Redescription of Aristobia reticulator

Redescription of Aristobia reticulator (F., 1781) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), with a Taxonomic Note and Record of a New Food Plant for Adults in Northeastern India Author(s): B. K. Agarwala and P. P. Bhattacharjee Source: The Coleopterists Bulletin, 69(2):205-212. Published By: The Coleopterists Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-69.2.205 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1649/0010-065X-69.2.205

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The Coleopterists Bulletin, 69(2): 205–212. 2015.

REDESCRIPTION OF ARISTOBIA RETICULATOR (F., 1781) (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: LAMIINAE), WITH A TAXONOMIC NOTE AND RECORD OF A NEW FOOD PLANT FOR ADULTS IN NORTHEASTERN INDIA B. K. AGARWALA

AND

P. P. BHATTACHARJEE

Biosystematics and Biodiversity Laboratories, Department of Zoology Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura 799022, INDIA [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT Aristobia reticulator (F., 1781), originally described from an unknown location in “British India”, is redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from northeastern India. This is the first detailed account of the external morphology of both sexes of the species, which includes external sexually dimorphic characters. A new food plant, Microcos paniculata L. (Malvaceae), for adults is reported. Key Words: longicorn beetle, morphology, sexual dimorphism, Microcos paniculata

Cerambycidae within the geographic region and to the global cataloging initiative of Species 2000 (Bisby and Roskov 2010; Roskov et al. 2014).

Aristobia reticulator (F., 1781) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a member of the subfamily Lamiinae and tribe Monochamini. The species is popularly known as ‘the litchi longhorn beetle’ or ‘litchi stem borer’ because it is a destructive pest of litchi in China (Xu et al. 1995; Peng et al. 2003). It is also a pest of guava (Shylesha et al. 2000) and pigeon pea (Firake et al. 2013) in Meghalaya, India. The original types of the component species (= Lamia reticulator F., 1781, Cerambyx testudo Voet, 1778, and Celosterna clathrator Thomson, 1865) of A. reticulator were described at different times from the Indian subregion, and their original descriptions were scant, data deficient, and lacked illustration of life color. In fact, the oldest of these, C. testudo, was named based on a drawing alone and therefore considered a nomen nudum by Jiroux et al. (2014) following the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), article 11 read with article 13. The next oldest name available was L. reticulator, with a minimal valid description under ICZN rules. In view of the availability of recent collections of adult males and females of the species from a new food plant from Tripura, northeastern India, descriptions of both the sexes, including external sexually dimorphic characters, are provided. A taxonomic note on the current status of the species is presented in view of the use of multiple names in the past and the recent review of the tribe Monochamini by Jiroux et al. (2014). The redescription of the species based on multiple specimens of both sexes from northeastern India is an addition to the existing knowledge of the biodiversity and validation of the taxa of

MATERIAL

AND

METHODS

Most specimens examined in this study were collected from forested or agricultural habitats in Tripura, northeastern India. The study area is located in the western fringe of the tropical moist forested part of the Indo-Myanmar biogeographic hotspot (Lodh and Agarwala 2015) and experiences, on average, 2,024 mm of annual rainfall (Anonymous 2015). Seven males and three females of A. reticulator were collected on three different dates in 2013 from woody branches of a wild shrub, Microcos paniculata L. (Malvaceae), on which beetles were observed feeding on the bark. One female was retrieved from a collection event in 2006 from a cultivated field of pigeon pea, Cajan cajan (L.) (Fabaceae), in Meghalaya which is a neighboring state of Tripura (Fig. 1). Collected specimens were relaxed, pinned, and examined under a Zeiss stereo zoom microscope (model: Stemi 2000C). Identity of the specimens as A. reticulator was determined following the descriptions and taxonomic keys provided by Gressitt (1951), Hua (2002), and Jiroux et al. (2014). Morphometric data were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm using the microscopy software ZEN light (2011). Photographs of the specimens and line drawings of taxonimocally important characters were obtained using the digital photographic camera and camera lucida facility of a Leica stereo zoom microscope (model M205C). Periodical drying of the preserved specimens at 50°C for 24 hours in 205

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 69(2), 2015

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Fig. 1. Map showing distribution range of Aristobia reticulator in the Asian-Pacific region and known localities in the states of northeastern India.

an incubator as well as their fumigation at 15 days (in cooler and hot seasons) or at 30 days interval (in pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons) was done to prevent microbial infections. All the specimens in this study were subjected to this procedure which caused the internal structures, such as genitalia, soft parts, and disposition of setae, to lose their original shape and texture, as was found by dissection of four males and three females. As a result, descriptions of the genitalia of both sexes are not included here. Voucher specimens are preserved in the Biosystematics and Biodiversity Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Tripura University (reference numbers: Coleo/Cerambycidae- 210, 3905, 3906, 3907, 3908, 3909, 4457, 4458, 4459, 4460, 4461).

RESULTS Aristobia reticulator (F., 1781) (Figs. 2–8) Lamia reticulator F., 1781 (type location: unknown in “India Orientalis”, lectotype, female): Zimsen 1964. Cerambyx testudo Voet, 1778 (synonym) (nomen nudum; type location: unknown in “British India”). Celosterna clathrator Thomson, 1865 (synonym) (type location: Sylhet in Bangladesh). Aristobia clathrator: Thomson 1868. Aristobia reticulator (F., 1781): Lacordaire 1869.

Aristobia testudo (Voet, 1778): Aurivillius 1922; Beeson 1941; Breuning 1943; Hua 2002; Mukhopadhyay and Halder 2004; Weigel 2006. Aristobia reticulatrix (F., 1781): Löbl and Smetana 2010. Material Examined. 1♀, 07.x.2006, coll. O. Hemchandra, host plant – Cajanus cajan (L.) (Fabaceae), Barapani (25°42′18.7″ N and 91°58′11.8″ E, 910 m), Meghalaya, India; 1♂ and 2 ♀, 18.viii.2013, colls. P. P. Bhattacharjee and D. K. Sinha, host plant - Microcos paniculata L. (Malvaceae), Kaimaicherra (23°49′14.8″ N and 91°26′30.6″ E, 80 m), Dhalai district, north Tripura, India; 3 ♂ and 1♀, 20.xi.2013, coll. J. M. Barman and D. K. Sinha, 3 ♂, 12.xii.2013, colls. P. P. Bhattacharjee and D.K. Sinha, host plant – M. paniculata, Ichanchandranagar (23°45′20.79″ N and 91°15′30.31″ E, 16 m), west Tripura, India (Fig. 1). Diagnosis. The species is treated under the genus Aristobia Thomson, 1868 chiefly for having the antennal insertions strongly elevated and divergent, antennae with the third segment and often some of following segments with tufts of hairs or bristles at their apices, and the third segment longer than the fourth segment (Aurivillius 1922; Beeson 1941; Breuning 1943; Gressitt 1951). The nearest taxonomic relative of the species is A. approximator (Thomson, 1865), which is characterized by the


Fig. 2.

Aristobia reticulator, habitus. a) Male, b) Female.

presence of a strong tuft of hairs at the apical half of the third antennal segment only in both sexes, whereas A. reticulator possesses tufts of hairs on the apices of the third, fourth, and most often on fifth segments; these tufts are most prominent on the third segment, less so on the fourth segment, and feebly so, if present, on the fifth segment (Hua 2002; Jiroux et al. 2014). Distribution. India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura), Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam (Fig. 1). Redescription of Male. n = 7. Body subcylindrical, 20.97–26.34 mm long, 7.57–9.52 mm maximum width in subapical region of elytra (Table 1);

Fig. 3.

207

Aristobia reticulator, head, anterior view.

dorsal surface clothed with thick orange or yellow pubescence with black reticulations (Fig. 2a). Head: Front of head (Fig. 3) gently sloping from base to apex, highly sclerotized, black, with prominent median suture that runs through frons and clypeus, both glossy black and clothed with thin pubescence; labrum shield-like, broadly hinged to clypeus by yellow, gelatin-like clypeolabral membrane; mandibles strong with broad bases attached to clypeus, incisor smooth, curved and pointed, maxillary and labial palps 3-segmented, black, with apical segment longest, bearing sparse, white setae and round tips; gena similar to clypeus and frons in texture and color; vertex (Fig. 4) with distinct median suture and elevated, deeply notched, divergent antennal sockets, with inverted trident-shape and orange pubescence with black bands in between, compound eyes elliptical below antennal sockets but broader and longer facing frons; antennae 11-segmented (Fig. 5), without tubercles, 27.31–31.88 mm long and, on average, 1.24 times longer than the body, orange in color except scape, 2nd segment and apices of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments dark, 3rd segment covered with yellow bristles except on apical 2/5 which is covered with large tufts of deep brown bristles, 4th and 5th segments similar to 3rd segment except tufts of deep brown bristles in the apical regions smaller and feebly so on inner side of 5th segments (in some preserved specimens, these segments bear scars which represent accidental erosion of yellow bristles during handling in study); scape 3.50–4.32 mm long; 2nd segment

208

Figs. 4–5.


Aristobia reticulator. 4) Vertex and pronotum; 5) Antenna with an enlarged view of third segment.

shortest, 0.74–0.98 mm long; 3rd segment longest, 4.52–5.52 mm long; 4th segment 3.89–4.46 mm long, shorter than 3rd segment, 5th (2.92–3.51 mm long) to 10th (1.45–1.77 mm long) gradually shorter, apical segment (2.09–2.72 mm long) longer than previous ones (Table 1). Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 4) wider than long, 3.96–5.62 mm long, 6.51–8.23 mm wide in the middle, thinly pubescent throughout, with 2 well-defined, longitudinal,

black vittae converging anteriorly to vertex and posteriorly around scutellum, vittae widest medially, extending laterally into extensive area of orange pubescence terminating at pronotal tubercles with blunt apices; pronotal disc somewhat convex in middle but slightly depressed above and below, with a few sparse and shallow punctures, devoid of a spine, without a carina, maximum width narrower than maximum width of elytra; scutellum triangular with rounded apex, orangeyellow; pro- and metacoxal cavities open, midcoxal cavity covered with conspicuous black protuberance with its circular base covered with whitish hairs and a distal rounded apex (Fig. 6), proepisternum broad, somewhat tongue-shaped, proepimeron thinner than proepisternum, compressed between coxae above and collar region below, encircling procoxa on each

Fig. 6. Aristobia reticulator, thorax, ventral view showing coxal cavities, episterna, and epimera.

Fig. 7. Aristobia reticulator, protarsal segments. a) Dorsal view, b) Ventral view, c) Lateral view.


Fig. 8. Aristobia reticulator, abdominal sternites, male and female.

side; mesepisternum and mesepimeron broader than long, placed laterad of mesosternum; metepisternum and metepimeron elongated, placed side by side laterad of metasternum. Legs: Black, pubescent (Figs. 2a, 4a); midtibial groove absent, hind legs longer than mid- and forelegs; tarsi 4-segmented, dorsal surface black, convex and pubescent, ventral surface faint yellowish grey, flat and incrassate, 3rd segment deeply bilobed, last segment elongated, with deep furrow on ventral side and pair of terminal, pointed, curved, and divaricate claws

Table 1.

209

(Fig. 7a–c). Elytra: Emarginate apically, convex, 15.29–18.86 mm long, clothed with a reticulation of orange or yellow and black pubescence, usually distinguishable as 7 (n = 5), seldom 6 (n = 1) or eight (n = 1) orange spots of irregular shapes and various sizes on the inner margins and an equal number on the outer margins present linearly in anterior-posterior direction on each elytron, one or sometimes 2 additional smaller spots present medially between inner and outer spots in the apical half, some of the spots variously but not completely fused, not all spots symmetrical in their disposition on elytra (Fig. 2a). Abdomen: Completely covered dorsally by elytra, ventral surface shiny black, sparsely setose, with 5 distinct sternites (Fig. 8), 1st sternite longer than next 4 sternites, median region strongly projected between hind coxae; membranous joint between 1st and 2nd sternites very thin and flat, those between 2nd and 3rd, 3rd and 4th, and 4th and 5th sternites with curved lines, characteristic of the male, which become progressively prominent posteriorly (Fig. 8). Redescription of Female. n = 4. Body color and shape generally similar to that of male; 30.22–33.76 mm long, 11.00–12.60 mm maximum width in the subapical region of elytra (Table 2) (Fig. 2b). Head: Frons (Fig. 3) black, hairy, with distinct median suture; antenna 11-segmented,

Measurements (mm) of body parts of seven male Aristobia reticulator. Specimen no. based on collection reference no.

Variable

4461

3909

3908

3905

3907

4457

4456

Range (minimum–maximum)

Body length Body width Humeral width Pronotal length Maximum pronotal width Abdominal length Maximum elytral width Antennal length Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8 Segment 9 Segment 10 Segment 11 Profemoral length Protibial length Mesofemoral length Mesotibial length Metafemoral length Metatibial length

26.34 9.39 5.79 5.62 8.22 18.72 9.39 31.13 3.35 0.65 5.21 4.45 3.51 2.77 2.45 2.22 2.03 1.77 2.72 4.67 4.74 5.11 5.21 5.75 5.56

25.59 9.52 5.92 4.87 8.23 18.86 9.52 31.88 4.32 0.98 5.52 4.46 3.41 2.68 2.41 2.15 1.94 1.61 2.39 5.03 5.19 5.47 5.68 6.09 6.03

23.90 8.35 5.31 4.56 7.53 16.60 8.35 29.32 3.70 0.87 5.04 4.19 3.17 2.62 2.25 1.95 1.69 1.45 2.29 4.46 4.54 4.69 4.73 5.41 4.95

25.90 9.11 5.61 4.74 7.85 18.37 9.11 31.24 4.11 0.93 5.38 4.42 3.17 2.63 2.39 2.07 1.95 1.63 2.54 4.83 5.02 5.09 5.48 5.89 5.88

23.93 8.55 5.29 4.58 7.34 16.86 8.55 28.95 3.68 0.80 4.97 4.33 3.00 2.55 2.25 1.91 1.64 1.49 2.31 4.41 4.45 4.57 5.03 5.32 5.21

20.97 7.56 4.68 3.96 6.51 15.29 7.57 27.31 3.50 0.74 4.52 3.89 2.92 2.34 2.16 1.91 1.75 1.47 2.09 4.40 4.29 4.53 4.88 5.43 5.30

22.81 8.68 5.46 4.32 7.34 16.54 8.68 30.01 3.55 0.90 4.79 4.13 3.22 2.66 2.49 2.07 1.99 1.69 2.50 4.53 4.54 4.70 4.89 5.25 5.23

20.97–26.34 7.56–9.52 4.68–5.92 3.96–5.62 6.51–8.23 15.29–18.86 7.57–9.52 27.31–31.88 3.50–4.32 0.74–0.98 4.52–5.52 3.89–4.46 2.92–3.51 2.34–2.77 2.16–2.49 1.91–2.22 1.64–2.03 1.45–1.77 2.09–2.72 4.40–5.03 4.29–5.19 4.53–5.47 4.73–5.68 5.25–6.09 4.95–6.03


210 Table 2.

Measurements (mm) of body parts of four female Aristobia reticulator. Specimen no. based on collection reference no.

Measurement variable

3906

210

4459

4460

Range (minimum–maximum)

Body length Body width Humeral width Pronotal length Maximum pronotal width Abdominal length Maximum elytral width Antennal length Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segment 7 Segment 8 Segment 9 Segment 10 Segment 11 Profemoral length Protibial length Mesofemoral length Mesotibial length Metafemoral length Metatibial length

32.15 11.59 7.20 5.94 9.81 23.79 11.59 4.26 0.94 6.12 5.13 3.84 3.16 2.70 2.29 5.94 6.31 6.32 6.56 7.12 7.03

32.69 12.13 7.26 6.17 9.89 24.02 12.13 37.21 4.56 0.95 6.88 5.46 4.19 3.42 2.84 2.48 2.12 1.88 2.43 5.63 6.61 6.47 6.56 7.36 7.40

33.76 12.60 7.82 5.80 10.67 24.96 12.60 37.72 5.05 1.45 6.42 5.35 4.18 3.27 2.77 2.49 2.27 1.94 2.53 6.11 6.59 6.49 6.92 7.41 7.47

30.22 10.99 6.68 5.32 9.65 22.49 10.99 34.05 4.80 1.37 6.14 4.78 3.70 2.86 2.49 2.14 1.94 1.58 2.22 5.57 5.59 5.85 6.06 6.55 6.40

30.22–33.76 10.99–12.60 6.68–7.82 5.32–6.17 9.65–10.67 22.49–24.96 10.99–12.60 34.05–37.72 4.80–5.05 0.94–1.45 6.12–6.88 4.78–5.46 3.70–4.19 2.86–3.42 2.49–2.84 2.14–2.49 1.94–2.27 1.58–1.94 2.22–2.53 5.57–6.11 5.59–6.61 5.85–6.49 6.06–6.92 6.55–7.41 6.40–7.47

34.05–37.72 mm long and, on average, 1.12 times longer than body length, with tuft of black bristles on apices of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments, scape about 4.80–5.06 mm long, 2nd segment shortest, 0.94– 1.45 mm long, 3rd segment longest, 6.12–6.89 mm long, bearing prominent scars by lack of pubescence, other apical segments uniformly pubescent or hairy, 4th segment 4.78–5.46 mm, shorter than 3rd, 5th (3.70–4.19 mm long) to 10th (1.58–1.94 mm long) segments gradually shorter, apical segment (2.22–2.53 mm long) longer than previous ones (Figs. 2b, 5). Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 4) larger than that of males, 5.32–6.17 mm long, 9.65–10.67 mm wide, with 2 longitudinal black vittae alternating with orange or yellow pubescence, vittae widest in middle, extending laterally into extensive areas with orange pubescence terminating in pronotal tubercles as in males, pronotal margins, midcoxal cavities, episterna, and epimera as in males; midtibial groove absent, hind legs longer than mid- and fore legs (Table 2); tarsi 4-segmented, 3rd segment deeply bilobed, last segment elongated, with a pair of divergent claws (Fig. 7a–c). Elytra: Length 22.49–24.96 mm, clothed with a reticulation of orange or yellow and black pubescence, distinguishable as 8 (n = 2) or seldom 7 or 9 (n = 1 each) orange or yellow semiround to roundish spots on inner margins and an equal number on the outer

margins, these disposed linearly in anterior-posterior direction on each elytron, 1–2 additional linear rows of spots present medially between inner and outer spots on apical half of elytra, some spots variously or completely fused, not all spots symmetrical in their disposition (Fig. 2b). Abdomen: Ventral surface shiny black, thinly covered with black pubescence, with 5 sternites, membranous joint between 1st and 2nd sternites very thin, those between succeeding sternites with flat lines which become progressively prominent except the last joint with curved lines (Fig. 8). In other characters, similar to males. Adults were repeatedly found feeding on the bark of M. paniculata in western Tripura districts of northeastern India, including branches infested by termites that also feed on the bark. This is a new adult food plant record for this beetle in its distribution range from Asia-Pacific region. Taxonomic Note. Described originally as Lamia reticulator by Fabricius in 1781 from ‘India Orientalis’, this beetle was later described as Cerambyx testudo by Voet in 1778 from an unknown location in British India. Until recently, two species collected from locations in China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam were treated under the genus Aristobia, chiefly in having the antennal insertions strongly divergent and the antennae with


the third segment, and often some of following segments, with tufts of hairs or bristles at their apices (Aurivillius 1922; Beeson 1941; Breuning 1943; Gressitt 1951; Hua, 2002; Mukhopadhyay and Halder 2004). Jiroux et al. (2014), while reviewing the tribe Monochamini, examined the original specimens and illustrations of L. reticulator and C. testudo and another species, Celostoma clathrator, from Bangladesh and found that the three species share the essential morphological characters: body shape and size; reticulation and life color pattern of head, antennae, thorax, abdomen and legs; pronotum with two median, longitudinal, black pubescent bands; and antennae 11-segmented with tufts of hairs on the apices of the third and fourth segments and sometimes the fifth segment. Following the rules of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN: article 11 read with 13), Jiroux et al. (2014) retained Lamia reticulator as the oldest valid name, treated C. testudo as a nomen nudum and C. clathrator as a synonym. They treated these under the name Aristobia reticulator with India as the type locality (unknown collection location) and considered the original material of Lamia reticulator as the lectotype deposited at the British Natural History Museum, London.

211

et al. 2000; Firake et al. 2013) allude to its economic importance. However, adults were recorded in this study to feed on a different plant species that is a common shrub in the habitats of the litchi, guava, and pigeon pea larval hosts. In view of infrequent records of A. reticulator from isolated patches of its habitats, it is difficult to ascertain whether its natural populations undergo gene flow between patches and maintain a minimum critical threshold of population density. It would be an interesting aspect of study from the viewpoint of conservation of the species in the face of rapid fragmentation and degradation of wild habitats, in tropical parts of the world in particular.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks are due to the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for financial support to the first author through project no. F.No. 16-16/ 2007-IA IV. The second author is beneficiary of the project as a full time research staff. The authors are indebted to Dr. H. V. Ghate (Modern College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Pune, India) and Dr. Doug Yanega (University of California, Riverside) for helpful comments on the identification of the species and to two anonymous reviewers for improvement of the manuscript.

DISCUSSION Of an estimated 1.088 million animal species (excluding synonyms and infra-species) described worldwide, insects represent 0.795 million (73%) of the species, and beetles account for about 0.236 million (30%) (Roskov et al. 2014). These include an estimated 33,140 species of Cerambycidae (Tavakilian and Chevillotte 2014). It is widely believed that tropical parts of the world on both sides of the equator are the most rich in diversity (Myers et al. 2000) and hold much of the unknown or poorly known animal diversity (Mittermeier et al. 2005). Northeastern India, being part of the Indo-Myanmar megadiverse hotspot, is home to 163 currently known species of longicorn beetles (Gahan 1894; Dillon and Dillon 1950; Sengupta and Sengupta 1981; Mukhopadhyay and Biswas 2000, 2002; Mukhopadhyay and Halder 2000, 2004; Agarwala and Bhattacharjee 2012; Agarwala et al. 2014). Many of these species were described before 1950 and are data deficient. With this background, the redescription of A. reticulator of South Asian origin and with a known distribution extending to countries on the eastern rim of the Pacific region is advancement of the taxonomic study of these insects. Previous records of this beetle as stem borer pests of litchi and guava from China (Peng et al. 2003) and from guava and pigeon pea from parts of northeastern India (Shylesha

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