Recent Developments in Education

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Mariateresa Gammone / Mehmet Ali Icbay / Hasan Arslan (eds.)

Recent Developments in Education

This book is the scholar work of International Association of Social Science Research (IASSR). It is also printed with the financial support from IASSR. The papers are first reviewed by the independent reviewers, and then proof-read and edited by the editors. The opinions and views expressed in articles are not necessarily those of this volume’s editors.

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Table of Contents Part I: Learning and Teaching Veronica Lo Presti Developing Digital Competences: Work Learn Trajectories in Italian School System .......... 10 Mariateresa Gammone One Village, Many Tribes, Countless Wolves. Dangerousness And Education in Western Thought .................................................................................................................................... 15 Inta Mieriņa, Ilze Koroļeva, Ieva Kārkliņa What future for small rural schools? Different views and preferences in Latvia and Norway 21 Joseph W. Miller, Voon Chin Phua Meritocracy in Singapore Education System ........................................................................... 31 Kevin Norley Factors Affecting, And Methods To Improve, The Language Development Of Eal Learners 41 Jose María Barroso Tristán Implicit and Explicit Conflict: Implications for Educational Relations ................................... 51 Konrad Gunesch Foreign Language Learning In Transnational Higher Education: Cosmopolitan Multilingual Students As Citizens Of The World ......................................................................................... 59 Bengi Birgili, Ercan Kiraz A Dilemma in Turkish Examination System: Open-Ended or Multiple-Choice? ................... 69 Alina-Andreea Dragoescu Languages in Contact: The Semantic Evolution of Turkish Loanwords in Romanian ........... 79 Belgin Bal İncebacak, Esen Ersoy Mathematical Reasoning Skills of 7th Grade Students ............................................................ 87 Esma Buluş Kirikkaya, Gülşah Bali Investigation of the Relationship of Metacognitive Awareness and Learning Motivations of Secondary School Students to Their Science Achievement..................................................... 99 Tuğba Çağlak, İlay Bilge Denktaş The Application of the Course Music Education by the Graduates of Pre-School Education Department at Pre-School Institutions ................................................................................... 105 Tuncay Canbulat, Cigdem Senyigit, Fatma Erdogan, Ayse Yesiloglu Evaluation in the Context of Constructivism of Learning Environments According to Primary School Teacher Candidates ..................................................................................... 115

Nilüfer Denissova Initial Steps Towards a Strong Curriculum: Turkish/Russian Translation BA Programs in Turkey .................................................................................................................................... 125 Esen Ersoy, Belgin Bal İncebacak Mathematics Education and Reasoning Skill ......................................................................... 135 Sevda Goktepe Yildiz, Ahmet Sukru Ozdemir Activities with Concrete Manipulatives for Development of Spatial Abilities of Elementary School Students ...................................................................................................................... 149 Mustafa Çağrı Gürbüz, Serhat Özgökçeler, Abdullah Ragıp Ersöz Investigation of the Disadvantaged Student Performance of Turkey: An Evaluation of Light PISA Data ............................................................................................................................... 161 Şadiye Karaşah, Süleyman Yaman Effects Of 4E, 5E and 7E Learning Methods On The Academic Success Levels Of Students: A Meta-Analysis Study .......................................................................................................... 171 Mevhibe Kobak Demir, Canan Nakiboğlu, Hülya Gür Modeling Natural Carbon Allotropes With Origami Technique: A STEM Study ................ 181 Yakup Koç A Study On The Relationship Between High School Students’ Physical Education Course Sportsmanship Behaviors And Their Patience Levels ........................................................... 191 Ali Korkut, İsmail Keskin Metaphors About Academic Staff ......................................................................................... 201 Ahu Ozturk The Perceived Effectiveness of Curricular Activities on University Students’ Course Contentment ........................................................................................................................... 211 Ayfer Sahin Are Spiral Programs Integrative and Hierarchic? .................................................................. 223 Ebru Senyigit Too Many Words but Which Words? .................................................................................... 235 Canan Nakiboğlu, Halit Coşgun Examination of Presentation of Ionization Energy in Turkish Secondary School Chemistry Textbooks ............................................................................................................................... 243 Aysel Yavuz, Duygu Akyol A Review For Designing Action With “Problem Solving” Methods In Landscape Architecture Education ................................................................................................................................ 255

Cevdet Yilmaz An Examination of the Relationship between L2 Motivational Self System and L2 Learning in Turkish EFL Context .............................................................................................................. 261 Part II: Educational Administration Mine Agdac, Benan Agdelen, Ozgur Batur Identifying Educational Administrators’ and Supervisors’ Motivators and De-Motivators of Life Long Learning Process: A Qualitative Analysis ............................................................ 271 Hasan Arslan, Meltem Kuşçu Distance Education Applications for Teachers ...................................................................... 283 Arzu Bayindir, Mustafa Aydin Basar “Our Earth: Mysterious Journey to the Future Home – TUBITAK Summer Science Camp 2015”: An Assessment of the Implementation ....................................................................... 297 Cigdem Cantas, Bahar Ozgen, Sukran Aganbas, Cansu Tahmazoglu, Nurten Dayi Ucuz, Hicran Kilic, Ozgur Batur Examining Private and Public School Administrators’ Perceptions and Applications of Management Process in Girne District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: A Qualitative Analysis ............................................................................................................... 307 Nuray Oakley, Gülşah Taşçı-Kaya School Organizations Journey from Shadow Side to Wisdom .............................................. 319 Nuray Sevinç, Hasan Arslan The Study of School Administrators’ Intellectual Leadership Scale Development .............. 331 Part III: Teachers Esra Altintas, Sukru Ilgun Investigation of Knowledge of Pre-Service Teachers Regarding the Terms of Digit and Number ................................................................................................................................... 341 Neslihan Avcı, Nihan Koran Teachers’ Reminiscences: Prospective Teachers’ Memories of Their Teachers ................... 349 Münevver Çetin, Gözde Türkmenoğlu The Characteristics of Toxic Leaders and Teachers’ Opinions Related to Reflections on the School Culture of the Toxic Leadership ................................................................................ 357 Deniz Beste Çevik Kiliç, Pre-service Music Teachers' Opinions about the Teaching Practicum Course ...................... 365 Sinem Dal, Pinar Yengin Sarpkaya A Case Study on the Importance of Secondary School English Lesson Committee Meetings ................................................................................................................................................ 371

Bulent Dilmac, Zeynep Simsir Examination of Relationship Between Human Values and the Level of Forgiveness of Teacher Candidates ................................................................................................................ 381 Gulcan Donmez, Hilal Aktamis Examination of perceptions of secondary school students on science course and science teacher through metaphors and drawings ............................................................................... 389 Okan Durusoy, Ayşen Karamete Learning by Design and Technology Integration Processes of Teacher Candidates ............. 399 Yıldız Guven, Nur Akcin, Zekiye Tunc The Views of the Teachers on Pre-Referral Process for Students at Risk ............................. 407 Hatice Darga Evaluation Of Supportive Levels Of Kindergarten Teachers On Creativeness Of Children Through Painting & Drawing Activities ................................................................................ 417 Pınar Bağçeli Kahraman Examination Of Primary Student Teachers' Opinions About Preschool Education .............. 431 Fatma Elif Kilinc, Guluzar Sule Tepetas-Cengiz Identifying Preschool Teachers’ Digital Empowerment Levels ............................................ 443 Bayram Seyhan, Zeynep Kurtulmuş The Study of Preschool Teachers Attitudes towards Giftedness and Its Education .............. 453 Part IV: Psychology Asli Aslan, Dilem Dinc, Bahtim Kutuk Joint Effects of Anxiety and Mood Induction on Risk Taking Behavior for Elderly and Young ..................................................................................................................................... 463 Nazan Aktaş School-Based Nutrition Promotion: Nutrition Friendly School Program in Turkey ............. 471 Handan Asûde Başal, Pınar Bağçeli Kahraman, Merve Akoğlu, Gülçin Atlilar, Öznur Durgut Determining and Evaluating the Most Popular Cartoons among Children Between 4 and 6 Years of Age........................................................................................................................... 47+ Pınar Cicekoglu, Ender Durualp, Gül Kadan The Academic Self-Esteem and Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills of Refugee and NonRefugee Preschoolers ............................................................................................................. 491 Jale İpek, Duygu Vargör Vural, Kemal Şimşek Development of Spatial Abilities of 7th Grade Students ....................................................... 501 Ebru Onurlubas Determining the Factors That Affect the Alcohol Consumption of Students Through Logit Model ..................................................................................................................................... 515

A Study On The Relationship Between High School Students’ Physical Education Course Sportsmanship Behaviors And Their Patience Levels Yakup Koç

1. Introduction

Initially, physical education (PE) courses aimed only physical and muscular development, however, recently all aspects of development namely cognitive, emotional, psychomotor and physical development have been considered (Demirhan & et al 2002). Development of sportsmanship behavior is also another objective in terms of behavior development. In general, sportsmanship refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage, and persistence (Shields & Bredemeier, 1995), and has been associated with interpersonal concepts of treating others and being treated fairly, maintaining self-control if dealing with others, and respect for both authority and opponents. Sportsmanship is also looked at as being the way one reacts to a sport/game/player (wikipedia.org). Some popular examples of good sportsmanship include shaking hands, help an opponent who may have fallen over, encourage everyone, cheer, clap or hi-fives, and be respectful to everyone including team mates, the opposition, parents and officials (Josephson, 2015). Keating (2007) stated that sportsmanship also involve patience like other aforementioned traits. Patience is the state of endurance under difficult circumstances, which can mean persevering in the face of delay or provocation without acting on negative annoyance/anger; or exhibiting forbearance when under strain, especially when faced with longer-term difficulties. Patience is the level of endurance one can have before negativity (wikipedia.org). Given that patience, as a power of character, helps all sort of human development and contributes to the individual development by helping in gaining other strength aspects of character (Karaca, 2011), patience is also considered to have a positive effect on the sportsmanship behavior which is a defined character in sports field. Besides, Karslı (2011) emphasized that controlling anger and proper management of stress require patience, which is obviously a frequent case in sports environment. Activities oriented to improving sportsmanship behaviors of students are expected be implemented by means of physical education courses in schools. Bringing in proper sportsmanship behaviors through PE courses would also contribute to nurturing a generation with ethical values. Indeed, Yıldıran (1992) underlined in his study on history of sportsmanship education that similar reasons triggered sportsmanship applications in England. At this point, which personality traits are related to sportsmanship behaviors is important. Within this context, patience levels of high school students are considered to be related to their sportsmanship behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between high school students’ physical education course sportsmanship behaviors and their patience levels. 2. Materials and Methods

The sample of study involves a total of 702 students (376 female, 326 male) from public high schools within the Erzincan province who were selected randomly in 2015-2016 academic year. A survey, the Physical Education Course Sportspersonship Behavior Scale (Koç, 2013) and the Patience Scale (Doğan & Gülmez, 2014) which originally developed by Schnitker (2012), (the original name is “3-Factor Patience Scale”) were implemented and the students were also asked questions with regard to their grades, genders, the type of sports to which they interested in most during physical education courses and whether they took part in school teams. The validity and reliability of scales were re-studied. The students’ scores based on the scales were analyzed

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Yakup Koç by independent variables. The data with normal distribution were analyzed using One Way ANOVA, Tukey Test and t-Test. Correlations (Pearson) were used for relationships among scales. Data were evaluated using SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.7 programs. 2. Results and Discussion

3.1. Physical Education Course Sportspersonship Behavior Scale The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested the following values X2/sd=3.40, RMSEA= .062, CFI= .96, GFI= .91 and NNFI=.96. As a result of CFA in order to test factor structure, consistency values were found to be admissible. No items were excluded. PECSBS consists of 22 items and two subscales. The first subscale consisting of 11 items is related to the “Realization of Positive Behavior (RPB)” while the second subscale composed of 11 items concerns “Avoidance from Negative Behavior (ANB)” PECSBS was scored on a 5-point Likert scale with “never” (1) and “always” (5) serving as end points. ANB subscale items were reverse scored. The total score obtained in the scale was assessed as “Total Sportsmanship Behavior (TSB)”. RPB subscale can be exemplified by the item “I apologize from my opponent when I get nervous and break the rules of the game during the physical education course” and ANB subscale can be exemplified by the item “I make fun of the members of the rival team whenever I win against them during the physical education course”. Reliability of Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the scale (TSB) was .89. In terms of subscale ANB value was .83 and for RPB was .84. It was found that the scale was valid and reliable and could be used. 3.2. Patience Scale The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Patience Scale suggested the following values χ²/df = 3.48, RMSEA = 0.063, GFI = 0.96, NNFI = 0.95 and CFI = .96. As a result of CFA in order to test factor structure, consistency values were found to be admissible. Patience Scale consists of 11 items and three subscales. The first subscale consisting of 5 items is related to the “Interpersonal Patience (IP)” while the second subscale composed of 3 items concerns “Long- term patience /Life hardships (LP)” and third subscale composed of 3 items concerns “Short-term patience /Daily hassles (SP)” Patience Scale was scored on a 5point Likert scale with “Strongly Disagree” (1) and “Strongly Agree” (5) serving as end points. 7th and 10th items were reverse scored. The total score obtained in the scale was assessed as “Total Patience (TP)”. Reliability of Cronbach Alpha internal consistency of the Patience Scale was .78. In terms of subscale IP value was .70, for LP was .64 and for SP was .42. The internal consistency coefficient of the whole scale was determined to be good, but the internal consistency coefficient of its sub-scales was determined to be low like the original study in which the scale was developed. .

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The Relationship Between Sportmansmanship and Patience Levels 3.3. Grades Table 1. The Comparison of Students’ Scores According to Their Grade Levels (One-way Anova) SCALE Realization of Positive Behavior Avoidance from Negative Behavior Total Sportsmanship Behavior Interpersonal Patience Long- term patience /Life hardships Short-term patience /Daily hassles Total Patience

Grade Level 9 10 11 9 10 11 9 10 11 9 10 11 9 10 11 9 10 11 9 10 11

N

X

SD

F

p

225 282 195 225 282 195 225 282 195 225 282 195 225 282 195 225 282 195 225 282 195

3.74 3.64 3.64 3.88 3.93 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.72 16.75 16.91 17.25 10.20 10.32 10.53 9.31 9.26 8.95 36.26 36.50 36.73

.79 .78 .77 .95 .79 .77 .77 .70 .68 4.39 4.00 3.87 2.78 2.71 2.70 2.89 2.48 2.87 8.35 7.44 7.29

1.29

.276

1.18

.308

.87

.422

.80

.451

.77

.463

1.04

.360

.20

.819

Sportsmanship and patience levels of the students by their grades did not manifest a significant difference (Table 1). A number of studies (Esentürk & et al., 2015; Koç & Tamer, 2014; Koç, 2015; Tsai & Fung, 2005) reported that the sportsmanship level reduced in higher grades whereas some studies (Hacıcaferoğlu & et al., 2015, Kayışoğlu & et al., 2015; Shields & et al., 2007) reported that the grade level did not display a significant difference. However, studies without significant differences drew attention to the fact that as class level increases sportsmanship level reduces. A study involving participants of 15 to 65+ years age concluded that age supports the level of patience positively. This was also supported by other studies (Doğan, 2014). When psychological studies on development periods are examined in terms of their topics, it is understood that under psychological and social conditions, individuals gain experience, mature their views of life and approach to happenings in a more calmly, patiently and broadly perspective. It is also understood that individuals approach to happenings maturely instead of behaving reactively, and they show effort to understand (Bahadır, 2011). It is concluded that the reason for lacking significant differences may be extended development process of behaviors and that a period of 3 years does not allow a significant change. Some external factors are considered to have an effect in study groups which display reduced sportsmanship as class levels increase. For example, some studies are present that reveal the negative effect of media on sportsmanship (Koç & Tamer, 2014; Young (2012).

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Yakup Koç 3.4. Gender Table 2: The Comparison of Students’ Scores According to Their Gender (t-Test) SCALE

Group

N

Realization of Positive Behavior Avoidance from Negative Behavior Total Sportsmanship Behavior

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

376 326 376 326 376 326 376 326 376 326 376 326 376 326

Interpersonal Patience Long- term patience /Life hardships Short-term patience /Daily hassles Total Patience

X͞ 3.702 3.639 4.028 3.712 3.865 3.675 16.34 17.66 10.15 10.56 8.92 9.50 35.41 37.72

sd .771 .792 .823 .832 .711 .710 4.223 3.829 2.789 2.649 2.720 2.706 7.768 7.422

T

p

1.063

.288

5.053

.000**

3.523

.000**

-4.290

.000**

-2.003

.046*

-2.839

.005**

-4.010

.000**

*p