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ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000
Procedia Computer Science 132 (2018) 1238–1242
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2018)
Realtime monitoring on the HIT photovoltaic module characteristic parameters at STC, high and low irradiance conditions in Algeria Soumia Benlebnaa,*, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumarb, Ali Tahria a
Electrical Engineering Faculty of the University of Science and Technology of Oran, Mohamed Boudiaf USTO-MB, BP 1505 El M’naouer, Oran, 31000, Algeria b Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract This paper deals with the study on 233 Wp HIT PV module characteristics that defines its performance and operation. The chosen HIT PV module is exposed to outdoor conditions at Saida City of Algeria. The module is tested in high irradiance and low irradiance situations that were recorded over a specific year. Based on the monitored data in these two situations, its performance characteristics were evaluated and compared with standard test condition parameters. From the results it is observed that, irradiance variation effects the HIT PV module characteristics. The variation in maximum power extracted, efficiency, and fill factor were observed. Apart from this weather parameters like ambient temperature, module temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity had also influenced the performance characteristics of HIT PV module. © © 2018 2018 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science Science (ICCIDS (ICCIDS 2018). 2018). Data Keywords: Photovoltaics; HIT PV module; outdoor characteristics; high, low and STC irradiance; PV monitoring; PV efficiency, fill factor.
1. Introduction Extreme support and promotional initiatives introduced in the solar energy utilization process has given huge scope for photovoltaic market either in production level or utilization level. Advancements in cell technology has seen drastic change releasing the market available PV modules as Si-mono, Si-poly, CIS, CdTe, Si-amorph etc.1. A new photovoltaic cell named as Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin (HIT) layer has emerged in to the markets showing a considerably better efficiency than the existing ones. This HIT PV cell is made with thin Si-mono wafer and completely bounded by the Si-amorph materials having extreme thin layer. Panasonic is the company behind the
* Corresponding author. E-mail address:
[email protected] (Soumia Benlebna);
[email protected] (Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar) 1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and
1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. DataisScience 2018). This an open(ICCIDS access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2018). 10.1016/j.procs.2018.05.039
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development of HIT PV modules. It is one of the giants in the electronics field originated from Japan. As stated earlier it is a combination of mono and amorphous silicon. It contains n-type silicon substrate covered with highquality non-doped i-type amorphous silicon. The unique structure helps in various ways among them the major improvements are achieving higher energy conversions, efficiency, and limited electrical discharge loss. Electricity generation process in HIT PV modules is shown in Fig. 1. Several advantages of HIT PV modules were reported by the Panasonic as follows2, 3:
When it comes to the concept of temperature co-efficient the c-Si PV modules have higher temperature coefficient values than the HIT PV modules. The processing temperatures during the layer deposition of amorphous silicon in HIT PV module is done at lower temperatures than to the traditional crystalline silicon layer deposition. An intrinsic a-Si layer can act as an effective surface passivation layer for c-Si wafer. The amorphous silicon acts as effective emitter for the HIT PV cell when it is doped as p+/n+.
Fig. 1. Electricity generation process in HIT PV module
With the above discussed advantageous features of HIT PV modules became a promising solution for the traditional crystalline technology-based photovoltaics. However, the need for understanding the behavior of HIT modules is necessary under real time conditions. Hence in this paper, a study on the outdoor behavior of HIT PV module under real time high and low irradiance situations is monitored and the results of these two conditions were compared with the standard testing condition parameters. The article is organized in four different sections: In section-1, introduction to solar energy and the HIT photovoltaics cell is presented concentrating on its benefits. Section-2 describes the real time monitoring setup and methodology applied for evaluating the HIT PV module characteristics under real time conditions. Results and comparative characteristic performance of HIT PV module under STC, high and low irradiance conditions are discussed in Section-3. Finally, the paper is concluding in Section-4 focusing on the usefulness of the work presented in the paper.
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2. Materials and Methods Here, HIT PV module is exposed to three different conditions, one is high irradiance situation, second one low irradiance situation, and third is standard testing condition (STC). For analyzing the HIT PV module behavior under outdoor conditions of University of Saida, Algeria (see the test location details in Table 1.), various characteristic parameters were evaluated. The evaluation is based on the one complete year data, monitored during January 2014 to December 2014. From this data two situation were considered (high irradiance, and low irradiance) by taking maximum and minimum irradiance data set for each month. Finally, the highest and lowest values among all the months were chosen. The characteristic parameters include open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power, maximum current, maximum voltage, fill factor, efficiency4,5. These parameters were evaluated considering the influence of weather parameters like wind speed, ambient temperature, module temperature, and relative humidity using the monitoring methodology shown in Fig. 2. Various instruments and sensor devices used for real time monitoring are presented with their functional duties in Table 2. Such characteristic parameters have been used in the research studies for evaluating the behavior of solar photovoltaic modules either in simulation studies, experimental as a laboratory models, and in outdoor conditions. The electrical characteristic parameters of HIV module include the maximum power which is derived from the current-voltage curve of the outdoor monitored data for that moment, see Eq. (1). Efficiency and fill factor (FF) of the HIT PV module were also evaluated using Eq. (2) and Eq. (3)6. (1) (2) (3) Table 1. Test location details9 Description
Value
Test location name
University of Saida, Algeria
Latitude
34.83 °N
Longitude
0.15 °E
Elevation
868 meters
PV technology
HIT PV module
Fig. 2. Outdoor monitoring of various PV modules including HIT 7 Table 2. Instruments used for monitoring the HIT PV module installed at Saida City, Algeria8 Description
Type/name
Function
IV curve tracer and PV scanner
-
It has provision for integrating all the sensors and instruments that were used in monitoring the conditions of solar PV module, and allows a storage option for the data.
Pyranometer
Hukse Flux SR20 Pyranometer
Monitors the solar irradiance that is falling onto the PV module
Thermocouple
Vaisala HMP155
Monitors the ambient and module temperature continuously
Anemometer
Young 05106 sensor
Monitors the wind speeds at the location where the PV module is installed for testing purpose
Hygrometer
Vaisala HMP155
Monitors the real time humidity levels
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3. Results The selected 233 Wp HIT PV module is monitored in two irradiance conditions chosen from the recorded data over specific year i.e. from January 2014 to December 2014 at Saida City of Algeria. Among these data the highest possible irradiance and lowest possible irradiance data set is chosen. The PV module area is 1.28 Sq. m, the input power possible at the HIT PV module in three different situations i.e. at STC is 1280 W, at high irradiance situation i.e. 1589.04 W, and at low irradiance situation i.e. 1279.29 W. Using Eq. (1), Eq. (2), and Eq. (3), the maximum power, efficiency, and fill factor were evaluated respectively. The variation in these parameters under different condition of irradiance and weather parameters is observed and detailed comparison with respect to standard testing condition parameters were represented in Table 3. Efficiency of the HIT PV module under the standard testing conditions (STC) was 18.2%, but the when it is tested under real time conditions, the observed efficiency is different from the STC. The observed efficiencies at high irradiance condition, and lower irradiance conditions were observed to be 13.44% and 8.51% respectively. The deviation from the STC to real time conditions is estimated to be around 26.15% for high irradiance conditions, and 5.24% for lower irradiance conditions. Even though there is no much difference with the irradiance in three conditions, other weather parameters were varying extremely. The influence of these recorded weather parameter was clearly affecting the outputs of the HIT PV module, and the efficiency. Table 3. HIT PV module characteristic parameters under outdoor conditions. Parameter
Notation
Units
STC
Module technology
PVTECH
-
Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin (HIT) layer
High Irradiance
Low Irradiance
Area of the module
A
Sq. m
1.28
1.28
1.28
Irradiance
G
Wh/Sq. m
1000
1241.44
999.45
Air temperature
TAIR
°C
25
11.56
33.14
Module temperature
TMODULE
°C
-
38.99
69.23
Relative humidity
RH
%
-
46.36
23.82
Wind speed
WS
m/s
-
3.426
0.162
Open circuit voltage
VOC
Volts
51.6
50.74
46.08
Short circuit current
ISC
Amps
5.84
5.791
3.037
Maximum voltage
VM
Volts
-
42.15
38.59
Maximum current
IM
Amps
-
5.068
2.823
Maximum power
PM
W
-
213.6
108.9
Peak power
Pp
Wp
233
233
233
Fill Factor
FF
-
-
0.726
0.778
Efficiency
PVη
%
18.2
13.44
8.51
4. Conclusion The real time performance characteristics of HIT PV module under extreme outdoor conditions at University of Saida, Algeria have been studied here. A real time data monitoring and logger system is equipped. Here, a HIT PV module is tested to understand its parametric variation from the standard testing condition. With the approached methodology along with the monitored data, parametric variation is shown in the paper with the effect of high irradiance condition and low irradiance by comparing with STC conditions. The results revealed that the HIT module characteristic parameters had influenced by the real time weather conditions like ambient and module temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. In practical cases these parameters have a strong influence on the HIT module output power generations. Hope this study will help the research community people for understanding the behavior of HIT module in outdoor conditions.
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References [1] Bhubaneswari Parida, S. Iniyan, Ranko Goic (2011) “A review of solar photovoltaic technologies.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15(3):1625-1636. [2] Photovoltaic Module HIT® - Technology & Design, Panasonic. [3] Why Panasonic HIT TM, Panasonic. [4] A. Balaska, A. Tahri, A. B. Stambouli, F. Tahri and T. Oozeki (2016) “Comparative performance evaluation of different technologies of photovoltaic modules in Algeria.” 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Hammamet, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1109/IREC.2016.7478877 [5] A. Balaska, A. Tahri, A. Boudghene Stambouli and T. Oozeki (2015) “Evaluation of the performance of PV modules in Algeria.” 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Boumerdes, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1109/INTEE.2015.7416689 [6] Mobi Mathew, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Rohith Ponmileri Koroth (2018) “Outdoor measurement of mono and poly c-Si PV modules and array characteristics under varying load in hot-humid tropical climate.” Materials Today: Proceedings 5(2):3456-3464 [7] Amira Balaska, Ali Tahri, Fatima Tahri, Amine Boudghene Stambouli (2017) “Performance assessment of five different photovoltaic module technologies under outdoor conditions in Algeria.” Renewable Energy 107:53 60. [8] Soumia Benlebna, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Ali Tahri (2018) “Data acquisition system: On the solar photovoltaic module and weather parameters monitoring”, Procedia Computer Science. International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2018), 7th-8th April, Gurugram, India. [ 9] Site Location Details. University of Saida. https://www.univ-saida.dz/en/