. The local influential communities as well as tourists are the main consumers of trout in these hotels and restaurants. Besides that trout has high demand outside the country, however, the quantity and consistent quality product is the main bottleneck. The production and supply should be regular, reliable and sizeable. Therefore, in order to be competitive trout should be produced on a commercial scale to take advantagese. Such managerial improvement is expected ton reduce the production cost. There is a great prospect of trout culture industry in Nepal but more private entrepreneurs and organizations should be attracted towards this business. 6.

Recommendations and suggestions • The most important and crucial part of trout farming is the hatchery to produce enough fingerlings. Therefore good hatchery should be established for mass seed production to supply sufficient quantity of quality fingerlings to the growers. •

Trout farming depends on quality and quantity of feed supply available. The feed production cost can be relatively higher, because trout requires high protein content diet. Therefore, government need to establish or subsidy the feed manufacturers of the trout so that they can supply quality feed at low cost to the trout growers. The mixture of different levels of defatted soybean meal, corn gluten meal and meat meal could replace up to 90% of the fishmeal to be used, if the combination of these ingredients produces the profile of amino acids comparable to the fishmeal diet (Juadee & Watanabe 1993).

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•

However, the research needs to be continued to search locally available cheaper ingredients for fish meal so that manufacturers would be able to produce low-cost feed.

•

Unlike other fish species, trout solely depends on quality feed and need skilled human resource to manage successfully. Due to these reasons, trout culture is normally costly than carp. Therefore, in order to encourage private farmers, government should make provision to get loans in low-interest for capital investment and subsidies on feeds or feed ingredients, related equipments, fry transportation etc.

Acknowledgement We extend our sincere thanks to all of staffs working in Trishuli Fish Farm, Fisheries Research Division, Godawari and Private farms for providing information require for this study. Fund and support for this study was provided through Nepal Agricultural Research Council and Japan International Cooperative Agency. Reference Bardach J. E, J. H. Ryther & McLarney W. O (1972) Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. Wiley-Inter science, A division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NY. 868 pp Barrington R (1983) Making and Managing a Trout Lake. Fishing News Books, England, 135 pp Basnet S. & Silwal U (1995/’96). Relationship between local environmental condition management and spawning efficiency of rainbow trout. Technical report, Fisheries Research Center, Godawari Bekiroglu Y, T. Sahin & Duzgunes E (1995) Assessment of optimal stocking density for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Ankara(Turkey). 59 pp Bromage N. R. & C. J. Shepherd (1990) Fish, their requirements and site evaluation. In: Shepherd, C. J. & Bromage, N.R. (eds), Intensive Fish Farming. BSP Professional Books, Oxford. 17-49 FRD (1998/’99) Annual Technical Report. Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Fisheries Research Division, Godawari. 5-8 FRD (1999/'00) Relationship between specific growth rate and sizes of rainbow trout. Annual Technical Report, Lalitpur, Nepal. 51-54 FRD (2001) Development of starter feed for trout alevins. Annual Technical Report, Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, NARC. 27-33 Gibson's Limited (1998) Feed Management Guidelines for Salmonids. Gibson's Limited, Tasmania. 150 pp Gurung T. B & S. R Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal: constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia 8 (4):16-18 Joshi P. L & Westlund L M (1996) Production Technology and Prospects of trout forming in Nepal, Proceedings of the National Symposium on the Role of Fisheries and Aquaculture Nepal, Nepal Fisheries Society, Kathmandu. 27-34 Juadee P & Watanabe T (1993) Replacement of fishmeal by alternative protein sources in rainbow trout diets. Proceedings of the seminar on Fisheries, Department of Fisheries. Bangkok, Thailand. 15-17 Morrissy N. M (1973) Comparison of strains of Salmo gairdneri Richardson from New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. Australian Society for Limnology Bulletin, 5: 11-20 Nepal A. P, S. R. Basnet, G. P. Lamsal, P. L. Joshi & Mulmi R. M (2002). Economics of rainbow trout farming systems in Nepal. In: T. Petr and D. B. Swar (eds.) Cold Water Fisheries in the TransHimalayan Countries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 431 Rome, FAO. P. 376 Parova J & Rehulka J (1997) The effect of dietary fat in market rainbow trout on growth dynamics, specific growth rate and trout health. Zivocisna-Vyroba-UZPI (Czech Republic). 42(12):547-551

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Pradhan N (1998) Development of starter feed for trout larvae under local management. In Present Status of Fisheries, Research, Development and Education in Nepal. Eds. Pradhan, B.R., Wagle, S.R. Osamu, Y. and Masakazu, T. NARC & JICA, 170 pp Rai A. K, R. C. Bhujel, S. R. Basnet & Lamsal G. P (2005) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal- A success story. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand. 33 pp Sedgwick S. D (1985) Trout Farming Handbook. 4th ed. Fishing News Books, England, 160 pp Swar D. B (2007) History of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduction in Nepal. In proceeding "Rainbow trout farming initiatives in Nepal" edited by T. B. Gurung. p Tasiro F, W. Tachikawa, T. Kamata, E. Tamura, AOC II & Y. Yabe. 1974. Rainbow Trout Fish Farming Lecture Series, Vol 10, Midori shadow Co. Ltd, (in Japanese) Yamaha Motor Co, Ltd. (1991) Rainbow trout culture. Fishery Journal. 36 Yamazaki T (1991) Culture of foreign origin Fisheries, Farming Japan. 25th Anniversary. 25(1):41-46

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Breeding performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in northeastern hills, Nepal Sadhu Ram Basnet, Gopal Prasad Lamsal, Raja Man Mulmi**, Tek Bahadur Gurung** Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli Email: [email protected] **Fisheries Research Division, Godawari Abstracts Research on participatory breeding of rainbow trout has been one of the main activities of Godawari & Trishuli Fisheries farms in past several years in Nepal. Under the breeding program 1+ and 2+ year's old broods were used for spawning. The main objective of this study was to examine the breeding performance of rainbow trout for fry production. The broods were stocked at experimental sites about three months prior to spawning. The hatchability and growth trends were affected by the presence of silt and humus in water used for eggs incubation. Variation on different parameters such as hatchability revealed that poor water quality and feeding management might affect dramatically on survivability of alevin. In general, the results showed that highest hatchability (45.32%) occurred in Rasuwa which might be related with water quality available during incubation period. This fact was further evidenced by higher hatchability of 2+ years old mothers in Kakani (45%) and Trishuli (24%) than 1+ female group. The lowest hatchability occurred in Godawari (8.08%). Key words: Trout breeding, male female, fecundity, alevin, hatchability 1. Introduction Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is one of the most popular fish for cultivation in cold water. For sustainable cultivation of trout pure seed are produced in hatcheries. However, trout breeding technologies need strengthening in both government as well as private farms in Nepal. To achieve this goal, first breeding of trout in hatchery was attempted in 1990. Rainbow trout require cold, clean and highly oxygenated water for ripening of broods for successful breeding and hatchery activities. Female rainbow trout spawn best at the age of four to seven years and males at the three to six years. The maximum longevity of rainbow trout is 11 years (Morrissy 1973). The fecundity of rainbow trout changes with the age of female brood (Martyshev 1983). Contrarily to these, Trishuli and Godawari research farms use females ranging more than one year to three years age group, male mostly less than three years old. Feeding condition notably influence the fecundity of rainbow trout (Huet 1975). Shortage of quality feed reduces fecundity. Therefore, shrimp-, fish- and soybean meals had been recommended as the main source of protein dietary component of formulated trout diets. Shrimp and fishmeal are most expensive component, which cannot be fully replaced by plant originated protein for trout feed. It is known that feeding with high quality feed is one of highly important part of brood management for producing quality seed and table fish production. Recognizing these facts dietary composition of trout has been attempted to standardized, however, to make trout farming more economical further work is highly desirable. To transfer the farming technology participatory approach is one of the best options. In this approach potential farmer locations are selected where researcher could perform the research activities in full participation of the farmer.

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2. Materials and Methods Comparisons of breeding performance were examined in two government farms (Trishuli and Godawari) and two private farms (Kakani and Rasuwa). In the Trishuli fish farm, water was supplied through glacier originated Trishuli River, where the water remains turbid at least 4-5 months in a year from May–September. In other location the source of water was spring for supply in the hatchery. Broods were selected from the farm stock and divided into two age groups, one was comprised of 2 years old and another 3 years old broods named as 1+ (first spawner) and 2+ age (second spawner). These broods were maintained in raceways having a dimension of 1:5 width and length. The female and male broods were transported into the experimental areas at least three months prior to breeding period. The feeding regime to broods was twice a day in the morning and the evening at 2-3% of total body weight. Brood fish were fed 35% crude protein containing pellet feed (Table 1) at the rate of 1-2% of live weight before spawning or November first week. In all experimental sites quality of brood stocks were assessed on the basis of: general health condition, absence of deformities, good external appearance, good coloration, activity, and swiftness of reaction to stimuli. The stocking density of brood was 5-10 Kg/m2 and water exchange were maintained to exchange at least 4-6 times within 24 hour. The state of ripeness was examined two times at a week during breeding period from the end of October. The state of brood could recognize through external body appearance of males and females. Such as body coloration of males become brilliant, appeared darker but abdomen remains compressed. Along with these, lower jaw elongated; and curved upward like a hook. The maturity in females was verified by enlarged abdomen the presence of oocytes. The gravid broods were selected and brought into the hatchery. Gravid broods were gently wiped using dry and clean towel to clean the dirt and soak the water from body surface and avoid water mixing on extruded eggs and milt. Thereafter eggs were collected in the container by applying mild pressure first on lower part of the ovary (near the vent) and upward the ovary over the ventral side of fish. The eggs from mature female were obtained by simple hand stripping on a sieve and cleaned with 0.9% common salt solution. Immature female were kept and checked periodically an interval of 3-4 days. Eggs were counted by weighing 5 g eggs separately. For fertilization, brisk milt was mixed in same container where eggs were stripped. Thereafter, eggs were stirred gently with a feather and stand for one minute. After that, 0.9 percent salt solution about was poured carefully from the side of the container for removing dirt and cleaning the fertilized eggs. Then the green eggs were washed continuously until the water becomes transparent. The green eggs were poured in the tray (local made 33*34 cm size). Then all trays were tied in stake together to put into the Atkins. Where, continuous and uniform water flow was maintained at the rate 2 lit/ minute for 10,000 eggs. The optimum dissolve oxygen required in the incubation apparatus was always about 6-8 mg litre-¹. During the whole incubation period the trays were cleaned twice from the Atkin to remove dead eggs. 2.1 Nursing and rearing After hatching sac fry were carefully removed from the tray into the mesh cage arranged into rectangular troughs where running water were maintained by protecting them from bright light. Water supply rate in the trough

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were @ 0.3-0.5 ml/min/1000 larvae. The sac fry remained in the tray until the absorption of yolk sac and the fry become able to swim. After that the free swimming fry were fed 10 times a day. The feeding frequency was reduced to 2-4 times a day after the fry attain larger in size. The fry were fed every hour at the rate of 5-10 % of body weight with crumble feed. Along with the crumble, minced buffalo liver was fed to the fry. 2.2 Grow-out fish trials For analyzing the grow-out, 1-2g size fingerlings were stocked @ 50 fish m-2. Continuous and uniform water flow was maintained @ 1 L/min /m2 in raceway pond, containing more than 7 mg L. dissolve oxygen and pH range from 6.5 to 7.5. Locally prepared feed for grow-out were supplied after pelleting according to the feed composition given in Table-2. According to water temperature the feeding rate were maintained. The water temperature was measured daily using simple mercury thermometer, DO was measured by simple portable meter. For pH measurement simple Litmus paper were used. Specific growth rate decrease with increasing size of fish and feed conversion ratio has shown the 2:1. For more than 50 g of size fish 20% and less than 50 g size 30% animal protein containing feed to grow-out production 2-3 times at daily @ 1.5 -2% of total biomass were fed.

3. Results Water temperature ranged from 12 to 20 0C in Trishuli, 13 to 22 0C in Godawari, 10 to 17 0C in Rasuwa and 9-21 0C in Kakani. The water pH ranged from 6.5-7.5. Other detail of breeding performance is given in Table-3. The egg incubation period in Godawari and Trishuli were 325 to 350 degree days, respectively. The hatchability was low Godawari and Trishuli than private farms in Kakani and Rasuwa farms. Breeding occurred from first week of November to the beginning of December. First breeding occurred in Godawari, then in Kakani, Trushuli and Rasuwa. Fully mature eggs were spherical, translucent and pale yellow to orange color. The egg diameters of 1+ female ranged from 3-3.5 mm, while those of 2+ ranged from 3.5-4.0 mm female. The extruded total 1500-2600 eggs per kg of female. Body weight of each alevin at first day was about 40-50 mg, while total length ranged from 1.3-1.8 cm. In Trishuli hatching occurred after 27 to 35 days when temperature ranged 10-13° C, while in Godawari it took from 25 to 30 days when temperature was ranged from 11 to 14°C. Hatching period depends on the water temperature, and takes place 27 to 41 days when temperature remains 10-12°C (Frost & Brown 1967). Marketable size of trout (200-300 g) reached within 15-17 months in Trishuli and 12-13 month of culture period in Godawari. Yolk sac got absorbed within 7-18 days and reached into free swimming stage.

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Table 3. Fecudity, fertility and other characteristics of 1+ and 2+ years female in different locations.

Fig 1. Growth trend of trout fingerlings in two different stations. 3.1 Growth trend of grow out The growth showed that the body weight becomes double rapidly in smaller trout. This trend however decreased with increasing fish body wieght (Fig-1). The temperatures seemed to play important role in growing period. The initial stocking rate of 2-3 g fingerlings ranged 50-100 fish m-2. The marketable size of 200-300 g achieved within 15-17 month in Trishuli and 13-15 month of culture period in Godawari. However, 9-10 months old trout with averaging 100 g body weight started to sell around November in private farms. 4. Discussion Breeding performance and success of rainbow trout highly depend on feeding, selection, maturation age, management disease occurrence and water quality. Good selection of brood fish is one of the important aspects to increases the rate of hatchability and decrease mortality rate of offspring. Trout becomes ready to spawn on second year of age. In Nepal both male and female broods are used for spawning after reaching 2 and 3 years old. Rainbow trout needs clean and high DO containing (more than 7 mg litre-1) at normal condition and intensive management 10-11mg liter-¹ for brood. Water pH normally should be 7.0-7.5. It is known that at higher pH, relatively low levels of ammonia can be dangerously toxic to trout (Bromage & Shepherd 1990, Sedgwick 1985). Trout can breed after two years and spawn 2000 eggs kg-¹ (Huet 1975); however breeding performance and quality egg development depends on the quality of the feed and water. A female weighing 1 kg gives an average of 1500 to 2000 eggs (Huet 1975) Based on our experience in two research (Trishuli and Godawari) centers trout can be bred artificially once a year from November to February.

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Males of two to four years considered best for breeding (Pillay 1993). Quality milt plays an important role for successful breeding. High quality milt has a dense consistency with creamy colored appearance, while poor quality milt is watery with bluish tinge. The quantity of spermatozoa in the milt is considerable: 10,000 million in a cubic centimeter of the trout milt (according to Schlenk & Kuhmann, quoted by Dorier). It is not advisable to use eggs collected from females spawning for the first time, because the roe might be comparatively small and could yield higher loss during the period of embryonic development (Martyshev 1983). In present study, the egg size varied from 3-5 mm. Many works suggest egg diameter should be about 5 mm (Range of 4.7 to 5.6 mm) for achieving good hatchability and low mortality with effective growth performance in rainbow trout. The quantity of eggs or milt and the egg size increase with increase in size of brood. It means larger the eggs size, larger alevins and more resistant young one. The size of the male however, does not influence the size of the alevins, but descendants of older females fertilized by young males is predominantly masculine (Huet 1975). Only 2-3 years old broods has been using for breeding in Nepal. This might be the reason of smaller eggs size. Conclusion We concluded water quality, feed and brood maintenance are main factor which directly play important role on achieving higher hatchability and production. To improve the life span of trout improvement in trout nutrition might be highly desirable. Further comprehensive study and data would require for concluding specific performance of trout breeding in prevailing ecological sites. However, the present results have demonstrated that participatory trout breeding in private farms are highly encouraging and commendable. Acknowledgement We thank all the staffs of Trishuli & Godawari fish farm and private trout breeders for their cooperation. Funds for this research were provided through Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Japan International Cooperation Agency and from KR2 of Government of Japan. Reference Bromage, N. R. & Shepherd C. J (1990) Fish, their requirements and site evaluation. In, Shepherd, C. J & Bromage, N. R. (eds), Intensive Fish Farming. BSP Professional Books, Oxford. 17-49. FRC (2005) Annual Technical Report. Published by Trishuli Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli, Nuwakot Frost W. E & Brown, M. E (1967) The Trout. NMN. Pullin St. James Place London. Gurung T. B & S. R. Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal: constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia 8(4):16-18 Huet M. (1975) Textbook of fish culture, breeding and cultivation of fish. Fishing News (Books) Ltd, 23 Rosemount Avenue, West Byfleet, Surrey, England. Morrissy N. M (1973) Comparison of strains of Salmo Gairdneri Richardson from New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. Australian Society for Limnology Bulletin, 5: 11-20. Martyshev F. G (1983) Pond Fisheries, American Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Nomura, M. (1994). New Fishery Handbook. Koudansha, Tokyo. pp. 388-390 Pillay T. V. R (1993) Aquaculture Principles and Practices. Fishing News Books, A Division of Blackwell Scientific Publication Ltd. University press, Cambridge, The Great Britain. Sedgwick, S. D. (1985). Trout Farming Handbook, Fishing News Books Ltd., 1 Long Garden Walk, Farnham, Surrey, England.

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larval rearing methodologies in Nepal Neeta Pradhan, Asha Raymajhi & Santa Kumar Shrestha1 Fisheries Research Division, Godawari Email: [email protected] 1 Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli Abstract Sustainability of aquaculture highly depends on the availability of high quality robust and healthy seed. The larvae of trout accept feed from early stages after yolk sac are absorbed. Preparation of composite feed for early fry is a complex process. In earlier years in absence of appropriate modern technologies for the preparation of dried crumble feeds, several local methods were attempted in Nepal. Previous works suggest that in absence of well balanced appropriate dry starter pellet, boiled egg yolk and liver could be the best feed for larval rearing as starter feed. The growth pattern and survival of fry fed with egg yolk and liver were same as it was with dry pellet. These methods could be useful in remote trout hatcheries where transportation of dry pellet could be impractical.

Key words: Crumble, starter feed, liver, egg yolk, dry pellet 1. Introduction Rearing fish larvae successfully is one of the most important parts of aquaculture enterprise, as its sustainability highly depends on survival of larvae (Bardach et al. 1972, Huet 1975). To guarantee the success of any aquaculture enterprise consistence seed supply mechanism is the most important step. Carp require natural food when larvae first start its feeding. However, larvae of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in hatcheries exclusively depend on external feed for their growth from the time larvae commence first feeding (Bardach et al. 1972). Therefore, trout larval rearing highly depend on quality feed. In many countries, high quality commercial branded dry pellet known as crumble for larvae are available (Hinshaw 1999). However, in Nepal enterprises for commercial trout diets are not yet available. Thus, to initiate sustainable trout farming methodologies use of local feeds become essential. Rainbow trout being carnivorous obtain limited amount of energy from fat and carbohydrates; thus, need diets rich in animal protein (Nomura 1993, Hinshaw, 1999). Besides, the amount of water and seed the success of trout farming depends on the types of feed on which they are cultivated (Ghittino 1972, Maruyama 1983). Earlier, Japanese feed was used as initial feed for early fry in Nepal. Dry feed obtained from abroad was not only expensive but always bears risk upon unavailability. In earlier years before the methodologies were available for pellet feed, rainbow trout were usually fed raw feed of animal origin (Bardach et al. 1972, Sedgwick 1985). Since, these methodologies could be still appropriate for far remote places where modern technologies would not be available. Thus, our objective in present work was to review, examine and develop appropriate local feed to rear trout larvae from swimming to fingerling stage. 2. Some important feeding methodological trials and their results 2.1 Methodology for testing effectiveness of egg yolk (1st experiment) Two feeding trial were conducted at FRC Godawari in 1992/93 (Gurung & Tamang 1992/93) to examine the effectiveness of various local feeds to find out simple methods, if pellet feed is not available. Fry of 0.92 to 0.11g in first trial and 0.23 to 0.35 g in second trial were reared with two types of feed for 30 days. The two types of diets were Trishuli farm made crumble feed (CP 32.59%, CF 6.38%, ash 15.23%, and moisture 6.48%) and boiled egg yolk (crude protein 12 % and crude fat 12 %).

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In both trials, growth and survivability were higher in group fed with crumble than with boiled egg yolk. The growth rate (18.61 mg/day) of group fed with crumble was higher than fish fed with egg yolk (14.115 mg/day). But there was no significance difference in growth rate and survivability between treatments. 2.2 Methodology of fish meal replacement of by soymeal (2nd experiment) An experiment was conducted from 1993 for 60 days at FRC Godawari in 1993/94 to find either fish meal could be substituted with soybean protein or not. The experiment was carried out in troughs of equal size (0.1463 m3). There were two treatments each with two replicates. Each trough was stocked with 142 trout fry of approximately 45 days old (av. wt. 1.052 gm). In treatment-1, trout fry was fed with soybean based feed (soybean 72%, shrimp meal 10%, wheat 16%, multivitamin 1% and salt 1%) and in treatment 2 with pellet feed (soybean 40%, shrimp meal 42%, wheat 16%, multivitamin 1% and salt 1%). The growth rate of trout fed with soybean-based feed was higher (0.155gm/day) than fed with pellet (0.151 gm/day) but there was no significance difference in growth rates between the two treatments. This might be due to the presence of abundant natural food (invertebrate population) in water supply. It might be possible that the animal protein deficiency could not be seen in the fry fed with soybean plant protein, if they had consumed the natural food. In a study fish meal replaced up to 75% by soybean had no adverse effect on overall performance of feed utilization efficiency in rainbow trout (Tacon et al. 1983). Except the protein level, the difference between fish meal and soybean meal is their origin. In farm made feeds, the protein level is about 35%. This level of protein can be derived from soybean. However, the cost of fishmeal is approximately 4 to 6 times higher than soybean. 2.3 Methodology testing for appropriateness of liver as initial feed A study was carried out in nine circular cemented tanks (1.4 m3 each) for a period of 60 days in 1998 (Pradhan 1998). Three treatments each with three replicates were carried out for feeding early larvae of trout. The three different types of feeds were Japanese starter feed (control), liver and boiled egg yolk (Table 1). All tanks were stocked with 525 trout larvae of 0.35 g individual average weight. In the tanks water depths were maintained up-to 30 cm. The volume of circular tank up-to water level was 0.53 m3. In each replicates tank water flow was maintained at the rate of 6.0 L/m. Dissolved Oxygen, pH and temperature and mortality were measured everyday. Table 1. Percentage composition of three experimental diets

*Composition as written on trade bag The highest growth (0.096g.day-1) occurred for fish fed on Japanese starter feed followed by liver (0.066g. day-1) and egg yolk (0.06g.day-1) (Fig. 1). Mean individual body weight and total length at the end of experiment were not significantly different among and within the treatments. The condition factor for a normal fish was about 1, tending towards fatness. Computed values of condition factor for the experiment fish were in normal range (Table 2).

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Fig. 1. Body weight of trout fry fed with three different feed Result indicated that young trout could efficiently use and can rear with Japanese initial feed, frozen liver and egg yolk for their growth. This finding suggesting that liver and egg yolk are highly palatable and prescribed to use as initial trout feed. This result support the study by Brown (1951) who showed that fresh liver was the most satisfactory food than shrimp meal (2 parts dried meal, 1 part bemax and 1 part farex) and live tubifex. Based on these results it can be concluded that fresh liver may be equally good as standard starter feed meeting all the nutritional requirements of young trout. Table 2. Growth of rainbow trout fry fed upon three different types

2.4 Methodological testing for appropriateness of liver as fry feed in Trishuli Three different diets based on protein percentage (Table 3) were fed to trout fry for a month to determine whether the liver can be substitute the high grade feed required of trout (Igarashi & Roy 1997). The tested diets were Japanese feed (control), raw frozen liver and boiled liver. The experiment was carried out in six circular plastic buckets (0.02 m3 each) from 24 January to 23 February 1996, a period of 30 days. Each bucket was stocked with 100 free swimming fries of 99.4 mg sized. Weight gain was higher for fish fed with Japanese feed (0.0173 g per day) and raw liver (0.0167g. day-1) than for fish fed with boiled liver (0.006g.day-1). It is clear that the group provided with first two types of diets exhibited high survival, over 90%, while group fed with boiled liver had 70% survival. Total length at the end of the experiment was not significantly different in first two treatments. Comparatively, growth of individual fish in the third treatment was fairly lower than first two treatments.

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Table 3: Proximate analysis of feed of three experimental diets of trout alevins and fry

2.5 Growth studies using earthworm as feed Several studies reported that vermiculture has potential to supply earthworm as a substitute of fishmeal from fish diet because of earthworm meal contains all essential amino acids required for fish feed (Ismail 1997). Mitra (1997) reported that availability of methionine and lysine are recorded higher in earthworm than fishmeal. Considering these facts a comparison study was carried out on the effect in the growth of fish fed with diet contained 25% earthworm plus 75% farm feed only. Fish fed with farm diet showed better growth than fish fed with diet contained earthworm. The reason might be the earthworm powder was not accepted by fish due to earthworm’s unfavorable smell though contained high protein. (The reason might be the unfavorable smell of earthworm powder that was not accepted by fish though contained high protein) 3. General practice adopted for larval rearing in Nepal In FRD Godawari, after yolk sac absorption, the free swimming larvae are fed only with boiled egg yolk at the rate of 1.5% of the body weight for 7 days. After 7 days crumble feed (crude protein 35%) was supplied. While in FRC Trishuli and 6 private trout farms at Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts the free-swimming larvae were fed with crumble dry starter feed with 45% crude protein (Table 4). In all cases the source of animal protein was from shrimp (47%). Feed was supplied till satiation 7 to 8 times per day. Frozen liver was supplied to the fry as supplementary diet at the rate of 2% of body weight two times per day. Table 4. Feed composition of rainbow trout fry (CP 45%)

The growth rate of rainbow trout at farmer’s field was higher (0.65g-1) than FRC Godawari 0.42 g-1 (Fig. 2). This might be due to better water quality in farmer’s field than FRC Trishuli. The water at FRC Trishuli had high silt. The fry reached 4.25 g after 5 months at FRC Trishuli. The growth rate was 0.03 g. D-1 after 150 days of culture.

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Fig 2. Growth study of rainbow trout at Trishuli farm and farmer’s field Recommendation and conclusion In absence of suitable dry pellet feed for trout during larval stage, most suitable starter diet could be egg yolk, followed by liver. Since, liver contains very high protein and several other vitamins and minerals; probably it is the best feed till the development of appropriate dry starter pellet feed in Nepal. Acknowledgement We extend our thanks to Dr. Tek Bahadur Gurung, Dr. Ash Kumar Rai, Mr. Sadhu R.am Basnet and Mr. Purusottam Lal Joshi for extending cooperation for the preparation of this paper. Partial fund for preparation of this paper is provided through Soft Type Follow-up Program of Natural Water Fisheries Development of Japan International Cooperation Agency. Reference Bardach J. E., Ryther, J. H. & McLarney W. O (1972) Aquaculture-The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. Wiley-Interscience, A division of John Wiley & sons, Inc. NY. 868 p. Brown M. E (1951) The growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linn.) The effect of food and temperature on the survival and growth of fry. Zoological Department, University of Cambridge. Ghittino P (1972) The diet and general fish husbandry; in fish nutrition; John E. Halver (ed.); Academic Press New York. Gurung T. B. & Tamang L. S (1993) Fingerlings of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rearing with two different feeds. Annual Technical Report, FRC, Godawari. Hinshaw J. M (1999) Trout production feeds and feeding methods. South Regional Aquaculture Center Huet M. (1975) Text book of fish culture. Fishing news (books) Ltd. Rosemount, Avenue, West by Huet, Surrey, England. Igarashi M & Roy N. K (1998) Effects of buff liver upon the growth of free swimming larvae of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Eds. Pradhan B. R., S. K. Wagle, O. Yamada & M. Takano, Editor), Present Status of Fisheries Research, Development and Education in Nepal. Pp. 64-65. Ismail S. A (1997) Vermicology the biology of earthworms. Orient Longam Limited New Delhi, India. Maruyama T (1983). Inland aquaculture Kanagawa International Fisheries Training Center, Japan International Co-operation agency.

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Mitra A (1997) Bioethics in India: Proceedings of the International Bioethics Workshop, Biomanagement of Biogeoresources, 16-19 Jan. 1997. Editors Jayapaul Azariah, Hilda Azariah, & Darryl R.J. Macer, Copyright Eubios Ethics Institute, Madras. Nomura, M. (1994). New Fishery Handbook. Koudansha, Tokyo. pp. 388-390 Pradhan N (1998) Development of starter feed for larvae under local management. In Present status of Fisheries Research, Development and Education in Nepal. Eds. Pradhan, B.R., S. K., Wagle, O. Yamada. and M. Takano. NARC & JICA, 170 p. Sedgwick S. D (1985) Trout Farming Handbook 5th edition. Fishing News Books (Blackwell Science), Oxford, England. 192 pp. Tacon A. G. J, J. V. Haastler, P. B. Featherstone, K. Kerr & Jackson A. J (1983) Studies on the utilization of full fat soybean and solvent extracted soybean in a complete diet for rainbow trout, Bull Jpn. Sot. Sci. Fish. 49: 1437-1443.

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Nutrition and Pellet Feed Formulation for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal Jay Dev Bista, Suresh Kumar Wagle, Neeta Pradhan1 & Nanda Kishor Roy1 Fisheries Research Centre, P. O. Box 274, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal Email: [email protected] +

Fisheries Research Division, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal

Abstract This paper reviews a number of specific issues in the fields of trout nutrition and feed formulation which are critical for sustainable trout production in Nepal, e.g. nutrient requirements of trout and their supply under practical farming conditions, availability and supply of feed resources and their implication on development of trout feeds, and maintenance of environmental quality and sustainability of trout aquaculture systems. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was introduced in Nepal to use of vast cold-water resources for aquaculture in mountain region of the country. The other objective was import substitution of high valued fish and alike commodities. Recently, technological packages of trout farming in prevailing ecological condition had been developed and efforts are being made for up scaling of the technology among farming communities. Despite of huge potential for trout farming, quality feed is one of the major constraints hindering its rapid expansion. Shrimp meal is an essential component in the diet of trout. In view of the increasing cost and relative scarcity of these feed stuffs, a considerable research effort has been expanded in the country on evaluating the suitability of plant ingredients as complete or partial replacement of the fishmeal components in trout diet. A review of selected research literature on investigations into the use of plant feedstuffs in trout feed indicated that it is possible to utilize processed soybean meal at high level (up to 60%) in trout diet without impairing growth and environment. Dietary formulations, based on the use of high inclusion levels of locally available and known quality ingredients, are recommended for use within three distinct feed lines, namely starter, and fingerling and production diets. Emphasis has been placed on larval nutrition and need for refinement and improvement of buff liver to increase feed efficiency. Key words: feed formulation, amino acid, protein, carbohydrate, fish meal, vitamin, fatty acids 1. Introduction Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) prefer clean, cold and high oxygen water for their growth and survival, which are abundant in the hill and mountain areas in Nepal. Trout are well studied fish for cultivation in cold waters (Bardach et al. 1972, Huet 1975, Shetty et al. 1989). The wide distribution of rainbow trout in pond and raceway culture is explained by its low sensitivity and demands in terms of external environment, good growth, and high food qualities. The edible part of trout constitutes 78 to 80% of the fish and its muscle protein contains 18 amino acids, of which 10 are essential for man (Martyshev 1983). Trout was successfully introduced in Nepal in 1988 to meet many needs including substitution of import, use of cold-water resources for aquaculture and promotion of fishing tourism in hill streams (Gurung & Basnet 2003). Despite of huge potential for the development of trout farming in the country, presently its expansion is limited to a few farmers of Nuwakot districts. Availability of fish seeds and quality feed are the major constraints hindering the rapid expansion of trout farming in cold-water region of the country. Rainbow trout is a typical high protein and high oxygen demanding carnivorous fish. In natural habitats trout depends on aquatic insects, small crustaceans and small 43

larvae. However, all stages of trout can be grown from larvae to adults feeding upon artificial food. Its farming is mostly characterized by intensive farming system elsewhere, using high-cost nutrient inputs in the form of “nutritionally-complete formulated diets”. In the formulated diets the most expensive ingredients are fish and shrimp meal which have been incorporated to meet the protein requirement of trout (FRCT 2004). At present some problems associated with the development of pellet feed for commercial trout production could be delineated as maintenance of quality and quantity. Local feed stuffs tend to vary quality and quantity. Therefore, sustainable development of trout feed might depend on inputs based on local circumstances, and balance maximizing profitability with social and environmental costs. Therefore, this paper reviews several specific issues in the fields of trout nutrition and feed formulation that are critical for sustainable trout production in the country. These includes nutrient requirement for trout, availability and cost of feed resources, options to develop cost-effective feed in local conditions, and maintenance of environmental quality and sustainability of trout aquaculture system. 2. Nutrient requirement of rainbow trout Growth, health and reproduction of fish and other aquatic animals are primarily dependent upon an adequate supply of nutrient, both in terms of quality and quantity, irrespective of the culture system in which they are grown. Nutrition is the process by which an organism intake food and assimilates for metabolic activities. Nutrition involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and transport of various nutrients throughout the body where the nutrients in foods are converted into energy and body tissues. The nutrition of trout is similar to that of other animal species. Thus, trout require almost same nutrients as other animals for normal metabolic function. However, the specified amount of a particular nutrient needed by trout may differ from other animals. Qualitatively, 40 nutrients have been identified as necessary for the normal metabolic function of trout. The quantitative requirement of nutrients for rainbow trout has been given in Table 1 and Table 2. Energy, which is defined as the capacity to do work, is essential to life processes during all stages of an animal's life. The energy needs might associate with the feeding standard in the organisms. On this aspect information on energy needs particularly of fishes is not adequate comparing to ruminants. In general, it is argued that energy needs in fishes are lower than warm-blooded animals because fish do not have to maintain a constant body temperature and they expend less energy to maintain their position in space. Gross energy, which is a measure of the heat liberated on complete oxidation of a compound, requirement for rainbow trout, is in between 19.1-20.8 KJ/g (Hasan 2001). Gross energy is not a practical indicator of usable energy because certain compounds are not as digestible as others. Digestible energy, defined as gross energy minus fecal energy losses, is often used to express the dietary energy of rainbow trout feeds. 2.1 Protein requirement A continual supply of protein is needed throughout life for maintenance and growth. Rainbow trout require rather high (40-50%) dietary protein. Trout including catfish require a source of nonspecific nitrogen and indispensable amino acids (Robinson & Li 1996). Usually, the most economical source of these elements is a mixture of proteins in feedstuffs. Ingested proteins are hydrolyzed to release amino acids that may be used for synthesis of tissue proteins or, if in excess, utilized for energy. Rainbow trout require 11.7% essential amino acids in the dry diet (Hasan 2001). 2.2 Lipid requirement Use of protein for energy is expensive, thus lipids are primarily included in formulated diet to maximize their protein sparing. Lipids are a highly digestible source of concentrated energy. Trout have natural diets rich in triglycerides and can adapt to high fat diets (Hasan 2001). Dietary lipid levels as low as 10% has been reported for rainbow trout (Tacon 1990). Generally, however, weight gain and

44

feed efficiency are depressed in aquatic species when fed diets containing 15% or more lipid (Robinson & Li 1996). Table 1. Dietary protein, essential amino acid, energy levels, carbohydrates and lipid requirements of rainbow trout (adapted from NRC 1993, Hasan 2001, Tacon 1990, Steffens 1989)

*Amino acid requirement based on the essential amino acid composition of fish Dietary lipids provide essential fatty acids (EFA-polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFAs) that fish, like all animals, can not synthesize but require for the maintenance of cellular function. Coldwater freshwater fish have an exclusive requirement of linolenic series (n-3 or omega-3) PUFA (18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3) in their diet (Hasan 2001). It is apparent from Table 2 that rainbow trout require a small amount (1% of dry diet) of n-3 fatty acids. Inclusion of too much dietary lipid, however, may result in excessive fat deposition in the visceral cavity and tissues that may adversely affect yield, product quality and storage of processed products (Robinson & Li 1996). 2.3 Carbohydrate requirement Carbohydrates are the least expensive form of dietary energy and are frequently used for protein sparing in formulated diets. The utilization of dietary carbohydrates appears to differ depending on the complexity or chemical structure of the carbohydrate source used. The ability of carnivorous fish species to hydrolyze or digest complex carbohydrate (glucose or sucrose) is limited due to weak amylolytic activity in their digestive tract. For trout, starch digestion decreases as the proportion of dietary starch is increased (Hasan 2001). However, commercial trout feed contains 15-25% soluble carbohydrates. An additional 1-2.5% carbohydrate is generally present as crude fibre. Fibre is considered to be indigestible by carnivores; thus, it is not desirable in carnivore's feeds because indigestible materials may pollute the water (Robinson & Li 1996). However, there is always some fiber inherent in practical feed ingredients.

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Table 2. Dietary mineral and vitamins requirements of rainbow trout (g/kg or mg/kg dry diet) (Source: Hasan 2001, Tacon 1990, Hepher 1990).

2.4 Mineral requirement Minerals are required for metabolism, skeletal structure and, for osmotic balance between body fluids and their environment. Freshwater fish have greater demand for adequate mineral supplies than marine fish and shrimp (Hasan 2001). Dietary mineral requirement for rainbow trout are presented in Table 2. Since much of the mineral requirement is supplied by the food, potential mineral supplementation may be sufficient to meet dietary needs. 2.5 Vitamins requirement Vitamins are highly diverse in chemical structure and physiological function. They are generally required in small amounts in the diet for normal growth, health, and reproduction by animals. Pathologies related to vitamin deficiency in fish are well investigated, however, quantitative dietary vitamin requirement are available for few cultured species including trout (Hasan 2001). Vitamin deficiency mainly appears in formulated feed lot based intensive culture systems as applied to trout (Hepher 1990), the addition of sufficient levels of several vitamin in trout feeds are required (Table 2).

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3. Feed formulation & ingredients for trout feed in Nepal In order to develop efficient and economic feed formulas for aquaculture, basic information is required on nutrient requirement of the species cultivated, the chemical composition and organoleptic properties of feed ingredients in relation to their acceptability and the ability of fish to digest and utilize nutrients from various sources. Although the knowledge on nutrient requirements for trout has been expanding in recent years (Lall 1991, Hasan 2001), quantitative and qualitative information on practical feed stuffs to supply required nutrients for trout in Nepal is limited. Availability of major fish feed ingredients in Nepal and their nutrient availability for trout are listed in Table 3 & 4, respectively. Amino acid profile and mineral composition of major fish feed ingredients (soybean, fish meal and shrimp) are given in Table 5 and 6, respectively. Table 3. Production of agricultural feed stuffs by region which could be utilized in trout feed (source: CBS 2005)

3.1 Protein supplements Feedstuffs containing 20% crude protein or more are considered protein supplements. Protein supplements may be classified as animal and plant proteins. Full fat roasted soybean seed and meal constitutes major component of protein supplement (20-45%) in trout feed in Nepal (Rai et al. 2002, FRCT 2003, 2004). The national production of soybean was 17500 metric tons in year 2001 and most of the production comes from hilly areas of the country (CBS 2005). Solvent extracted and extruded soybean meal is particularly important for trout feed because of its high protein and low fat content. However, soybean processing plants are mostly located in Terai region with a production capacity of 750 metric tons of solvent extracted-extruded soybean per year (Roy 2006).

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Table 4. Nutrient composition of feed ingredients commonly used for feed formulation of rainbow trout in Nepal (NRC 1993, Roy 2006, Smith et al. 1995).

3.1.1 Plant protein sources for trout feed in Nepal Several types of cake produced from oil seeds can be used in trout feed to substitute soybean meal. They include mustard oil cake, peanut cake, sunflower cake, sesame cake and linseed cake. The levels of oil cake used in trout feeds are restricted to 5 to 10% because of amino acid deficiency, high level of fibre and anti nutritional factors they contain. Mustard oil cake is formed by compressing left over after removing oil from mustard seed and generally called rapeseed cake. It contains harmful eric acid as its principal fatty acid. The production of mustard oil cake from several extraction mills in the country estimated to be 175 metric tons per year (Roy 2006). Peanut cake is obtained by removing oil either mechanically or by solvent extraction from dehulled peanuts. Solvent extracted cake contains 48% protein and the mechanically extracted product contains 45% protein and crude fat below 1%. Peanut cake contains no known anti-nutritional factors but deficient in lysine. However, peanut cake is seldom used in trout feeds because of its sporadic availability. Sunflower cake, sesame cake and linseed cake are formed by extraction of oil from dry seeds. Production of these cakes is meager in Nepal and mostly imported from India. Most of the oil seed cakes are deficient in lysine and methionine (Robinson & Li 1996), hence their use in trout feed requires supplemental lysine and methionine.

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Solvent-extracted cottonseed meal is obtained by grinding the cake remaining after the oil has been solvent extracted. The product generally contains 41% protein but must not contain less than 36% protein. It is deficient in lysine, and contains free gossypol and cylcopropenoic acids, which can be toxic. However, levels of these chemicals in commonly available cottonseed meal are generally well below toxic levels (Robinson & Li 1996). The production of cotton seed in the country is limited to western Terai and the quantity is insignificant to use in trout feed. 3.1.2 Non-plant source of protein for trout feed Non-plant source of protein such as shrimp meal and fish meal contribute in significant proportion (20-50%) to supply protein in trout feed (FRD 2001, Gurung et al. 1994, FRCT 2002). Shrimp meal and fish meal are prepared by cooking and drying of undecomposed whole fish or cutting of fish. These products are imported from India for several other purposes including human consumption in various forms. Nutritional values of these feed stuffs may not always consistent as the feed stuffs are comprised of varying size of shrimp and different species of trash fish (Roy 2006). Bone meal, collected from the slaughter houses or meat shops and later processed in several processing plants, contain protein ranges from 24 to 29% (Roy 2006). Its protein quality is inferior to whole fish meal because it contains less lysine and the quality of the product may vary considerably (Robinson & Li, 1998). It could be good source of minerals and inorganic phosphorous. However, its high ash content (56 to 59%) may limit its use because of possible mineral imbalance. Blood meal is prepared by heating and grinding of clotted animal blood (buffalo, goat). It contains 80 to 86% crude protein and is an excellent source of lysine but deficient in methionine (Robinson & Li 1996). However, availability of blood meal is limited to urban areas of the country. Buff liver is one of the most important animal protein sources. Despite of low protein content and limited availability, moist or dry buff liver has proved to be good sources of digestible protein for early stage of trout grow out (Pradhan 1999). Silkworm pupae available in limited quantity but their performance has not yet been evaluated in trout feed in Nepal. 3.2 Energy supplements Energy supplements are feedstuffs that contain less than 20% crude protein. These include grain and grain byproducts, and animal fat or vegetable oil. Wheat flour and rice bran are the major source of energy and have been used in trout feeds up to 40% of the feed without adverse effects (FRCT 2004, 2003; FRD 2001). The availability of these ingredients and other sources of carbohydrates such as corn and millets are abundant and locally available in trout growing areas at comparatively cheaper price. Wheat is a good source of energy for trout. Depending on cost, wheat flour are used to levels up to about 25% in trout feed. Wheat is produced all over the country and the national production in year 2005 was 1.44 million tons. Flour mills in Terai region of the country have a capacity of 40000 metric tons of wheat flour to process annually (Roy 2006). In humid areas, using levels greater than 25% may cause the feed to become sticky resulting in clumping of feed pellets and handling problems. Low levels (0.05) of grow out trout (Table 8). Inclusion of shrimp meal below 20% in carbohydrate enriched feed without soybean substitution, albeit low feed cost by10%, the percent growth rate/day is lower by 0.35% to that of the feed contained 55% soybean meal (Roy et al. 1999). Table 7. Effect of different dietary protein level in feed on the yield attributes of rainbow trout.

*

Major protein source at low protein profiles for juvenile was raw buff liver (30-50%), for advance fry and grow out trout was shrimp meal (20-25%) and soybean meal (18-42%). Response studies have been conducted on various proportions of shrimp meal and soybean meal in trout feed for corresponding increase of dietary protein percentage and their effect on growth and survival of different stages of trout (Table 9). Significant differences were not observed (P>0.05) among types of feed on the growth-survival attributes of fry and fingerling stage of trout, although an improved growth and survival was evidenced for trout fed upon a feed containing 45% crude protein and comprised of 35% shrimp meal and 48% soybean meal. Similarly, no correlation exist between

51

growth-survival of grow out trout fed on rations comprised of different proportion of shrimp meal and soybean meal with corresponding increase in dietary protein. Proximate analysis of fish flesh of trout fed upon these feeds revealed a narrow range of crude protein (19.3 – 20.4%) and crude fat (3.1–4.1%), and these differences are not significant (P>0.05). From Table 8, it is apparent that a feed formulation containing 30–35% protein supplemented with 20–30% shrimp meal and 18–32% soybean meal may be appropriate for fingerling and growout trout. Results from several experiments, Roy et al. (1999) concluded that inclusions of soybean oil in feed enhance the feed efficiency, growth and survival rate of trout. This is more important, to supply energy, especially when the supply of shrimp meal in feed is decreased (Yamada et al. 1999). Low protein and high calorie feed for fish relies on animal protein has been reported for increased hatchability and growth (Takeuchi et al. 1978). Use of oil in feed of carnivorous fish could economize 10% of shrimp meal (Takamatsu 1973 in Yamada et al. 1999), and provide concentrated source of energy which may virtually increase the protein sparing effect. The transform from an endogenous to an exogenous food supply, which marks the onset of the larval stage is one of the most critical phages of the life cycle and is the period when much of the mortality of hatchery–reared stock occur (De Silva & Anderson 1995). In spite of the clear importance of nutrition influencing the survival, growth and development of trout larvae, however, relatively little is known about the absolute nutrient requirement and feed formulation of these stages of trout and most of the other fish species. Japanese commercial starter feed was used at the beginning of trout farming in Nepal. Lacking due availability and high cost of commercial feed has triggered trout farms to develop its own formulation based on local materials. Although relative performance are poor, the use of buff liver, egg custard and several other formulations evaluated has shown their suitability for rearing trout larvae (Table 10). Trout larvae, fed upon fresh buff liver and egg custard, grew steadily at specific growth rate (SGR) of 4.2% with survivability over 99% (FRD 2000; Pradhan 1999). Encouraging results have also been obtained on survivability (>70%) and SGR (>3%) of trout larvae fed upon fish meal and milk powder based feed formulations (FRD 2000). Results of these experiments have implications that the buff liver and egg custard has been recommended as starter feed for trout farms in the country, as they are locally available at relatively cheaper price. Table 8. Growth and feed efficiency of rainbow trout fed upon different proportion of shrimp and soybean meal for 60 days in raceway (Yamada & Roy 1997)

a

Vitamin C was added 1% of the total feed composition.

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5. Prospects of feed formulation for trout Solvent extracted soybean meal (SESM) contains 48% protein and could be the predominant protein source in rainbow trout feed. It has the best amino acid profile of all common plant protein sources and is highly palatable and digestible to trout (Table 5). Trout is a predatory fish, although it consumes and assimilates plant protein; however, its intensity of growth on such foods is much lower. This is partially explained by the fact that in the protein from plant sources, deficiency of the less important amino acids such as lysine and methionine usually occurs (Martyshev 1983). Trout suffer from cataracts when given a diet deficient in methionine (Peston et al. 1977). This is likely to occur only when animal protein sources are completely replaced by the plant protein (Médale et al. 1998) and in such case methionine supplement is necessary. It was reported the protein digestibility reduced in salmonids when diet contains high level of soybean due to its anti-trypsin factor. Anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors are destroyed or reduced to insignificant levels (L kbd axfb'/ nfdfsf] lhjg:t/df cfPsf] kl/at{gnfO{ d lrq0f ug{ rfxfG5' . C0fLsf] gfdM 7]ufgfM p2]ZoM s'n C0f k|bfgM C0f nufgL ldltM Kff]v/L lgdf{0fM xfn afFsL /sdM

>L kbd axfb'/ nfdf dbfgk'/ (, kfv'/] 6«fp6 df5f kfng ?= #, @%,))). -z'?df_ @)^).!).* @^&(( :Sjfo/ ld6/ ?= #, %), ))) .

sf7df8f}+af6 %) ls= dL= / lab'/ gu/ kflnsfaf6 @% ls= ld= 6f9f dbfgk'/ uf= lj= ;=sf] jf8{ g++ ( df ;fdfGo kl/jf/df x's]{sf >L kbd axfb'/ nfdf hLjgofkgsf] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f}+ nufot w]/} 7fpFdf ef}tfl/+bf cfkm\gf] 3/df cfO{ pTkflbt l;ldt a:t'x? ds}, cfn',, kmfk/, sfkmn, d'nf ljlqm ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df nfu]sf] / o;/L pTkflbt l;ldt a:t'x?af6 cfkm\gf] tyf kl/jf/sf] b}lgs lhljsf u'hfb}{ cfPsf lyP . tTsflng ;dodf pgsf] aflif{s cfDbfgL ?= ! nfv $& xhf/ lyof] eg] pgsf] / kl/jf/sf] vr{ ?= ! nfv %) xhf/ x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . cfDbfgL eGbf vr{ a9L eO{ b}lgs lhjg ofkgdf cg]sf}+ afwf c8\rg, ca/f]w cfpg] u/]sf] lghaf6 g} k|ToIf ;'Ggdf kfO{G5 . cem cs:dft kl/jf/df s'g} ;b:o lj/fdL k/]sf] v08df ePsf] hUuf hldg aGwsL /fvL C0f lng] afWotf klg gePsf] xf]O{g . o:tf] kl/l:yltaf6 u'h|L/x]sf] Ps o'js s[lif cg';GWffg s]Gb| -dT:o_ lqz'nLsf] ;Dks{df k'u] . cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df k|flalwsx?sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfaaf6 /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f kfng u/]df o;af6 pNn]Volgo kmfO{bf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 eGg] cfef; kZrft pgn] Pp6f lgZro u/] . kmn:j?k @)%* ;fndf b'v ;'vsf] hf]xf] u/]/ Aoa;fo z'? u/] . Aoj;fo la:tf/sf] nflu /sdsf] cfjZostf k/]sf]n] @)^) ;fndf s[lif ljsf; a}+s zfvf sfof{no lqz'nL g'jfsf]6af6 ;'?df k6s k6s u/L ?= #,@%,))). shf{ :jLs[t u/fO{ sf/f]af/ ;+rfng u/] . xfn @@ kf]v/Ldf df5f kfng ubf{ aflif{s #) lSjG6n df5f pTkfbg u/L ljqmL ljt/0f ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . xfn lghsf] gfddf a}+ssf] C0f ?= #, %), ))) . afsL+ b]lvPsf] 5 . lghn] df5f kfng Aoa;fo nufot Plss[t ?kdf -bfgf pTkfbg, kfgL 3§, ljh'nL pTkfbg_ sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L aflif{s ?= ^ nfv *% xhf/ gfkmf sdfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . kl/of]hgf /x]sf] :yfgdf w]/} d]xgt u/]/ klg d'l:snn] aflif{s @) xhf/ cfDbfgL x'g ;Sb}glyof] t/ /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f Aoa;fon] s[ifssf] hLjg:t/df w]/} kl/at{g NofPsf] 5 . . clxn] lgh ;+u Pp6f df]6/;fO{sn, a:g] 3/ / Pp6f /]:6'/]G6 5 . pBf]usf] ?kdf kfgL 3§ / Aoa;fosf] ?kdf /]:6'/]G6 5 . æxhf/ dfO{nsf] ofqf Ps kfO{nfaf6 z'? x'G5 To;sf/0f kfO{nf rfNg' k5{Æ eGg] pvfg rl/tfy{ ePsf] 5 . Ps pGgtlzn, d]xgtL s[ifssf] ;/xfgf ug}{ kb{5 . dxTJfk"0f{ of] xf]O{g sL tkfFO{ slt prfO{ ;Dd k'Ug rfxg'x'G5, dxTJfk"0f{ of] xf] sL tkfO{+ z'?jft s;/L ug'{ x'G5 . >L kbd axfb'/ nfdfsf] z"?jft cToGt} b'v si6af6 ePsf] x'bfF pxfFsf] pFrfO{ w]/} dfly k'Ug ;Sg] xfdLn] cg'dfg u/]sf 5f}+ . o;} ;DaGwdf Pp6f sxfjt pNn]v ug{ pko"Qm 7fGb5' ÆNj]h kf:snÆ lj4fg;+u Ps hgfn] ;f]w]5g\ Æolb d ;+u tkfO{sf] h:tf] lbdfu x'g] lyof] t d Pp6f /fd|f] dfG5] aGg ;Sg] ly+PÆ To;df kf:snn] hjfkm lbP ÆPp6f /fd|f] dfG5] aGg'xf]; tkfO{+sf] lbdfu cfkm;] cfkm d]/f] h:tf] x'g]5Æ . d;+u w]/} s[ifsx? cfP/ eG5g\ obL xfdL;+u 121

kbdsf] h:tf] lbdfu x'g] lyof] t xfdL ;kmn Aoa;foL aGg ;Sg] lyof}+, d}n] hjfkm lbg] u/]sf] 5' Pp6f ;kmn Aoa;foL aGg'xf]; tkfO{+sf] lbdfu cfkm;] cfkm kbdsf] h:tf] e} xfN5 gL . dnfO{ Pp6f csf]{ sxfjtsf] ;Demgf eof] Tof] klg d pNn]v ug{ rfxfG5' . xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ clws+f; ef/tLo sDkgLx? g]]kfndf klg sfo{ u/L /fv]sf 5g\ / Micro Level df sfd ug]{ ef/tLo bfh'' efO{x?n] eGg] u/]sf 5g\ g]kfndf k};f 5l/Psf] 5 l6Kg hfGg' k5{ jf:tadf le/ kfvfdf k};f 5l/Psf 5g\, l6Kg hfGg' k5{ . /f]huf/Lsf] nflu lab]z g} tfls/xg' kb}{g . a'l4 ePsfn] cd]l/sf / ci6«]lnof hfg' kb}{g / kfv'/f ePsfn] c/a, dn]lzof klg hfg' kb}{g . >L kbd axfb'/ nfdf Ps d]xgtL s[ifs x'g\ pgn] cfkm\gf] Aoa;fonfO{ a[l4 ug{ w]/} d]xgt / kl/>d u/]sf 5g\ . s[lif ljsf; a}+s zfvf lqz'nL pgsf] pQ/f]Q/ k|ultsf] sfdgf ub{5 . lhNnfdf /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f kfng ug]{ ^ hgf ;d]t cGo s[ifsx?sf] klg Aoj;fo kmnf]; km'nf]; ;fy} dT:o cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfn] 6«fp6 df5f kfng sfo{qmd la:tf/sf] nflu u/]sf] cys k|of;sf] lgldQ wGoafb / Ps b'O{ aif{ leq} yk !) hgf s[ifsnfO{ Aoa;fo k|lt cfslif{t u/]sf] v08df ;/sf/sf] ÆPs ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdÆ sf] k|efjdf Aofkstf cfpg] lyof] / ;du| lhNnfsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] lyof] . $= s[lif ljsf; a}+snfO{ /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f kmfd{ :yfkgfdf nufgL ug{ s]lx cfO{k/]sf gLltut ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? -s_ s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] lgltut ?kdf C0f nufgL ubf{ k/]sf ;d:ofx? !_ of] Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu le/kfvf] hUufsf] d"Nof+sg kof{Kt dfqfdf gx'g' . @_ df5fsf] ladf x'g g;Sg' . #_ s[ifsx?n] plrt / kof{Kt dfqfdf lwtf] lbg g;Sg' . $_ lwtf] kof{Kt dfqfdf lbg g;Sbf a}+sn] cfjZostf cg';f/ nufgL ug{ g;Sg' . -v_ !_ @_ #_

;dfwfgsf pkfox? lab]zdf afnL ladfsf] k|fawfg eP h:t} xfdLsxfF klg df5fsf] ljdf x'g] Aoa:yf x'g' kb{5 . s]xL kfpgsf] nflu s]xL u'dfpg' k5{ eg] h:t} s[ifsn] klg a}+snfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf lwtf] lbg' kb{5 . 6«fp6 df5f kfngsf] nflu ;/sf/n] klg Aofhdf cg'bfg lbg] Aoa:yf ug'{ kb{5 .

cGtdf, lgltut ?kdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g'jfsf]6 lhNnfnfO{ Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] lnP/ cfPsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;a}n] x[bob]lvg} :jfut ub}{ o;nfO{ sfuhdf dfq l;ldt g/fvL >L kbd axfb'/ nfdf h:t} pGgltlzn , nuglzn c? yk s[ifsx? v8f u/L /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5f kfng sfo{nfO{ Aoa;flos ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg ;s]df g'jfsf]6 lhNnfn]] cfly{s ljsf;df kl5 kg'{ kb}{g ls . cfef/ of] sfo{kq n]Vg k|]l/tug'{ ePsf dT:o cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws / ls;fgx?nfO{ cfef/ AoSt ug{ rfxfG5' . ;fy}, 6«fp6 df5f ;DalGw sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf cfof]hsdf wGoafb 1fkg ub{ 5' . ;Gbe{ FRC (2005) Annual Technical Report. Published by Trishuli Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli, Nuwakot Gurung, T.B, S. R. Basnet and Lamsal G. P (2006) Rainbow trout farming in hill terrace of Nuwakot, Nepal. Aquaculture Asia Magazine. April-June. pp.17-18.

122

df5f kfng Joj;fodf s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f nufgL gLlt tyf k|lqmof

6+s k|;fb e6[ C0f laefu, s[lif ljsf; a}+s, /fdzfx ky, sf7df08f]} Od]nM [email protected] ;f/ df5f kfngnfO{ Ps cfs{ifs Aoj;fosf] ?kdf lnOPsf] kfO{G5 . tyflk, s[ifsx? nufot dT:o k|fljlwsx?nfO{ df5f Aoj;fosf nfuL s[lif ljsf; a}+saf6 s;/L nufgL / shf{ k|jfx ul/G5 eGg] lh1f;f x'g ;S5 . t;y{, o; cfn]vdf df5f kfng Joj;fodf s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f nufgL gLlt tyf k|lqmof af/] 5f]6s/Ldf j0{fg ug]{ sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5 . != kl/ro df5f kfng k|ljlwsf] If]qdf lr;f] kfgLdf Aoj;flos :t/sf] dT:o Aoj;fo x'g ;Sg] k|lalwsf] z'?jft xfn;fn} dfq z'? ePsf] xf] (Gurung et al. 2006) . g]kfndf lr;f] kfgLdf dT:o kfng k|lalwsf] lasf;df dT:o cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf | uf]bfj/L / dT:o cg';Gwfg s]Gb lqz'nLsf] pNn]vgLo e'ldsf /x]sf] 5 / oL s]Gb|x?sf] o; k|lalwsf] la:tf/0fdf klg s[ifs ;dIf k|lalw k'Øfpgdf 7'nf] of]ubfg k'ØofPsf 5g (FRC 2005) . kmn:j?k of] gf}nf] k|ljlw la:tf/} s[ifs dWo k'Ub]} u/]sf] / cfly{s ;xof]usfnfuL ls;fgx? a}+s wfpg nfu]sf 5g . w}/} ls;fgnfO{ a}ssf] sf/f]af/ / df5f kfng ug{ a}ssf] s:tf] k|lsof 5 eGg] laifo af/] k|fylds hfgsf/L lbg] pb]Zo /fvL ;+If]kdf of] k|:t'tL t}of/ ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/n tl/sfaf6 shf{ pknJw u/fpg] pb]Zon] la=;+= @)@$ df s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . s[lif ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L tyf jfx\o ;|f]t u|fdL0f If]qdf shf{sf] ?kdf lat/0f ug{] o;sf] k|f/lDes k|lqmof /xL cfPsf]df xfn}sf lbgdf of] a}+s sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . o; a}+sn] zx/L If]qdf /x]sf] k"+hLnfO{ ;+sng u/L b]zsf] u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qx?df ;d]t laleGg pb]Zodf shf{ k|jfx u/L u|fdL0f hgtfsf] shf{ dfudf 6]jf k'–ofPsf] 5 . @= df5f tyf hnr/ kfng C0f s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] :yfkgfsfnb]lvg} k|fs[lts hnfzo tyf kf]v/Ldf df5f kfng Joj;fo u/L vfg] df5f tyf e'/f pTkfbg k|of]hgsf nflu C0f pknJw u/fp+|b} cfPsf] 5 . ;DefJotsf] cfwf/df df5f nufot Eofu'tf, s5'jf, u+u6f, 3+'uL, uf]xL cflb h:tf hnr/ kfngdf klg shf{ k|bfg ug{] a}]+sn] ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . #= -s_ -v_ -u_ -3_ -ª_ -r_ -5_ -h_ -em_

shf{ k|fKtLsf nflu x'g'kg{] of]Uotf x\ofr/L tyf g;{/L :yfkgf ug{] s[ifsn] df5f k|hggsf] tflnd lnPsf] jf o; ;DaGwL 1fg lzk ePsf] . k/Dk/fut?kdf df5f kfng Aoj;fo ub{} cfPsf] . df5fsf] laqmL Aoj:yf jf df5f k|zf]wg ;DaGwL cfjZos 1fg ePsf] . AolQm÷kmd{÷sDkgLn] ;DalGwt lgsfodf Aoj;fo btf{ u/L Ohfht–kq lnPsf] / lgoldt gjLs/0f u/]sf] . lghsf] k"j{ sf/f]jf/sf] /]s8{ /fd|f] /x]sf] . cfjZos lwtf] lbg ;Sg,] :jnfut nufpg ;Sg] . 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf] xsdf ;DefJotf k|ltj]bg ;lxt kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] . g]kfnL gful/s eO{ sfg"g cg';f/ shf{ kfpg of]Uo . ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfoaf6 ;DefJotf k|ltj]bg ;lxt l;kmfl/z k|fKt .

123

$= shf{ nufgL ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJo If]qx? / zLif{sx? -s_ t/fO{ Pj+ leqL dw]zM Gofgf] kfgLdf x's{g] hftsf df5fx?sf] nflu h:t}, sfk{hftsf df5fx? -rfOlgh, sdg, OG8Log, dfu'/ cflb_ -v_ kxf8L efux? M lr;f] kfgLdf x's{g] ;Dk"0f{ hftsf df5fx? h:t} 6|\fp6, zx/, sTn] df5f cflb . -u_ C0f nufgL ug{] zLif{sx? M e'/f lgsfNg] Xofr/L lgdf{0f e'/f x'sf{pg] g;{/L kf]v/L lgdf{0f vfg] df5f pTkfbg ug{] kf]v/L lgdf{0f k'/fgf] kf]v/L dd{t ug{ . tfn tn}ofdf OGNsf]h/÷s]h /fvL df5f kfng ug{ . wfg v]tLdf df5f kfng ug{ . k'/fgf] kf]v/L, tfn tn}of 7]Ssfdf lnO{ df5f kfng ug{ . bfgf jgfpg] ldS;\r/, k]n]6 d]lzg v/Lb ug{ . 9'jfgL ;fwg v/Lb ug{ . ld6 8«fo/ d]lzg v/Lb ug{ . df5f vl/b laqmL ug{ . g;{/L kf]v/L jf Xofr/Lsf nflu af]l/Ë kDk;]6 h8fg ug{ . %=

k]z ug{'kg{] cfjZos sfuhftx? M -s_ lwtf] lbg] hUufsf] nfnk"hf{, lt/f] lt/]sf] /l;b, gfkL gS;f, shf{ dfu ug{]sf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnkL / @ k|lt kmf]6f] . -v_ shf{ dfu ug{] kmd{÷sDkgL ePdf btf{ k|df0f–kq, s/ btf{ k|df0f–kq, k|jGwkq tyf lgodfjnL / ;+rfnsx?sf] laa/0f . -u_ v/Lb ug{] ldn d]lzg/Lsf] sf]6]zg . -3_ lgdf{0f ul/g] 3/, 6x/f / kf]v/Lsf] gS;f tyf nfut cg'dfg . -ª_ tf]lsPsf] ;LdfeGbf dfly shf{ dfu ePdf ;DefJotf cWoog ;lxtsf] kl/of]hgf k|:tfj . -r_ ;DalGwt lgsfosf] k|fljlws ;DefJotf ;DaGwL l;kmfl/z . -5_ dGh'/Lgfdf lbg] JolQmsf] hUuf ;DaGwL sfuhft / gful/stf k|df0fkq . -h_ zfvf ;"rgf tyf cGo cfjZos sfuhftx? -cl86 l/kf]6{, k|fljlws l;kmfl/z_ -em_ tfn tn}of 7]Ssfdf lnO{ df5f kfng ug{] eP ;+rfng k"+hLsf nflu cflwsfl/s 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] sfuhft k]z ug{] .

^=

lwtf] ;DaGwL Joj:yf -s_ C0fLsf] 3/hUuf tyf kl/of]hgf lwtf] lnO{g] . -v_ C0fLsf] lwtf]n] gk'Ug] ePdf %) k|ltzt ;Dd dGh'/Lgfdsf] lwtf] lng] . -v_ kl/of]hgf :yn C0fLsf] g} x'g'kg{] / lwtf] /fVg' kg{] . -u_ sDkgL ;+rfnsn] JolQmut hdfgt lbg'kg{] . -3_ ;/sf/ jf /fi6« a}+ssf] C0f kq, 6|\]h/L ljn tyf hdfgt klg lwtf]sf] ?kdf lng ;lsg] . -ª_ lbO{g] lwtf] a]+}s lgodfg';f/ d"Nof+sg u/L dflh{g / x|f;s6[L u/L lwtf]sf] d"No sfod ul/g] . -r_ lwtf] lbg] 3/, 6x/f, ldn d]lzg/L / lgdf{0f ePsf ;+/rgfsf] aLdf ug{'kg{] . -5_ Ps 3/ kl/jf/ jfx]s j]lhNnfsf] dGh'/Lgfdfsf] lwtf] @% k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g gx'g] .

&=

shf{ :jLs[t Pj+ k|bfg k|lqmof -s_ cfjZos sfuhft hf+r ug{] . -v_ nufgL k"j{ lg/LIf0f / lwtf] d"Nof+sg . -u_ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj cWoog / laZn]if0f .

124

-3_ kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL k|fljlws laa/0f / laQLo ;"rsf+s ;sf/fTds b]lvP shf{ ;ldltdf k]z / s"n nfutsf] *) k|ltzt ;Dd shf{ :jLs[t . -ª_ lwtf] /f]Ssf÷b[li6jGws tyf td;'s u/fO{g] . -r_ ;Ssn sfuhft /flvg] . -5_ lgodfg';f/sf] ;]jf z'Ns, k|ltj4tf z'Ns / u|f=;'=sf]if bflvnf u/fpg] . -h_ kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ :jLs[t shf{ Ps}k6s jf ls:tf ls:tfdf pknJw u/fO{g] . -em_ Ps ls:tfsf] ;b'kof]lutf lg/LIf0f u/L bf];|f] ls:tf k|bfg ul/g] . *=

C0fLn] k'/f ug{'kg{] zt{x? -s_ k|bfg ul/Psf] shf{ ;f]xL p2]Zodf vr{ u/L k"0f{ ;b'kof]u ug{'kg{] . -v_ kl/of]hgfdf u|fxsn] @)–#) k|ltzt;Dd slDtdf klg :jnfut nufpg' kg{] . -u_ kl/of]hgfnfO{ lgoldt ?kn] k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;+rfng ug{'kg{] . -3_ dfl;s ?kdf Jofh / aflif{s ;f+jf ls:tf a'emfpg' kg{] .

(= C0f e'QmfgL cjlw a}+sn] df5f kfng Joj;fosf] nflu l:y/ Pj+ ;+rfng k"+hLdf C0f nufgL ug{] x'+bf ;f] e'QmfgL cjlw / u|]; lkl/o8 lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 . -s_ l:y/ shf{sf] nflu ^ dlxgfb]lv ! aif{;Ddsf] u|]; cjlw ;lxt % aif{;Dd C0f e'QmfgL cjlw lbO{g] 5 . -v_ ;+rfng k"+hL shf{ ! aif{ leq r'Qmf ug{] jf Jofh r'Qmf u/L gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . !)= Jofhb/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf -s_ df5f kfng Joj;fosf nflu !@ k|ltzt ;fwf/0f Jofhb/ tf]lsPsf] 5 / ahf/sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ k]m/jbn x'g] ub{5 . -v_ dfl;s ?kdf Jofh / efvf gg3fO{ ;f+jf ls:tf a'emfp+b} cfPsf s[ifsnfO{ Ps aif{ kl5 c;n u|fxs kl/ro kq -lu|g sf8{_ lbO{ )=@% k|ltztaf6 z'? u/L !=% k|ltzt;Dd Jofhb/ sd ul/g] 5 . -u_ dfl;s Jofh ga'emfPdf dWod Jofh b/ / ;f+jf ls:tfsf] ;d]t efvf g3fPdf pRr Jofhb/ lnO{g] 5 . -3_ u|fsx?n] u|fxs ;'[/If0f sf]ifdf /fv]sf] /sddf ^ k|ltzt Jofh lbOg] 5 . !!= laz]if ;'lawfx? -s_ lu|gsf8{ k|fKt u|fxsnfO{ lwtf]sf] dflh{g @) k|ltztsf] ;6[f !) k|ltzt dfq /flvg] . -v_ lu|gsf8{ k|fKt JolQmnfO{ s"n shf{sf] @) k|ltzt jf ?= %–!) nfv;Dd h'g sd x'G5 Tolt a/fj/sf] /sd e}k/L shf{ lbO{g] . -u_ ;+rfng k"+hLnfO{ nfO{g ckm s|]l86df lbg ;lsg] . -3_ lu|gsf8{ xf]N8/nfO{ ;do–;dodf k'/:s[t ug{] . cfef/ of] sfo{kq n]Vg k|]l/tug'{ ePsf dT:o cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws / ls;fgx?nfO{ cfef/ AoSt ug{ rfxfG5' . ;fy}, 6«fp6 df5f ;DalGw sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf cfof]hsdf wGoafb 1fkg ub{5' . ;Gbe{ u|Gyx? FRC (2005) Annual Technical Report. Published by Trishuli Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli, Nuwakot Gurung, T. B, S. R. Basnet & Lamsal G. P (2006) Rainbow trout farming in hill terrace of Nuwakot, Nepal. Aquaculture Asia Magazine. April-June. pp.17-18.

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Recipes for Dish Preparation of Rainbow trout in Nepal Bharati Moktan Proprietor Fall and Trout Fish Farm, Kakani, Nuwakot Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper deals with recipes for dish preparation of rainbow trout. Recipe of 5 dishes have been presented namely, trout curry, grilled trout, steamed trout, deep fried trout, and shashimi of trout, according to the local taste and food tradition but keeping the original taste of trout. 1. Introduction Nepal is rich in tradition of varieties of food preparation in various occasions, as the country is rich in culture, tradition, religion, and ethnicity. It is known that climate, altitude, cleanness, and many other factors may add flavor to food due to several reasons in high hills. One can only speculate that some special minerals may add special flavor in the food. Cultivation of fish is an art (Bardach et al. 1972), but more importantly, the preparation of dishes out of trout in special occasions is also the most significant part of the story. Here, my aim is to present recipes of trout cultivated in high mountains water received from glacier and springs in Nepal. The recipes for special dishes out of trout are presented. The recipes of the dish are: i. Trout curry ii. Grilled trout iii. Steamed trout iv. Deep fried trout v. Shashimi of trout i. Trout Curry The curry in general is one of the favorite dishes for Nepali consumers (Fig 1). Since, Nepalese are also one of the best consumers of rice products, therefore, the way we consume the steam rice, preparation of dish with rich in gravy along with various spices had been always a favorite dish for most of us. Here, a method is described how trout curry full of gravy with Nepali spices should be prepared. Please try as follows: Required Ingredients Trout fish - 600 gm Onion – 250 gm Tomato – 250 gm Garlic paste – 1 tea sp Ginger paste – ½ tea sp Turmeric power ¼ tea sp Coriander leaves – chopped 2 tea sp Salt – according to your taste Chilly power -1/2 tea sp Cumin power – ½ tea sp

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Fig 1. Trout curry Procedure Cut the fish into three pieces. Heat the oil in a wok or deep frying pan. Let the smoke come in. Put the fish until it is brown. Now chain it out. Heat 5 tab sp oil put. Chopped onion, when it is brown put garlic, ginger, onion power, turmeric power salt and chilly power. Cook for a while then put chopped tomato cook until it is a thick paste. Add 1 cup hot water cook for a while put the fried fish into it garnish with coriander leaves. Curry is ready. Serve 3-4 persons. ii. Grilled trout Grilled trout could be preference for those who often does not prefer to intake much oil in the trout (Fig 2). One can avoid oil using the grilled trout. Here, a recipe for preparation of grilled trout is summarized as, please give a try: Required Ingredients Trout fish – 600 gm Tomato paste 4 tab sp Garlic paste 1 tea sp Soya sauce ½ tea sp Salt ½ tea sp Sauce Kikkomen – 2 tab sp Ginger paste 1 tea sp Garlic paste – 1 tea sp 2 chopped – green chilly mix together

Fig 2. Gilled trout

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Procedure Clean the fish with head & tail intact with sharp pointed knife cut inside vertically from head to tail so that the fish should be flat from both sides mix garlic paste, tomato, salt, soya sauce in a in a swallow bowl rub the fish inside and outside with the mixture and keep aside for 125 min. Place the fish on a hinged double racked holder which makes turning the fish easier cook slowly about 6 in above the heat turn the fish frequently for 10-12 min until the fish is cooked. Garnish with challots and coriander leaves. Serve 2-3 persons. ii. Steamed trout The steamed trout could also be good for those wishing to avoid much oil (Fig 3). This is one of such preparation where most of the natural ingredients and taste of trout remain intact in this dish. Pleas try, this is simple, Trout fish – 600 gm Tomato paste - 4 tab sp Garlic paste - 1 tea sp Soya sauce - ½ tea sp Lemon juice - ½ tea sp Salt - according to your taste Dipping sauce Garlic paste – ½ sp Ginger paste – ½ tea sp 1 chopped chilly 1 tab sp – Kikkoman sauce Wash the fish and pat it dry using sharp knife make 3 or 4 slightly diagonal slits across 1 ½ inches apart. Across the both sides of the fish mix all the above mengredients in swallow bowl working the mixture well into the slits and inside the stomach for 20-30 minutes. Warp in an aluminum toil or keep in a plate the water to boil. Boil water in a steamer place the fish in a steamer and cover the fish cook for 15- 20 min if the fish is white it ready to serve. To prepare sauce mix all the above ingredients sauce in prepare for dipping. ii. Deep fried trout For those who love oily stuff with crunchy taste of trout deep fried dish could be recommended (Fig 5). This preparation can be served at parties, home and special festivals to friends, family members, especially to young members. Please try this. Trout fish – 600 gm Lemon juice - ½ tea sp Salt - according to your taste Oil - 500 ml. Procedure Cut the fish into three pieces. Mix it in lemon juice. Add some salt. Heat the oil in a deep frying pan. Let the smoke come in. Put the fish until it is brown.

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ii. Trout Shashimi A healthy food for all ages, however someone may need to cultivate the taste of shashimi (Fig 6). This dish is very popular in Japan, China, Thailand, Korea, USA and; perhaps all over the over. One may find all natural ingredient of trout intact becuase this dish does not pass through any cooking process. One may need fresh live fish from very clean and cold water sources for preparation of this dish. Procedure: Trout fish – 600 gm Sashimi soya sauce – 1 tab sp Wasabi paste - 1 tan sp, available in Japanese shop Akey Cut head and tail fish make fillet with sharp knife. Mix soya sauce and wasabi paste. Deep fried with kokkom on sauce.

Fig 6: Shashimi of trout

Acknowledgement Thanks to all staffs of Fisheries Research Division and Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli. Mr. Gopal Lamsal kindly took the still photographs for the dishes. Mrs. Neeta Pradhan kindly translated the transcript into the English. Thanks to Mr. Sadhu Ram Basnet, Chief of Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli for his generous supports. Reference Bardach J. E, Ryther J. H & McLarney W.O (1972) General principle and economics. In : Aquaculture, The farming of freshwater and marine organisms. Willey Inter Science, A division of John Willey and Sons. Pp. 1-28

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Best Management Practices (BMP) for aquaculture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal Surendra Prasad, Jay Dev Bista & Suresh Kumar Wagle Fisheries Research Station, Pokhara E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Best Management Practices (BMP) is employed to achieve possible higher production of fish without impairing biodiversity and environment. Aquaculture of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) is gradually emerging in Nepal. Trout cultivation, in general, is an intensive type of farming system which requires more input compared to other aquaculture practices Being water intensive and feed based culture system, trout farming require better management practices. Trout is a carnivore fish; thus, trout might be harmful if released into open water. The strategic plan for improvement of aquaculture practices and regulatory measures for responsible and sustainable development of aquaculture system have been discussed. Social and environmental issues associated with expansion and commercialization of trout industry and their mitigating measures have also been suggested. Key words: Best management practices, code of conduct, resources, trout cultivation 1. Introduction Farming of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Nepal has relatively short history. It is introduced from Miyazaki prefecture of Japan in 1988 (Rai et al. 2002). After its introduction and adaptive research works in Nepal, gradually the farming technology is disseminating among private farmers in hill and mountains of Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts, Nepal. Existing trout production operations in Nepal indicate that trout farming is viable and has tremendous potential to produce high quality fish products for domestic and export markets. It is hoped that trout aquaculture will continue to expand rapidly. Currently its demand is increasing for commercial culture. Increased profitability from existing trout farm are the biggest factors driving the demand for this species. However, farm operators are cautioned against the excitement it has, because aquaculture is unlikely to sustain itself based on economic viability alone but will need to ensure social and environmental sustainability as well (Kutty 1997). At present world aquaculture community is increasingly confronted with environmental issues such as environmental degradation resulting from irresponsible practices (Barg et al. 1997) by some entrepreneurs engaged in culture of various species which may bring risk to the whole sector into dispute. Several aquaculture organizations in many countries have formulated “code of practice” based on FAO “code of conduct” (FAO 1995) for mitigating negative environmental and social impacts in commercial oriented intensive farming. In Nepal also it is crucial that trout farming, being a feed based intensive system takes note of such controversies and potential repercussion, if it is going to meet its scaling-up goals. Trout culture is intensive type of farming require more input resources compared to other species for survival and growth. The feasibility of achieving required production naturally depends on a number of factors including seed, feed, health management and environmental consideration. Potential success in trout production requires better governance and significant improvements in the management practices. Therefore, it is necessary to have strategic plan to address technical, social and environmental constraints. They include the availability of high quality seed at an affordable price, good quality low-cost feeds, control of disease, and efficient use of water resources. At the same time regulatory measures or “code of practice” is prerequisite for responsible practices of trout aquaculture with a view to ensuring the production of trout in profitable and sustainable way. This paper reviews present status and provides concept and guidelines to manage and promote trout scaling-up program in the country based on available research findings and experience. 130

1. Aspects of best management practices In order to achieve the goal of scaling-up program of trout it is quite necessary to focus on improving existing technology or developing new ones for increased and sustaining production. It is generally accepted that better farm management can increase production from aquaculture operations. However, use of improved breeds of fish can make further significant improvements in production. To date, most effort in trout culture has been directed towards improving diets, water quality management and to lesser extent health management. As important as they are, strategy to increase genetic potential of the population is scarce. Trout farm in Nepal maintaining old populations, possible degradation of parent stock than their wild cousin can not be ignored because no progress has been made in improving the breeds until quite recently. Thus, research should undertake for the genetic improvement of present stock and reduce inbreeding. Genetic improvement by selective breeding, cross breeding and application of other genetic technology (Mair & Beardmore 1999) such as use of cryopreserved sperm of fish from selected sources to avoid inbreeding and use of monosex (female) population may help increases the production. Production of fish seed from pure line breed can only assure quality fish seed. One of the regulations of hatchery management should be to incorporate basic genetic and breeding concept into routine hatchery management in order to maximize the biological potential of fish. 1.1 Assurance of seed supply In fact lack of seed has been a problem constituting a serious restriction to scaling-up of trout farming. Early efforts focused on public sector production and distribution of seed. However seed production of Government farm rarely meets demand. Current projections of supply and demand to the incoming year indicate that gap between supply and demand will continue to widen, if trout farming continues to progress in future which is inevitable. Government should try to promote establishment of trout hatchery for the assurance of sufficient and consistent supply of fry before recommending new establishment of private farm for sustaining growth of trout industry. Although seed supply will be met by establishing trout hatchery in private sector, there is no standardization of seed quality and seed certification of trout seed and other fish species as it is practices in many agricultural commodities. This is often detrimental to production. It is essential that protocols for certification of seed be developed and implemented for marketing of product and increase consumer confidence. 1.2 Feeding and nutrition Fish feed is a significant factor in increasing the productivity and profitability of trout aquaculture. At present, the cost of production is high (Gurung et al. 2006) mainly due to high cost of feed. It is a major factor limiting the development of trout and is likely to remain so in the near future. Therefore, nutrition research, that helps to reduce the cost of feeds without reducing their efficacy, will be crucial for the successful development and scaling-up of trout. At present fish meal is one of the major components of trout feed formulation. However, there is wide spread concern over the increasing use of fish meal in aquaculture sectors (Naylor et al. 2000). A move towards the use of upgraded vegetable protein (e.g. soybean. oil cakes, etc.), as a partial replacement of fish meal would help to reduce cost of production. Balanced formulation, good storage, quality and consistency of fish diets improve nutrition. Probiotics are now gaining acceptance for the control of pathogens in aquaculture (Green & Green 2003). Hence, feed formulation with use of probiotics, consideration of immunological parameters in nutritional studies for increased immunocompetence and disease resistance would further benefit. Since feed is the biggest source of nutrient loading in trout production, regulation is necessary for feed waste and nutrient discharge. Development of feed which are more palatable and digestible are much effective and give rise to much lower level of effluent, most notably suspended solids, BOD, phosphate and ammonia (Boyd & Tucker 1999). Although some local effects due to discharge are inevitable, this should be minimized by discharge control and advances in husbandry.

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1.3 Fish diseases prevention Disease plays a key role in sustaining aquaculture. Most of the disease in trout culture reported from Nepal belongs to parasite, fungal and bacterial among infectious, and few nutritional disease in noninfectious group (Gurung & Basnet 2003). Viral disease has not been reported till now, however, its presence can not be overlooked. Although the reported disease is no longer causing major losses in the past, the threat that these disease pose is sufficient to warrant continuous attention. Farmers are not prepared for disease problem and practices ‘crisis management” of disease control. In comparison to veterinary medicine, the diagnosis of disease problems among fish in Nepal is relatively in infancy stage. The eventual findings of causative agents are not always very definitive; moreover, there is lack of technique to identify the viral infection. It is evident that viral disease such as infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) (Andy 1993) cause large scale mortalities in fry and fingerlings of trout in many countries. This indicates the need for special attention to work with viral disease. The main strategy of disease problems should be to reduce the level of risk and accelerate the trout farming by good health management which includes water quality management, nutrition and sanitation. However, in case disease problem occurs, timely action is essence of success in controlling epidemics of mortality through improving diagnostic methods, safe therapeutants and effective disease control methodologies. Research strategy should also focus on development of resistant variety. Disease and health guidelines are important for better survival rate in hatchery and growth of fish in rearing ponds. Government should develop site specific protocols in this area in association with concerned stakeholders. Policy requires on that all groups of fish pass a certified inspection for bacterial, viral infection and parasites prior to sale or release for stocking. Code of practice for maximum acceptable levels of infection and parasites in the hatchery populations need to be established. Improper use of antibiotics and chemicals can have adverse effects on health of consumers and environment. It is essential that drugs used should be categorized into safe and harmful group and regulation should be enforcing to minimize or control the use of harmful chemicals and antibiotics. 1.4 Diversity in production system Currently, cemented raceways are the dominant production system for trout cultivation in Nepal. A major portion of public sector research and development effort has been directed towards increasing the productivity from raceway culture. It may provide limit opportunity for expansion as these involve high investment cost. Strategy is necessary to develop technology for a wide variety of production system. Research and development should be geared towards improving and understanding other production system such as cages, ponds, tanks etc. at various level of intensity as practiced in many other countries, which would help achieve national goal. 1.5 Ensuring safety of the environment Environmental consideration is most concerned issue worldwide for sustainable aquaculture. Hence, technique for reducing adverse environmental impacts and enhancing sustainability is needed to be applied throughout the industry. Any sort of development project activities have environmental impacts, both within and outside the project area. Aquaculture, if not properly planned and managed, can affect the environment through pollution from effluents and chemicals. The best strategy for this problem is to reduce the amount of waste water generated from every activity as much as possible. Water exchange is high in trout culture and their discharge contains nutrients, organic matter and suspended solids that can be sources of pollution in receiving waters. Feed is the biggest source of nutrient loading in trout production. Moreover, therapeutants misuse should not be overlooked. It is necessary to ensure that environment is not affected due to lack of proper planning and safeguard. Water quality standard for waste water from operating farm should be standardized. In some countries aquaculture is regulated as to maximum allowable concentration of BOD level 10mg/L

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from effluent discharge (Boyd & Tucker 1999). Regulation of best management practices (BMP’s) instead of relying upon water quality standard (Schwartz & Boyd 1996) is also more effective to prevent discharge or assure that effluent do not cause pollution or other environmental damage. Development of technology of better management practices such as chary stocking and feeding rates, use of better feed and feeding practices would be beneficial to improve effluent quality. Enforcement of provision of passing the discharge water through settling ponds, waste water treatment, operate farm on close system, use of bio filter etc would also help to minimize pollution. These systems may be used to comply with local legislation. 1.6 Maintaining biodiversity Detrimental environmental impacts have not yet been reported as a result of trout introduction in Nepal (Gurung & Basnet 2003). Since trout needs specific habitat to spawn so there is less chance of trout to breed in natural water of Nepal. However, negative impact of predation (Shetty et al. 1989) by escapee trout from farms on potential endemic species such as Asala (Schizothorax sp.), can not be ignored. Hence, policy is vital for the possible loss of biodiversity as a result of accidental escape from aquaculture would likewise a major issue. Regulatory measure to prevent escape of trout in natural water should be enforcing as precautionary measure. 1.7 Social aspect and minimization of resource use conflict It is more difficult to evaluate the claims of social conflicts between aquaculture industry and local inhabitants. These conflicts can be avoided by more careful planning and better management in favor of social benefit for the future benefit to themselves and society as a whole. Resource use conflict is common to any kind of development including aquaculture that may be perceived to impact on others. Development of aquaculture has to compete for primary resources such as land and water on equal basis with all other stakeholder (De Silva 2001). Trout require plentiful water which is generally extracted from natural water used for various purposes. Human population is tending to rise over time. Societal demand for land and water would be expected to increase. Therefore, policy is necessary to assure that aquaculture development does not compromise the livelihood of and access to resources by local communities. Strategy to give preference and involvement of local community in different aquaculture activities would contribute building up an attractive image of proposed project by providing opportunities of employment, poverty alleviation and food security. Regular dialogue among all vested interests, and greater readiness on the part of farm operator to react quickly particularly in situation of adverse and unpredictable changes would be more effective. The move to co-management increases the likelihood of such progress. Awareness program, transparency in decision making, regulation of prior approval from local authority and local community can greatly influence the attitude of neighborhood community to the proposed farming and their future cooperation. A system approach would be useful to analyze and develop the solutions required for more sustainable use of primary resources. At the same time there must be effective enforcement of existing legal and administrative frameworks to protect the water resources to be degraded due to deforestation, sedimentation and chemical use which are issue of resource use conflict. 1.8 Food Safety There is currently widespread concern about food safety and this is a legal requirement in some countries (Pillay 1993). Food hygiene and safety standard strategy is required to maintain product quality acceptable to the world market. International standards, guidelines and recommendations are to be taken as reference to establish a sanitary protection. It is necessary to increase knowledge and sense of responsibility among farmers regarding food safety to gain consumer confidence. Regulation is necessary for improved management, prudent use of drugs and chemical. All the chemicals and drugs used should be regulated by registering from an authorized institution prior to distribute as it is regulated for human beings. Certification scheme of product be promoted for maximum allowable concentration of particular drugs.

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1.9 Market and trade Current trout production and demand suggest that there is a high market demand for trout which support scaling-up program. Opportunity for expansion of trout farm is enormous in hill and mountain region, because much of suitable water resources of area are untapped at present time. However, research is required to study market demand and supply, with projection for the future, and how farmers should target consumer group for the future success of trout industry. Opportunity for expansion based on existing market may be limited. Plan and strategy is essential to establish wholesale market and export center to keep pace with increasing production of trout in future. Nepal is now a member of world trade organization (WTO). Therefore, technology to produce trout at competitive price, adding value to processed trout and regulation to maintain product quality and sanitary standards acceptable to world market is inevitable. Generally trout are supplied to market either fresh or frozen. Food safety and sanitary standard should be maintained beginning from the fish harvested until delivered to consumers. Regulation is very vital to ensure the food safety of trout through particular care before and during harvesting, onsite processing, and value addition of product, proper storage and transport of the products before dispatch. 1.10 Policy support Conducive policy atmosphere is essential to expand and sustain trout aquaculture. There is need to set up a core center to provide technical support and assist investors, as part of its aggressive approaches to develop trout aquaculture and related business. National fisheries plan has already been made to develop aquaculture including trout aquaculture but due to poor strategies and lack of allocation of adequate resources such as technical and financial support, these policies actually do not benefit the farmers in field condition. It is important that these policies be properly implemented. The government should increase investment to update technology and to promote adoption of technology. The existing aquatic animal protection act is mainly intended to natural waters and do not normally address aquaculture. It should be amended or draft new regulation to address concern of possible environmental impact occurred by intensification of aquaculture systems. Currently trout farmers have fragmented production units. Policy is required to promote for collective production and marketing in pocket area to ensure that inputs transportation and delivery of harvested fish to markets at a cheaper price. It is also necessary to encourage farmers for formation of producer group or associations. Successful story of association of fisher group for management and production of fish from Lakes of Pokhara Valley suggest that associations are beneficial for the collective procurement of inputs and marketing of products. The development of human resources should form part of any national aquaculture development plan (Pillay 1993). Considering increasing demand of trout farming in Nepal, human resources are meager to sustained development of trout aquaculture. Hence, priority should be given to increase researcher capabilities and technical personnel’s in the field of genetic improvement, feed technology and feed management, minimization of waste production, water recirculation technology, health management and food safety of product etc. Sometimes site specific protocols are required to overcome disease and day to day problems. Therefore, strategy to train farmers to tackle problems and work seriously around disease by monitoring the health status of fish as part of farm management is warranted. Conclusion Trout culture is intensive type of farming which might confronted with environmental issues unless responsible way of culture technique is practiced. Potential success in trout production requires better governance and significant improvements in technology and the management practices. Improvement in genetic quality of brood stock for quality seed production, improved feed technology and feed 134

management, reliable diagnosis and effective disease control programs, and maintaining hygiene and sanitation of harvested product have led to increases in production efficiencies. Farmers should encourage adopting code of practice for mitigating negative environmental and social impacts. Conducive policy, strong efforts in human resource development to increase researcher capabilities and education program for technical personnel’s as well as farmers are equally important. Acknowledgement We extend our sincere thanks to all of our staffs at Fisheries Research Station, Pokhara for their cooperation during the preparation of this paper. Thanks to Japan International Cooperative Agency for their cooperation and support. References Andy H (1993) The veterinary approach to trout. In: Rydia Brown, ed. Aquaculture for Veterinarians: Fish Husbandry and Medicine. Pergamon Press Ltd. Oxford. pp.230. Barg, U.C., D.M. Bartley, A.G. Tacon & Welcomme R. L (1997) Aquaculture and its environment: A case for collaboration. In D. A. Hancock, D.C. Smith, A. Grant and J.P. Beumer eds. Developing and sustaining world fisheries resources: The state of science and management. 2nd world Fish. Congress. CSIRO Publishing, Australia. pp. 462-470. Boyd C. E & Tucker C. S (1999) Aquaculture Water Quality Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. pp.541-575. De Silva S. S (2001) Human resources development for sustainable aquaculture in the new millennium. In: R.P. Subasinghe, P.B. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. Mc Gladdery and J.R. Arthur eds. Technical proceedings of the conference on aquaculture in the third millennium. NACA/FAO. pp.43-48. FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Rome, FAO, pp.48. Green A & Green M (2003) Probiotics in Asian shrimp aquaculture. Asian Aquaculture Magazine. March/April. pp. 28-29. Gurung T. B, S. R. Basnet & G. P. Lamsal (2006) Rainbow trout farming in hill terrace of Nuwakot, Nepal. Aquaculture Asia Magazine. April-June. pp.17-18. Gurung, T. B & S R. Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal: constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia. Oct-Dec Vol. VIII No. 4 Kutty M. N (1997) What ails aquaculture? Aquaculture Asia. 2:8-11 Mair G. C & Beardmore J. A. (1999) Aquaculture genetics in development. AARM Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 4. Pillay T. V.R (1993) Aquaculture :Principles and Practices. University Press. Cambridge. pp.12-22. Naylor R. L, R. J. Goldburg, H. Mooney, M. Beveridge, J. Clay, C. Folke, N. Kautsky, J. Lubchenco, J. Primavera & Williams M.. (2000) Nature’s subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming. Science 282: 883-884 Shetty H. P. C, M. C. Nandeesha & Jhingaran A. G (1989) Impact of exotic aquatic species in Indian waters. In: S.S. DeSilva ed. Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc., Special Publication No. 3. pp. 45-55. Rai, A.K., S.R. Basnet, A.P. Nepal, R.M. Mulmi & Roy N. K (2002) Potential of Asla and Trout for economic enhancement of the people in the hilly region of Nepal. Proceeding of International seminar on mountains-Kathmandu. March 6-8. pp. 441-446. Schwartz M. F & C.E. Boyd (1996) Suggested management to improve quality and quantity of channel catfish pond effluents. Leaflet 108, Auburn University, AL.

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Extension strategies for Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture development in Nepal Dharni Man Singh, Shankar Prasad Dahal, Bikash Chand Shrestha, Rama Nath Mishra Email: [email protected]

Abstract Rainbow trout farming technology is rapidly expanding in the hills of Nepal. Recent research achievements on rainbow trout farming have demonstrated that trout, a cold water fish can be successfully cultivated in Nepalese hills and mountains. Considering its potentiality of expansion and analyzing the present network of fisheries extension network, we proposed a more dynamic and effective fisheries extension network in the country for better benefit to farmers in hills and mountains. Key words: Extension, rainbow trout, hilly district, mountains, cold water aquaculture 1. Introduction Rainbow trout farming is one of the commercial activities in temperate and tropical countries around the world (Bardach et al. 1975). Present stock of trout was introduced from Japan in 1988 (Gurung & Basnet 2003). Recent research activities indicated that rainbow trout is one of the suitable fish for commercial farming in cold waters regions of Nepal (Rana 2007a, 2007b). NARC has developed a package of practices for trout farming in mid-hills and high mountain areas. It provides employment, income generation and supplementary source of high value protein to economically deprived mountain communities. Therefore, it is high time to make a strategic plan for scaling-up and expansion of trout farming in Nepal. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the present status of fisheries extension activities and recommend the strategic framework and a working model for trout extension strategy. 2. Present status of aquaculture extension Traditional pond aquaculture practices are known to exist since 2006 B.S, but the modern aquaculture started about three decades ago in Nepal. The modality of present form of fisheries extension was adopted focusing on the development of warm water aquaculture production in Terai during Aquaculture Development Project Phase I and II around 1980’s. Thus, the present form of extension service absolutely focused on warm-water aquaculture. At present there are three t research farms (one is in the process of establishing with research and development objectives). Table 1. Existing Fisheries Extension Personnel under existing extension services

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Thus, the present extension structure actually has not been visualized to function for the extension of cold water aquaculture in the country. The present human resources working for the extension of aquaculture development is given in Table 1. From the given structure it is clear that 74.3% of total fisheries extension human resources are involved southern terai region and 23.7% in mid hills including those of working in centrally located mid hill headquarter in Kathmandu. The table also shows no presence of fisheries extension services in high hill districts despite of the fact that high potentially of cold water aquaculture development exist in mid and high hill districts. In present scenario, it is not the extension network involved in trout farming extension, however, the NARC's fisheries stations have been involved in uptake pathway and scaling up activities. Since, it has been now proved that trout farming is one of the promising aquaculture activities in the country, especially in high and mid hills, therefore, it is high time that the fisheries extension service should develop the structure so the areas under cold water regions could be addressed by the presence of fisheries extension services.

Fig 1. Existing Model of Trout Extension 3. Recommended model of trout farming extension Since Nepal has the comparative advantages over other countries for the development and expansion of cold water aquaculture (Table 1), therefore deputation of extension personnel in mid hill and high hills are highly recommendable. It is clear that the present form of extension service cannot provide substantial extension services for increase trout production in the country. Therefore reformation and addition of extension personnel will be indispensable for trout production and income generation through agriculture development in the country. To add the fisheries extension personnel in mid and high hills we recommend the deputation and linkage as shown in Fig 2. In this structure, Fisheries Development Centers in different potential regions have been envisaged. Similarly, subject matter specialist (SMS with the staffs) in potential District Agriculture Development Offices including in Agriculture Service Centers (ASC) has also been proposed (Fig 2). It is expected by such scenario cold water fisheries could be promoted in clusters or trout farming companies could exist with the support of extension services. 137

Fig 2. Proposed extension service structure to promote cold water aquaculture in Nepal 4. Strategic framework for trout extension The strategies of trout extension should be based on following themes: - Participatory Extension The extension services in the country for the development of all commodities should be participatory based on public-people-partnership. - Decentralized Service Delivery The service delivery including that of seed and other services should be decentralized. - Partnership and Complementary Approach The extension approach should be based on partnership approach and the relationship among the srakehilders should be complementary to each others. - Optimization of local resources For extension of cold water aquaculture technology strategic plan should be use local resources as much as possible for fish production. - Use of pocket approach Instead of providing services in isolation, rather pocket approach should be taken as usibg this strategy limited specialist could provide their services of expertise in clusters more efficiently. - Farmer to farmer extension An approach of farmer to farmer extension should also be taken as this would be more reliable way of extension service. - Use of Information Technology Information services should be provided through modern systems to share the information for the benefit of farmer's community. 5. Thrust of trout extension strategy Rainbow trout is considered as one of the high value product. In general, capital cost involvement is relatively higher than other agricultural commodities for trout farm establishment. Therefore, the main thrust for trout extension should be income generation, food security, equity and inclusive, value addition and ensuring quality production, commercialization and environment friendly. These aspects are considered to provide sustainable production of targeted communities in more reliably. 138

6.

Constrains for trout expansion - Inadequate awareness among local community - Inadequate seed supply and lack of quality feed factory - Late realization for its scaling-up and extension - No trout resource centers under DOA for providing support services to the farmers/entrepreneurs - Lack of trained human resource in trout extension - Inadequate infrastructures such as road, electricity, ice plant in potential areas - Financial aspects of the existing technology needs further study - Limited study on demand and supply and inadequate marketing channel - Low collateral value and very high investment

7. Conclusion and recommendation The characteristic of the trout extension services should be; - focused on potential areas - Holistic and integrated approach - Encouraging better cooperation amongst stakeholders - Facilitating the use of local resources - Public sector should play a facilitator’s role - Mass awareness program for local NGOs, CBOs, VDCs, DDCs, political organizations and participatory extension approach through these organizations - Inventory preparation for feasible trout farming sites/locations, categorization of natural resource rich areas and resource poor areas and provide extension services accordingly - Incentives, soft loans and tax assumption on capital investment for establishing trout hatcheries/nurseries - Project approach - Integrated approach e.g. with hydropower - Provision of seeking external financial resources - Competitive grant system for trout extension services - Capacity building and human resource development - Upgrading existing DOFD into warm-water and cold-water two directorates - The strategy should open opportunities for the inclusion of retired exports, experienced farmers, researcher and village resource persons Acknowledgement We extend our sincere thanks to all of our staffs for providing support and advices for the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks are also to support provided by Mr. Mukund Bahadur Thapa for secretarial services and his numerous other supports. Reference Bardach J. H, W. O. Ryther & McLarney W.O (1972) Commercial culture of freshwater salmonids, genera Salmo, Thymallus, and Hucho. In: The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. John Willey and Sons. pp. 397-449 Rana C (2007a) Rainbow trout: an agricultural breakthrough. The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 97-99. www.readtheboss.com Rana C (2007b) No, fishy business! The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 76-77. www.readtheboss.com Gurung T. B & S. R. Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal: constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia 8 (4):16-18

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Constraints and potentialities on scaling-up of Rainbow trout farming practices in mid and high hills of Nepal: Farmers Perspective Aditya Raj Khanal & Resham Gautam Local Initiatives for Biodiversity Research and Development, Pokhara, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract Rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) farming practice is expected to have high potentiality to be scaled up in mid hills and mountainous region of Nepal. Despite of its potentiality, the farming is restricted only to a very few farmers of Nuwakot district. Successful trout farming demands high skill, expertise and specific managerial requirements which might pose problems to find out appropriate site for trout farming. It might be the reason that some of the trout farmers have perceived trout farming as one of high skill work. To examine how the associated farmers have perceived the trout farming activities in present socio-economic perspectives a schedule interview in Nuwakot district was performed. High demand of trout with the lucrative market price makes the trout farming a viable enterprise in the mountains and hills of Nepal. Possibility to utilize abundant sloppy land, natural spring water, link with hotel business and agro tourism were the potentialities realized for rapid scaling up of trout farming in the country. Difficulties in availability of fish fry, technical aspects of farming, high starting and production costs, difficulties in availability of feed were considered the major constrains for scaling up of trout farming technology at farmers’ level. Farmers mostly prefer easier provision of financial support with low interest rate and appropriate valuation of their trout farming lands for loan sanctioning. Intensive technical trainings for starter farmers, effective mechanism for availability of fry fish and group approach in feed management are some recommendations of farmers on scaling up of rainbow trout farming to the similar areas within the country. Key words: farmer's perspective, rainbow trout farming, shortage of seed, sloppy land, high cost 1. Introduction Nepal is well known for ample rivers, streams and lakes where different types of aquaculture enterprises could be initiated or established. Fish farming could be an important source of income generating activities for farmers residing in those areas where water resources are abundant. The southern plain known as Terai is the main area for warm water pond fish farming, where carps are produced commercially. In mid and high hill area where cold water is abundant fish farming with cold water fish seems to be highly potential. Initiative in fish farming activities could be enhanced in the mid and high hills by providing required technical skills, identifying suitable fish species to their environment and enhancing their management capacity. This would not only improve the economic status of farmers but would also commercialize the cold water fish farming in the mid and high hills. Rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) is a high value exotic cold water fish. It prefers clean, cold and high oxygen water for its growth and survival (Gurung & Basnet 2003). On-farm testing of rainbow trout at individual farmers’ own management conditions and its economic analysis indicates that trout farming is technically feasible and profitable in places where suitable agro ecological conditions prevail (FRD 2005, Rana 2007a, 2007b). Various studies carried out by Fisheries Research Centre (FRC), Trisuli and Fisheries Research Division (FRD) Godawari revealed that trout farming can be managed by farmers in raceway ponds (Gauchan et al. 2007; Gurung & Basnet 2003, Nepal et.al. 2002, Rai et al. 2005) Trout is popular among consumers for its taste. This preference might be due to high quality flesh of trout. The commercial cultivation of rainbow trout was started as early as 1853 in United States (Bardach et al. 1972). Moreover, farmers prefer trout because of its higher demand, good price and sufficient market. Though the trout farming has tremendous potential in terms of market, price and higher consumer demand, this farming still posses some constraints. There are inadequate research 140

and studies regarding the constraints of farmers’ managed trout farming in the mid and high hills of Nepal. These constraints on farmer managed trout farming could best be assessed by farmers who have initiated trout farming. Root problems and constraints assessed by the farmers themselves, the potentials of trout farming in their area and recommendations suggested by them could guide the national strategic directions and planning on scaling up of rainbow trout farming. Therefore, this study was carried out with following objectives: To assess the potentials and constraints of trout farming at farmers’ level in Nepal and provide guideline for the national strategic directions on scaling up of rainbow trout farming in mid and high hills of Nepal. 2. Materials and Methods Farmers of Nuwakot district have been involved in the rainbow trout farming. Perception on potentialities and constrains of rainbow trout farming was taken from individual trout growing farmers of Nuwakot district of Nepal through interview method. Study covered those farmers who are growing trout for several years and the farmers who have just started construction of raceway pond for trout farming. Six out of seven trout growing farmers of Nuwakot district were individually interviewed and their farms were observed. Present context of trout farming basically on feed, technical, marketing and managerial aspects on the area was assessed and observed. Recommendations from farmers to scale up trout farming to the other similar areas of Nepal were also collected. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1 General scenario of rainbow trout farming in Nuwakot District Rainbow trout was introduced to the farmers of Nuwakot by Fisheries Research Centre, Trishuli in 1998 (FRC 2006). Mr. Purna B. Lama, a farmer resident of Nuwakot district, was the first person to initiate trout farming at farmers’ level in the area. He started farming since 1998 with 400 fingerlings and at present he has raceway ponds of around 40,000 fingerlings capacity. In Nuwakot, seven farmers are raising trout on their private farm at present and two farmers have just started construction of pond for farming. Trend shows that trout farming has increased both in terms of area and household. Most of the established trout growers have their own restaurant where various dishes of trout are available for sale. Trout hatchery has just started at farmers’ level under supervision and technical suggestion from Fisheries Research Division (FRD), Godavari and Fisheries Research Centre (FRC), Trishuli of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). Natural spring water tapped from the forest area is the main source of water for raceway ponds which is constructed on sloping lands where trout is farmed. 3.2 Farmers’ preferred model Farmers prefer to have an integrated farm for trout farming. Preferred model includes spring water passing through the raceway ponds of sloping land, which is then utilized for generating electricity and running Ghatta (water mills) and finally the outgoing water from Ghatta and turbine is used for agricultural production. Almost all trout farmers of the study area wish to have their own restaurant adjoining to integrated trout farming. 3.3 Potentialities of trout farming 3.3.1 Natural spring water Natural spring water tapped from the forest is supposed to be the appropriate water for trout farming. Spring water is examined technically to know whether it has all the requirements for trout farming or not. Thus, those areas where year round natural spring water is available could be regarded as the potential areas for trout farming. 3.3.2 Sloping land utilization Sloping lands with poor fertility status, which otherwise could not be used for most of the agricultural crop farming, could be used for constructing race way ponds. Current farming on slopping land

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shows good result on productivity of trout. It is recommended that sloping land pattern of high and mid hills could be efficiently utilized for trout farming. 3.3.3 Good annual return to farmers Trout farming is yielding good return to the farmers. High demand of trout and good market of the produce are the good indicators for scaling up of rainbow trout at farmers’ level. There are no cases reported by farmers about the produce that have not been sold so far. Although the produce has high price, it is sold from the farm gate. Farmers regard consumers’ demand of trout dishes in their own restaurant as very high. 3.3.4 Integrated way of farming Rainbow trout farming can be managed well in integrated way and some farmers in the study area have already been practicing it. Water current after passing through race way ponds located on sloping lands could be utilized for generating electricity and running Ghatta. Electricity is utmost important in making feed, drying and storage. Farmers responded that micro level electricity generation at farmers’ own initiatives is the best way to solve the problem of lower voltage and load shading of public electricity. Ghatta is essential to grind the feed for trout. The drained water could be utilized for irrigating agricultural crops as the mid and high hills of Nepal are potential areas for various agricultural crops. Farmers opined that labor force involved in trout farming could be efficiently utilized on production of other associated agricultural crops of the area in an integrated way. Beside these, trout farming could be associated with hotel business and agro tourism. Farmers involved in such business responded that an adjoining restaurant with trout farm with proper management earns good profit. 3.4 Constraints at farmers’ level 3.4.1 Finding appropriate site Rainbow trout needs some special requirements such as year round supply of clean cold water with good dissolved oxygen, accessibility of road, communication, electricity and feed source. Thus, finding appropriate site for trout farming is itself a difficult job. 3.4.2 High starting and production cost Cost of construction on sloping land is comparatively very high. Cost of machines for feed making and other management make initial and production cost of farming more expensive. Beside this, micro electricity generation on own initiative adds substantial cost that an ordinary farmer face difficulty to manage despite of its requirement for the successful trout enterprises. Depending upon the public source of electricity is risky due to its unreliability, fluctuation on voltage, and frequent power cut-off and load shading. 3.4.3 Technical aspects Trout growing needs a thorough technical knowledge. Most of the farmers are facing the technical difficulties. It is inferred that trout growing farmers not only need great interest in farming but also equally be sensitive and serious in technical matters with risk bearing capacity as well. Trout growers of the study area feel the prevailing technical suggestions are insufficient (Box 1). Box 1. Experiences of Kanchha Lama Cleaning the Fish Pond Kanchha Lama, trout grower of Belkot-6, Nuwakot faced some problem on technical clearance. As technician suggested him to clean pond frequently, he cleaned his raceway pond twice a day assuming that trout needs clear pond. Mr. Lama suffered to a loss due to over-cleaning of the pond, affected on the performance of trout and resulted in lower fish yield.

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In 2060 (B.S.), Bibek Devkota of Jituphedi faced the immediate mortality of about 1500 fry fish at the beginning of farming due to the un clarity on the technical suggestions he received from the concerned trout experts/technicians. 3.4.4 Loan sanctioning and valuation of sloping land Farmers regard loan sanctioning process is one of the constraints to initiate trout farming. As trout needs about 12-14 months to attain commercial size and substantial amount of money is spent on initial constructions, it is difficult to pay loans on time. On the other hand, sloppy land of mid and high hills as collaterals are evaluated as lower price and only a little amount of loan is sanctioned by the financial institutes and the banks. 3.4.5 Availability of fry fish Fry fish is not available in adequate amount as demanded by farmers at present context. Almost all trout growers of the area have lower stock of fry than actual capacity of their pond due to unavailability of fry fish. 3.4.6 Availability and cost of feed materials: Feed materials and procedure of pellet making is costly at farmers’ level. As feed quality is highly influential in growth of trout, farmers can not compromise with the quality of feed. To own feed associated machines is advantageous but the cost for those machine is comparatively very high to bear by a single farmer. High protein rich feed is required for trout among which dried shrimp is the main component. Availability of shrimp is sometimes difficult as farmers have to rely on traders from Kathmandu valley and other towns in the country. 3.5 Recommendations as suggested by farmers: 3.5.1 Financial support and loan: Financial support with low interest rate for starter farmer is crucial to start trout farming at farmers’ level. On the other hand, in farmers’ opinion, rainbow trout potential land should be evaluated differently from ordinary sloping lands of mid and high hills so that farmer could get more loan from banks by valuating them as the enterprises. This needs a clear policy from the government side to promote trout farming. 3.5.2 Intensive technical trainings for starter farmers: Before starting trout farming, it is better to give intensive technical trainings for interested farmers to aware about risk and probable difficulties of farming. Since, more technical aspects should be considered on trout farming, frequent visit of technicians on farmers’ field would make farming easier. 3.5.3 Farmers’ group approach for feed: As cost and availability of feed is somewhat difficult, it could be managed by group approach of trout growing farmers. Group approach in feed management such as bringing raw materials and making pellet could make availability of feed easier. Policy on recognizing the group efforts and more specifically, promotion of cooperative concept in the potential area would help in promoting the enterprises. 3.5.4 Hatchery and fry fish production on farmers’ level: The supply of fry fish is lower than its demand. Hatchery on farmers’ level under supervision of technicians could be the way forward for it. On the other hand, some farmer suggest that to avoid chances of monopoly and private pricing, supply and pricing mechanism of fry should be strictly controlled by government.

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Conclusion High demand of rainbow trout and good return to the farmers in the study area indicates the potentiality of scaling up of rainbow trout in those areas where technical and managerial aspects of trout farming is met. Integrated approach of trout farming associated with hotel business seems to be more profitable. Intensive technical backstopping for the trout growers and frequent visits from technicians in the farming areas could help in minimizing technical difficulties encountered by the trout growers. Government need to formulate appropriate mechanism for easy and adequate availability of fry fish to the farmers. Farmers’ group approach in feed management could solve the availability and high cost of feed. Moreover, promotion of cooperative concept by federating the interested trout farmers could be an appropriate approach to promote the rainbow trout farming in the potential areas. Trout farming is not profitable and feasible for the subsistence farming. For the profitable trout farming, initial investment is comparatively high which can not be afforded by many small and medium scale farmers of Nepal. Easy access to the soft loan for establishment of the trout enterprises is the must to promote the trout farming at commercial level. The sloping land used for rainbow trout farming should be valued as a part of trout enterprises and thus valuation while sanctioning loan should be done accordingly. By adopting the integrated approach of fish farming, generating electricity, running the water mills and using the drained water from the pond for irrigating the high value agricultural crops, trout farming could be made more inclusive to the community members. The use of the drained water from the ponds for the high value crop growers, relatively poor members of the community who can not afford the trout farming, would also promote the social inclusion process. This will also help justifying the public financial institutions, e.g., agricultural development banks, that the money is invested for the benefit of all kinds of the farmers including the poor members. Acknowledgement The authors are highly indebted to Dr. Pratap Shrestha, executive director of LI-BIRD for his encouragement to carry out the study. We are thankful to Mr. Tara Lama, Mr. Diwakar Poudel and Mr. Arjun Basnet for their inputs on the paper. We highly acknowledge the support provided by Dr. Tek B. Gurung and Ms. Neeta Pradhan of FRD/NARC. Finally, the authors are thankful to Mr. G.P. Lamsal of FRC Trishuli and the trout farmers of Nuwakot for their kind cooperation during the field study. Reference Bardach J. E, J. H. Ryther & McLarney W. O (1972) Aquaculture: The farming and husbandry of Fresh water and marine organisms. Wiley inter-science, A division of John Wiley and Sons, NY, 868pp. FRD (2005) Annual Technical Report 2004/05. Fishery Research Division (FRD) of Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC), Godawari, Lalitpur. FRC Trisuli (2006) Short Information on Rainbow Trout Farming in Nepal. Fishery Research Centre (FRC) of Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Trisuli, Nuwakot. Gauchan D, N Thakur, B Shrestha, A Rayamajhi, S Gautam & Lamsal G. P (2007) Marketing of Rainbow Trout Fish in Nepal. Paper presented in First National Workshop on “Scaling-up of Rainbow trout Farming Strategies in Nepal”. Fisheries Research Division/NARC, Directorate of Fisheries Development/DoA, Nepal Fisheries Society and JICA.October December. Gurung T & Basnet S R (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal.Constraints and Prospects. Aquaculture Asia, Vol VIII (4). Nepal A. P, S. R. Basnet, G. P. Lamsal, P. L. Joshi & Mulmi R. M (2002) Economics of rainbow trout farming system in Nepal. FAO fisheries technical paper 431:179-191. Rai A. K, R. C. Bhujel, S. R. Basnet & Lamsal G. P (2005) Rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss culture in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. APARI Publication 1/2005. Rana C (2007a) Rainbow trout: an agricultural breakthrough. The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 97-99. www.readtheboss.com Rana C (2007b) No, fishy business! The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 76-77. www.readtheboss.com 144

Role of media for scaling up of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming technologies among stakeholders Bhola Man Singh Basnet Chief, Communication, Publication and Documentation Division Nepal Agricultural Research Council Email: [email protected] Abstract Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) native to cold waters of the Northern Hemisphere have been introduced throughout the world. Trout are prized both as sport fish and food fish due to their excellence in fighting ability and taste, respectively. Rainbow trout accept a wider variety of food, therefore, considered ideal for farming. Trout is considered a product of high value but low volume commodity for food and nutritional security. Its farming can be highly beneficial in enhancing livelihood of hill and mountainous communities by utilizing cold water resources. Nepal has recently developed full packages of practices for rainbow trout farming, as a result several trout farms have been established in hilly areas especially near by Kathmandu. On this regard, media have also played important role in dissemination of trout farming technology not only among interested farmers but also among donors, government officials, bureaucrats, and policy makers. As an impact trout has been included in government policies, because media has also played significant roles since last several years using visuals, audio and print media (radio, FM, TVs). The successful scaling up of the rainbow trout farming, thus suggest that journalists should also be in-built partners in scaling-up activities with allocation of budget and program for communications and promotions. Press releases and conferences can create awareness. Media sensitize not only the farmers but donor, planner, financial agency, policy maker, social scientist, politician, extension, I/NGOs, CBOs, development worker, entrepreneur, producer & consumer, marketing agency etc. There are several proverbs relating to media, which could be instantly used in agriculture sector to translate the knowledge from agricultural scientist to their stakeholders using the media. For example, it is said "information not published is not done", "late news is no news", "how new is news ?", "be the first to tell and be the first to know", "we report you decide like advocate and judge", "putting news first". At the end it is suggested that all the researchers, extensions/development workers and farmers/clients should be "pro-active", they should have "salesmanship" and they should be "good communicator" too. However, mostly researchers lack the salesmanship. Before communicating any message, first the outputs should be successful, well proven, matured one, or it should have news value, otherwise some time communication might be counterproductive. Key words: Communication, media, trout, scaling up, stakeholders, policy makers, livelihood 1. Introduction Fish is considered as the sign of "Good Luck" in Nepalese tradition and culture. According to the recent fisheries profile of the country the total fish production was 42,463 metric tones in Fiscal Year 2005/06. In fisheries sector, warm water aquaculture is relatively well developed and forms the backbone of fish production in the country. Considering the geographical setting cold water fisheries need to be promoted so the people living in hills could also involved in aquaculture based livelihood opportunities. Trout are native to cool waters of the Northern Hemisphere and have been introduced to cool waters throughout the world. Trout are prized both as sport fish and as food fish because of their fighting ability and their spectacular leaps when hooked. Rainbow trout takes a wider variety of food, therefore ideal for fish farmers. Trout is also considered as high value low volume commodity for food security, nutritional security, profitability i.e. income generation for enhancing the livelihood of hill and

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mountainous people, employment opportunity, reducing poverty, ultimately helping for agriculture commercialization and specialization by utilizing cold water resources. Recently Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) has developed farming technological packages of rainbow trout suitable to Himalayan ecological conditions. Rainbow trout introduced in Nepal from Japan is also known as Himalayan Trout among many consumers. Several examples have been shown demonstrating that the technology generated by NARC has been highly successful in farmer's field (Rai et al. 1995, Gurung et al. 2003). Since trout farming technology has been proved to be a successful project, it is considered that this is the right time to transfer this technology to various other agencies which could promote and scale up this technology to private enterprises for the benefit of all stakeholders. Here, in this essay my aims are to evaluate the role played by media in enhancing the knowledge of trout farming and highlight on possible role for dissemination of trout farming technology among stakeholders in Nepal. Recently, media have played a greater role for bringing rainbow trout as an important commodity under "One village one Product" program in Nepalese government's policy because we have been advocating trout since the last so many years through print and electronic media (radio, FM, TVs), personal contacts plus exhibitions etc. In this sense journalists also act as one of the development partners. Therefore, it is argued that budget for publication should be in-built/embed for scaling-up and promotion of any agriculture-related projects. Media is needed for uptake pathways plus wider scaling-up too (Fig 1, 2). Press releases and press conferences can be done for sensitizing and creating public awareness about rainbow trout. Media sensitizes, not only the farmers but donor, planner, financial agency, policy maker, social scientist, politician, extension, I/NGOs, CBOs, development worker, entrepreneur, producer & consumer, marketing agency etc. It is said "Not publish/inform means not done". Donors in the past always forgot this vital issue of development communications. The persuasion of this author also helped for bringing out publication entitled "Rainbow Trout Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal: A Success Story" by Asia-Pacific Association for Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI). APAARI has published success stories in so many agriculture related subjects of countries concerned. Himalayan Trout so far, is the only one subject from Nepal. Technology exchange is also done between rainbow trout from Nepal and fresh water prawn from Thailand. We should not forget that any program to be successful there should be "research push and market pull". Researcher should not lack in salesmanship/pro-activeness and they should be a good communicator too for scaling-up of successful technologies. 2. Communication and Agricultural Policies Nepal wants to promote agriculture-related issues like market price, transfer of technologies etc., through the telecommunication media like Radio, FM Radio, and Television. In the long-term government has plan to establish Tele centres (rural information centres) throughout the 4,000 VDCs with the facilities of internet, e-mail, printer, fax, photocopy machine etc. Following are some related information on communication use for agricultural extension and education for farmers and other stakeholders. 2.1 Telecommunication (Internet, Cellular Telephone for rural development) Nepal Telecom Ltd. provided telephone service through 195 telephone exchanges by mid-March 2005. These exchanges have a total of 5,25,021 line capacity, of which 4,33,631 lines have been distributed. Post-paid and pre-paid mobile services customers totaled 75,645 and 1,73,175 respectively by mid-March 2005. After the expansion of the telecom services in 325 VDCs during this year, a total of 2,234 VDCs, out of 3,914 VDCs and 58 municipalities have access to telephone service by midMarch 2005.Cellular Telephone services are provided both by Nepal Telecom as well as Private One i.e. " Mero Mobile ".

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2.2. Radio and TV Established in 1951, Radio Nepal is country's oldest and country-wide electronic media. Its shortwave broadcast can be received all over the country while its medium wave broadcast can reach to 83 % of the population. To extend its services to areas not covered by medium wave broadcasting with the cooperation at local level through the use of Frequency Modulation (FM) system has also been started recently. Radio Nepal also adopted V-sat technology to make its broadcast receivable all over the country. Television service of Nepal Television (NTV), as a strong, wider coverage and effective means of communication, is in regular operation in Nepal since 1984. At present, it has 3 studios and 15 broadcasting centers covering 45 % of the total area of Nepal. Its population coverage is estimated around 65 %. NTV is using geo-satellite to broadcast its programs countrywide. Now, NTV is telecasting its program through the satellite of Thailand. It has second channel i.e. the Metro Channel. NTV has installed the Digital Satellite News gathering equipment and has a capacity of live cast from any part of the country. 2.3 Print Media for Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Information Services The normal channel of disseminating agricultural technologies generated by NARC to the farmers/clients is through Department of Agriculture (DoA) and Department of Livestock Services (DLS) under the Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives (MoAC). International / NGOs, CBOs, Development Organizations, Print and Electronic media are also disseminating agricultural technologies. The five Regional Directorates of Agriculture & Livestock are located in five Regions, similarly 75 district agriculture centers (ASCs/SCs) are respectively established in Nepal. They are all mandated to provide agriculture development information to disseminate improved technologies using different methods/media of communications. Use of mass communication channel is also undertaken in Nepal with the aim of reaching a considerably large number of farmers. So, it is the mass media which are believed to convey the updated technical information to farmers, rapidly and regularly with more coverage. The different mass media presently used in Nepal are Radio, FM Radio, Television, Printed materials, Exhibitions and Video films. There is daily agriculture program in Radio and Television (Fig 1). Moreover, there is Teleserial, Farmers' problem and Experts' answer, Studio-based Interaction programme, Agriculture from Foreign Countries, weekly (Friday) Agriculture News in Television. 2.4 ICT (Internet & Cellular Telephone) use in Agricultural and Rural Development ICT access, first meant public internet access (telecentres); now being interpreted more broadly to include radio, TV, phones, and non-networked kit (computers etc). Community Radio (FM) is working well and needs more resources. Daily agriculture program broadcasted through Radio Nepal is accessible even in remote areas of the country. Radio is the most effective, affordable and reachable to the farmers even in remote areas. Rural telecom networks are largely absent, and where present are not data-capable. Existing non-commercial telecentres are few, little used, often not connected. Internet access rates outside main towns are prohibitively high (Recently NT has announced the facility of POP (real + virtual) in 55 district HQs. Private ISPs have trouble getting leased lines. 2.5 ICT use in Agricultural Research and Development Communication, Publication and Documentation Division (CPDD) under Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) is responsible for both enhancing accesses to information technology for the scientists, researchers, technical officers and communicating research results to the extension, farmers, clients and other potential beneficiaries. NARC's research results including fisheries/Himalayan trout are to be communicated to its internal and external clients through different types of technical publication both in print and electronic formats. The library of NARC is also the National Agricultural Documentation Centre.

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3. Agriculture Extension and Outreach The major pathway for disseminating the NARC's generated agro-technologies along with Himalayan trout is through the extension wings under Department of Agriculture (DoA) and Department of Livestock Services (DLS). These departments have extension network throughout the nation in 5 development regions, 75 districts through several Agriculture Service Centres & Sub-centres in each districts. These days, I/NGOs, CBOs, Development Organizations, Media Houses are also playing greater role for extension activities for reaching the mass of farmers/clients within the short span of timeframe. At present, the concept of participatory technology development (PTD) is followed in Nepal. The outreach program of NARC is also the bridge between researcher and farmer with the help of extension. 4. Agriculture Market related information Agriculture Business Promotion and Market Development Directorate monitor, supervise, evaluate and make strategy for the marketing of agricultural commodities including fisheries throughout the country. This directorate also maintains the market related information like recent market price of the agriculture commodities in different parts of the country and information related to cost of cultivation of various agricultural commodities etc. Trade Promotion Centre (TPC) deals with import & export of agricultural commodities. 5. Publicity and mass communication It is said "Late News is no News", "How New is News ?", "How News is Used", "Be the First to Tell and Be the First to Know", "We Report you Decide like Advocate and Judge", "Putting News First". We can follow these principles in agriculture too. All the researchers, extensions/development workers and farmers/clients should be "Pro-Active, they should have "Salesmanship" and they should be "Good Communicator" too. However, mostly a Researcher lacks in the Salesmanship. Before communicating any message, first the outputs should be successful, well proven, matured one, or it should have news value, otherwise some time communication could be counterproductive too. There is daily 15-minute "Agriculture Program" broadcasted and telecasted through Radio and Television plus weekly (Friday) "Agriculture News" telecasted by Nepal Television (NTV) too. Previously, we were after media, now they are after us for getting latest innovative events concerning agro-technologies including Himalayan trout/fisheries & aquaculture, which is a good indication/feedback. Even the reporters from major media houses have created one association named "Nepal Agricultural Journalists' Association = NAJA". NTV had telecasted news related with trout six times during 2005 and 2006 including full story once in 2006. Fisheries & Aquaculture related programmes had been telecasted by NTV during 2005second week of January 2007. Television like Image Channel and Channel Nepal telecasted Himalayan Trout's activities of Nuwakot and Rasuwa on December 28, 2006 and December 29, 2006 respectively. HBC 94 FM also broadcasted interview about trout on December 8, 2006. For promotion of trout Agriculture Exhibition/Fair has also been also effective tool. The "Press Conference and Press Releases" are other ways of creating or sensitizing public awareness about the development of successful agro-stories and technologies. NARC Newsletter covered activities about Himalayan Trout 9 times, 15 times about fisheries and aquaculture within the span of 1994-2006. Advertisements in agriculture are equally important for publicity. Subject-specific Campaigns can also be done successfully. Recently held CAN INFO TECH-2006 in Kathmandu is worth mentioning. South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) had one workshop about "SAARC's Trans-Himalayan Fisheries" on 26-27 November 1996 in Kathmandu. SAARC's Workshop on Fisheries and Aquaculture was held on 13-14 December 1994 in Kathmandu. Hatchlings from Fishery Research Division, Godawari and Egg/Hatchlings from Agriculture Research Station, Trishuli had been exported to Pakistan and Papua New Guinea (PNG) respectively during 1994. 6. Further ahead in information and communication management There has been growing need of improving communication and management system in NARC without which, the works being carried out by NARC scientists cannot be managed properly, the

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technology developed cannot be disseminated and appropriation of resources cannot be efficiently done. Today, computers are playing very important role in communication, publication, documentation and management of research. The e-mail and internet is profoundly affecting research systems in all countries of the world and information and knowledge can no longer be controlled in the ways it used to be in the past. The use of electronic media for the exchange of research outputs, literatures, submission correction, publication, data analyses and collection of references for papers. Now, NARC has its own website (e.g. http://www.narc.org.np) and E-mail addresses ([email protected] [email protected]). Therefore, in order to increase NARC research and research management efficiency, all staff must learn to use these computer-based techniques. Even if we are academically sound, when we don't know how to operate computer then it is said "Educated Illiterate ". Some of the suggestions for scaling-up of Himalayan trout through Media Give major thrust on " Successful Stories/Technologies " Successful package of practices Successful modes of communications Production and collection of Video Films about successful technologies Technological Exchanges Strong link with Print & Electronic and other media Organize and participate in Exhibitions (e.g. AGRO EXPO NEPAL-2006) Telecentre concept E-Publications Publication of Popular articles More sensitize public awareness about the importance of Himalayan Trout Networking Exchange of Publications Scientists-to-Scientists/Farmer-to-Farmer/Business-to-Business contact Visit & observation tours by information and communication persons Conclusions Until and unless NARC generated programs are not appropriate and suitable to the requirements and feeling of the farmers/entrepreneurs/clients, it will be very difficult to adopt and disseminate. In scaling up activities technologies beneficiaries must be involved in the whole process to give the feeling of their ownership. They should be active partner and NARC should play the role of facilitator. These days focus is given for participatory technology development (PTD) and dissemination. Therefore, project should consider journalists as one of their development partners for dissemination, sensitizing or creating public awareness and scaling-up of rainbow trout. Moreover, the budget and program for communications must also be in-built/embedded in the project. At last but not the least, let us exchange/share our ideas/experiences/ knowledge/technical know-how about the successful agricultural stories and technologies concerning Himalayan trout for the benefit of extensionists/development workers/entrepreneurs/farmers/ and other clients. Acknowledgement My sincere thank to all journalists, who had been helpful for me to disseminate agricultural technological innovation to various stakeholders. I would also like to thanks my subordinate staffs working in information and documentation Division, NARC. Reference: Rai A. K, R. C. Bhujel, S. R. Basnet & G. P. Lamsal (2005) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal- A success story. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand. 33 pp Gurung T. B. & S. R. Basnet (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Onchorynchus mykiss in Nepal: constraints and prospects. Aquaculture Asia 8(4):16-18

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A

B

C Fig 1. Some news publication by print media on trout farming and products (A-E).

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D

E Fig 2. A booklet on rainbow trout farming research in Nepal published by APAARI.

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"One Village One Product" (OVOP) program with special reference to Rainbow trout farming and marketing perspective in Nepal Kiran Raj Pandey Agro Enterprise Centre/Federation of Nepal Chamber of Commerce Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper gives a brief introduction on rainbow trout farming perspective in "one village one product" scheme. Rainbow trout produced in Himalayan water has higher market probability. The major objective of the OVOP program is to cater local as well as international market opportunities by means of product development and value addition of local productions for assisting in the poverty alleviation and economic development of local communities. The overall target of OVOP trout program is o achieve 400 mt of production by the end of 2009. The working modality of OVOP program is based on a public private-partnership. Key words: SWOT analysis, public-private partnership, Himalayan rainbow trout 1. Introduction Nepal is an agrarian society with agriculture representing the major share of GDP (38%) and the majority of the population living in rural areas and depending mostly on agriculture for their livelihood. Since last decade many agricultural sub-sectors like cardamom, ginger, tea, coffee, honey, floriculture, fishery, vegetables, fruits, etc. have gradually come up in a commercial scale. Many small and medium enterprises are depending on local agricultural and forest resources and are generating self-employment opportunities and raising income of rural population. Nepalese agricultural products need to increase value addition that will help realize better market and prices for the poor farmers for which a program like" One Village One Product" movement can bring positive impact. The success of "One Village One Product" program (OVOP) movement in Oita Prefecture of Japan from where it started in 1979 as a local campaign and similar programs in many other countries, especially in Thailand, involving local community and utilizing local resources towards attaining a prosperous economic development have inspired the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce Industry (FNCCI), an umbrella organization of the Nepalese private sector, to initiate "One Village One Product" in a form of a national prioritized program jointly with the Government of Nepal. The program will encourage local people to become more motivated, to feel greater pride in their communities, and to become more involved in the activation of their local community through their own efforts to produce local specialties. It strongly believes that economic development programs linked with rural communities particularly focusing on the agriculture and potential employment generating economic activities have got to be the major program thrust areas for Nepal. Currently FNCCI and the Government of Nepal, especially the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, are working together in a public private partnership approach in carrying out OVOP program in Nepal (AEC 2007, 2008). Major objective of the OVOP program is to cater local as well as international market opportunities by means of product development and value addition of local productions for assisting in the poverty alleviation and economic development of local communities. Other objectives of OVOP program in Nepal are provided below: 152

• • • • •

Create jobs and thereby increase income for local communities. Strengthen communities in individual thinking and action in local development. Promote local wisdom, use of local materials and labor as main resources. Promote human resource development and capacity cultivation of people in community. Promote creative thinking of communities in product development in line with life style and objectives.

2. Development of OVOP movement in Nepal Since last two year FNCCI has been engaged in planning to initiate OVOP movement in Nepal. Some officials of FNCCI and members of different chambers of commerce and industries had participated in a study tour of "One Village One Product" program in Thailand. For a good initiation and effective implementation of this program, FNCCI had proposed the Government of Nepal an effective publicprivate partnership modality. Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperatives and Ministry of Industry, Commerce & Supplies have shown great interest in supporting OVOP movement in Nepal for the upliftment of rural farmers. Currently, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives has two committees at the central level: High Level Committee for policy support under the Chairmanship of Honorable Minister of Agriculture & Cooperatives, and another implementation committee under the Coordination of the President of FNCCI. Both of these committees have members representing different ministries. Agro Enterprise Centre of FNCCI bears entrusted responsibilities of the Secretariat for OVOP movement. The Centre coordinates the formulation and effective implementation of initial programs. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and AEC/FNCCI had engaged in preparing working procedures of the OVOP program in Nepal. Inputs from other ministries had been received in finalizing the document. The Government of Nepal formally incorporated OVOP concept in the National Program and Budget for the fiscal year 2006/07 and recently approved the Working Procedure 2063 for the implementation of OVOP program. This Working Procedure has special features like implementation of programs on a rolling basis, establishment of basket fund where resources from different sources can be pooled in to carry out programs; resources will not be freezed at the end of the fiscal year, and ample flexibility in making necessary changes in programs, if required. Pilot programs in about six districts for four agricultural products (sweet orange, lapsi, bel & rainbow trout) have been approved in a public private-partnership modality. Rainbow trout farming will be promoted as OVOP program in Nuwakote and Rasuwa districts. 3. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming as OVOP movement Rainbow trout as food fish among consumers and commodity for farming among farmers, especially in hills is becoming popular in Nepal. The farming of trout succeeded recently (Gurung & Basnet 2003; Rana 2007a, 2007b) after the intervention of Nepal Agricultural Research Council for its technological generation Details of technological packages of trout farming were developed in Fisheries Research Division Godawari and Fisheries Research Center, Trishuli. At present eight private sector entities have established small to medium level trout farms on the way to BalajuKakani- Nuwakot route. Trout have specific natural taste being produced in the Himalayan water and can be promoted in the international market as "Himalayan Trout from Nepal". According to the evaluation of Rana (2007a, 2007b) the success of rainbow trout farming in Nepal is a breakthrough by NARC in technological development. Experts from fisheries sector and AEC/FNCCI worked together to develop a plan under OVOP for the promoting trout. Two districts, Nuwakot and Rasuwa have been selected to promote trout farming under the OVOP program. This was because existing trout production cannot cater increasing demand of trout. Public sector entities such as NARC's Research Centers like, Nuwakot and Godawari, can provide technical backstopping required for enhancing trout production in private sector.

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OVOP program has targeted to scale-up trout production up to 400mt by the year 2009 involving local communities. Production will be complemented by modern processing, packaging, cold chain distribution system, and effective marketing programs for high quality products. Although the program seems ambitious, the target is achievable if the program prepared by the Directorate of Fisheries Development and AEC/FNCCI gets adequate resources and the hatchery at Rawuwa get started timely. In order to formulate effective strategies for the implementation of this program SWOT analysis has been carried out, which is illustrated below: Strength • Climatically suitable for production. • It is produced in the natural glacier and spring water having some specific natural taste, both districts Nuwakot and Rasuwa have abundance water supply for the production. • More demand than supply. • Several feed ingredients are locally available. • Government's previous experience at a local level. • Existing private sectors' performance praiseworthy (small scale). • Declaration of the trout village by local community of Nuwakot district. • High market price. • Proactive approach of NARC Research Centre in Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts and chamber of commerce and industry. Weakness • Not enough seedlings. • Not adequate technique in the quality of feed formulation and production. • There is not enough awareness among local communities. • Lack of feed mill plant, ice plant and other market infrastructure. • Marketing channel is not developed. • No brand promotion. • It is labor intensive and requires high investment in the initial phase. • Some chemicals are not easily available and also cost high. Opportunities • More demand for product than supplies. • Local bodies as well as communities are very much enthusiastic. • There is adequate feasible pocket for rainbow trout production. • Private sector to be involved in fingerlings production. • There are two research farms in the public sector. • Technologies & Infrastructures for efficient use of inputs can be localized. Threats • NARC's fingerling production program in Rasuwa does not get implemented timely. • High cost of cold chain development. • Biodiversity damage may occur if exotic species introduced without proper attention. • Local consumers do not get adequate message. • Due to natural calamities high cost during establishment cause loss for ever. Hence, from the SWOT analysis presented above Rainbow Trout program's situation analysis has been assessed based on the analysis TOWS Matrix has been illustrated below (Table 1) to formulate alternative strategies showing external opportunities and threats facing Rainbow Trout program that can be matched with that of program's internal strength and weakness.

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Table: 1 TOWS Matrix

Strategies mentioned in the TOWs Matrix address all programs of Rainbow Trout OVOP program. Major actors who will be involved in the trout OVOP program are categorized into two components: •

At policy level Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative (Department of Agriculture (Directorate of Fisheries Development), Nepal Agriculture Research Council (Fisheries Research Division), National Planning Commission, Ministry of Industry Commerce and Suppliers, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Local Development, Nepal Rastrya Bank, Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry will guide the OVOP Program.

•

At implementation level District Chamber of Commerce and Industry, NARC (Fisheries Research Station-Nuwakot), District Agriculture Offices, Rasuwa; Local District Development Committees, Municipalities and Village District Committees, Local financial institutions, Office of Small and Cottage Industry, Farmers' groups, small & medium entrepreneurs, Exports, NGOs, Donor communities will participate in the program.

Conclusion The Working Procedure 2063 of OVOP program has pointed out major activities that will be carried out for the next three years to meet the set production and marketing target. The program will focus on the existing rich experience of research sector and that of some of the private sector entrepreneurs. Theirs experience could be enriched by marketing capabilities based on the total value chain approach (from farmers' groups, to processors for handling and packaging by marketers) to cater the increasing demand of local market. Besides, the program will also facilities the government in the establishment of trout hatchery in Rasuwa. Recently a district implementation committee has been formulated to

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plan and implement program at a local level, where the President of the Nuwakot Chamber of Commerce and Industry is the Coordinator with District Agriculture Officer, Local Development Officer of the District Development Committee, Chief of Fisheries Research Station, Trishuli (NARC) & Chief of Agriculture Development Bank as the members. The program is envisaging increasing production of trout up to 400 mt by the end of 2009, thereby involving many local farmers and raising their income. An effective public-private partnership at local and at central level can make OVOP movement in scaling –up of rainbow trout production in Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts. Acknowledgement I am thankful to AEC/FNCCI for providing me information on the present subject matter. Thanks to all of my staffs for their support during the preparation of the manuscript. Reference AEC (2007) Presentation on Concept note of "One Village One Product program" prepared by Agro Enterprise Centre/FNCCI.pp AEC (2008) Working Procedures of One Village One Product program-2063 approved by the Government of Nepal. Gurung T. & Basnet S.R. (2003) Introduction of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Nepal: Constraints and Prospects. Aquaculture Asia, Vol VIII (4). Rana C. (2007a) Rainbow trout: an agricultural breakthrough. The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 97-99. www.readtheboss.com Rana C. (2007b) No, fishy business! The Boss magazine, 15 Jan-14 Feb 2007: 76-77. www.readtheboss.com Subedi J. R. (2007) :jfb ylklb+bf, Article by Mr. Jaya Ram Subedi (in Nepali) Samacharpatra of 6th January, 2007.

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Rainbow trout farming in hills of Nepal in relation to gender perspectives Sudha Sapkota Kiran Raj Joshi Planning and Coordination, Nepal Agricultural Research Council Email: [email protected] Abstract With the aim to evaluate the role of gender in rainbow trout farming, we studied Madanpur and Kakani Village Development Committees of Nuwakot District, a place known as trout production area. To evaluate the situation questionnaire was designed for interview. Our study revealed in rainbow trout farming women were mainly involved in raceway construction, brood selection, feed preparation, feeding fish, removing dead eggs during incubation, preparation of dishes and several aspects of marketing activities. After the introduction of rainbow trout in the study area, opportunity to share their leisure time on trout farming activities have been generated among the rural women to support livelihood and income generation. 1. Introduction A large portion of rural women performs unpaid work in agriculture sector, especially involved in works related to household activities. Women's roles in family and society may differ according to geographic zones. In the mountain areas, women participate in traditional activities. In hilly and terai area women are involved in agriculture as well as other type of professional works. However, mostly women receive lower pay than men for the same or equivalent work. Rainbow trout is a cold water fish and feed on aquatic insects, small crustaceans and small fishes in natural environment (Huet 1971, Bardach et al. 1972). Trout was introduced in Nepal to meet many needs, such as substitution of fish import, use of cold water resources, to increase the income of the farmers from barren, sloppy fields where both the production and the productivity level of the other crops are poor. Recently trout farming is gradually has been popularised in mid hill region of Nepal. The scaling up strategies of rainbow trout has been developed from various, biological, ecological, environmental, social, and economical perspective. To develop the commercial viability of agricultural commodities their evaluation from gender perspective is also highly valuable. Therefore, in this study we examined and analyse how gender perspective could intervene in trout production in the country. For example what would be woman’s role in trout production? What responsibilities in decision making? What are the works that they perform and differ from males’ attitude in different activities etc. 2. Materials and Methods This study was done from Nov-December 2006 in Madanpur and Kakani Village Development Committee of Nuwakot District as this place is known as trout producing area. To meet the purpose a questionnaire was developed to collect primary and secondary information to assess the gender role in trout production. 3. Result and Discussion The result of the interview with several farmers in the target areas reflected that hill women are mainly involved in different activities of trout farming such as: i.

Raceway construction: During the preparation of raceways for trout cultivation, women of Madanpur and Kakani participate in labour work of carrying stone, cement and other materials used for construction.

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ii.

Fish grading: Women participated to segregate trout on the basis of fingerlings size. This is one of the important activities of trout fish cultivation because there should be equal size of fish in each raceway to avoid competition among smaller and bigger, equal opportunity to feed to all fish for equal growth.

iii. Fish harvest: Women were also found to participate in the harvesting of trout. iv. Post harvest activities: Male also participates in cooking and serving fish but a dominating role were found to be played by women. Smoking was a part of post harvest. v.

Collection, cleaning, grading, winnowing drying and mixing of feed ingredients: Both men and women buy feed ingredients on the basis of need. Women involve in the cleaning, grading and winnowing the feed ingredients for trout. Women do drying the feed ingredients to escape from the fungal infection and to increase the durability of storage of the feed ingredients.

vi. Separation of dead eggs and selection of brood: During the period of incubation, dead eggs have to be separated. During the phase, soft handle will be preferred more and seen positive result also. In such case, female's participation shows a good result perform better than male. A trend of male and female engaged for the brood selection and breeding of trout is presented below. In general, with the initiation of trout farming in the project area involvement of women has been relatively increased than before. Conclusion and Recommendation: Rural women play a fundamental role in decisions regarding the household, including decisions regarding production, use of resources, and expenditures. However, women's decision-making role tends to be marginalized outside the household, especially in public decision-making bodies. A project to promote the transfer of trout production technology to peasant communities in the mountain as well as hilly areas has to promote the participation of women in extension, and carried out sensitization workshops for trout production programme and project designers. Research should be carried out on: Women's contribution to the fisheries economy; the role of indigenous women in the management of natural resources and the environment; the effects of structural adjustment on women. Acknowledgement The authors are pleased to express their deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to farmers for their valuable time spent during interview. They would also like acknowledge Mrs. Bhavana Shrestha for her help. Reference Rai A. K, R. C. Bhujel, S. R. Basnet & Lamsal G. P (2005) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal- A success story. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI), FAO, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand. 33 pp

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