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Rediscovery of a forgotten snake in an unexpected place and remarks on a small herpetological collection from southeastern Brazil M . S . Hoogmoed

Hoogmoed, M.S. Rediscovery of a forgotten snake in an unexpected place and remarks on a small herpetological collection from southeastern Brazil. Zool. Med. Leiden 71 (9), 31.vii.1997: 63-81, figs. 1-8.— ISSN 0024-0672. Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517, 2300 R A Leiden, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]). Key words: Reptilia; Ophidia; Cercophis auratus; Sauria; Amphibia; Anura; inventory; distribution; SE Brazil; Suriname. A collection of snakes and frogs collected in the area of Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, was bought in December 1890 and remained unidentified until now. The collection comprises 100 snakes belonging to 18 species and 152 frogs belonging to 19 species. A comparison with the herpetofauna from nearby Serra do Japi in Sao Paulo is made. General remarks on variation and identification are made for a number of species. Among the snakes were two specimens of Cercophis aurata (Schlegel, 1837), a species described on the basis of one specimen from Suriname, and no new specimens having been recorded until now. The new individuals cause the known area of distribution to be greatly enlarged, but such a large distribution area occurs in several other snakes as well. Morphological data, drawings of details, habitus photographs and a detailed description of the species, based on the three available specimens, are provided.

Introduction D u r i n g routine curatorial w o r k i n the collection of the N a t i o n a a l N a t u u r h i s t o r i s c h M u s e u m (formerly R i j k s m u s e u m v a n N a t u u r l i j k e H i s t o r i e ( R M N H ) ) a collection of frogs, snakes a n d one l i z a r d , w a s d i s c o v e r e d that i n 1890 h a d b e e n b o u g h t ( a m o n g other animals) f r o m M r H a r d y d u D r e n e u f of T u r n h o u t , B e l g i u m b y the m u s e u m . These specimens h a d been collected b y h i m i n the " s u r r o u n d i n g s of P o r t o Real, B r a s i l " (Jentink, 1891: 16: " [ A a n k o o p ] December. V a n d e n H e e r H a r d y d u D r e n e u f te T u r n h o u t : ....98 Slangen, 45 H a g e d i s s e n , 225 V o r s c h e n , alles d o o r h e m v e r z a m e l d i n de o m s t r e k e n v a n P o r t o Real, B r a z i l i e " ) . T h i s locality i s located i n the west of the State of R i o d e Janeiro to the eastnortheast of A g u l h a s N e g r a s a n d Resende a n d n o r t h w e s t of B a r r a M a n s a a n d V o l t a R e d o n d a , just s o u t h of the Serra de M a n t i q u e i r a . A m o n g the material w e r e t w o snakes that t u r n e d o u t to b e l o n g to Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837). Part of H a r d y d u D r e n e u f s ) material has been i n c o r p o r a t e d into the collections of the R M N H , b u t a large part r e m a i n e d a m o n g the u n i d e n t i f i e d c o l lections u n t i l n o w , a n d is here reported o n . O n l y f o u r of the l i z a r d s m e n t i o n e d i n the o r i g i n a l purchase c o u l d be traced; one w a s a m o n g the u n i d e n t i f i e d frogs discussed here, a n d three m o r e w e r e s t u d i e d a f e w years ago b y Jackson (1978) a n d u s e d i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n of Enyalius perditus Jackson, 1978. 1

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1) translation: [Purchase] December. Of Mr Hardy du Dreneuf in Turnhout:....98 snakes, 45 lizards, 225 frogs...., all collected by him in the surroundings of Porto Real, Brazil. 2) according to Boulenger (1894: 132) this would be M.F. Hardy du Dreneuf, from whom the British Museum (Natural History) also obtained specimens.

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Hoogmoed. Herpetological collection SE Brazil. Zool. Med. Leiden 71 (1997)

REPTILIA OPHIDIA COLUBRIDAE Cercophis F i t z i n g e r , 1843 Cercophis Fitzinger, 1843: 26; Hoogmoed, 1982: 225; Vanzolini, 1986: 5; Vanzolini in Peters & DonosoBarros, 1986: 5. Oxybelis (part): Romer, 1956: 580. Type-species.— Dendrophis aurata Schlegel, 1837. Content.— Only one species known.

D i a g n o s i s . — S m a l l slender, apparently arboreal, snakes h a v i n g a v e r y l o n g tail (41-49% of total length), e n d i n g i n a sharp t i p . E y e large, p u p i l r o u n d . M a x i l l a r y teeth 19-20, f o l l o w e d b y a distinct diastema a n d t w o larger, u n g r o o v e d teeth. H e a d l o n g a n d flattened, w i t h a complete c o m p l e m e n t of h e a d scales (no fusions). Supralabials 8, rarely 9, w i t h 4th a n d 5 t h (5th a n d 6th) entering orbit; infralabials 10; 1 o r 2 (rarely) loreal(s); preocular 1; postoculars 2. T e m p o r a l s basically 1+2, b u t the first one m a y be d i v i d e d i n several w a y s . Ventrals 140-149, anal d i v i d e d , subcaudals p a i r e d , 129-163. Ventrals w i t h o u t lateral keels. D o r s a l scales i n 15-15-11 o b l i q u e r o w s , s m o o t h , v e r y

Fig. 1. General view of the holotype of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 813 from Suriname. Length of label 27 mm. Photo A. 't Hooft.


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Fig. 2. General view of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 27672 from Porto Real, Brazil. Length of label 23 mm. Photo A . 't Hooft.

n a r r o w , the vertebral one, the paravertebral ones (only f r o m m i d d l e of b o d y ) a n d the first r o w o n each side s l i g h t l y enlarged; n o a p i c a l pits or anal ridges. Scales o n tail i n four r o w s . C o l o u r p a t t e r n . — A l i g h t transverse b a n d o n the p r e - / s u p r a o c u l a r r e g i o n of the h e a d , w i t h d a r k areas i m m e d i a t e l y i n front a n d b e h i n d it. A l i g h t subocular area. A dark, central area o n each parietal. B o d y b r o n z e c o l o u r e d , w i t h or w i t h o u t darker t r i angular spots. A black area i m m e d i a t e l y b e h i n d the cloaca. L o w e r t w o - t h i r d s of the eye d a r k g o l d e n , u p p e r t h i r d light. Because of the p o o r c o n d i t i o n of the h o l o t y p e , the h e m i p e n i s w a s not dissected. The above c o m b i n a t i o n of characters distinguishes Cercophis f r o m a l l other N e o tropical c o l u b r i d genera. The l o w n u m b e r of dorsals a n d the h i g h n u m b e r of subcaudals, often h i g h e r t h a n that of ventrals, are especially n o t e w o r t h y . C o m m e n t . — Schlegel (1837a: 157, 1837b: 227) described a single specimen of a snake, that i n 1831 w a s sent to the L e i d e n M u s e u m f r o m Suriname b y H . H . D i e p e r i n k , as Dendrophis aurata. Schlegel (1837a: 157) gave a diagnosis of it, a n d h e (Schlegel, 1837b: 227-228) elaborated this diagnosis into a short description i n w h i c h he e m p h a sised the similarity i n colour a n d b o d y shape w i t h his Dryophis aurata (= Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1830)). Fitzinger (1843) m a d e Dendrophis aurata Schlegel the type of his genus Cercophis. D u m e r i l et al. (1854a: 64), mentioned the genus Cercophis o n the basis of a manuscript they h a d received f r o m Fitzinger i n 1840, apparently the manuscript of the

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b o o k that w a s p u b l i s h e d b y h i m i n 1843. A c c o r d i n g to the i n d e x of D u m e r i l et a l . (1854b) the genus also w o u l d be m e n t i o n e d o n p . 533, but I failed to f i n d it there, or o n any of the other pages i n the v o l u m e . A s to Dendrophis aurata, this species w a s m e n tioned b y D u m e r i l et a l . (1854a: 195) as a species placed i n the genus Dendrophis b y Schlegel (1837), b u t according to them b e l o n g i n g somewhere else. H o w e v e r , they d i d not indicate where; they o n l y p l a c e d a questionmark i n the c o l u m n for generic allocation, a n d d i d not m a k e further m e n t i o n of it. A p p a r e n t l y they d i d not realize Fitzinger placed it i n h i s genus Cercophis, w h i c h D u m e r i l et a l . (1854) d i d n o t treat. Schlegel (1858), i n a schoolbook for the R o y a l D u t c h M i l i t a r y A c a d e m y , m a d e a short reference to Dendrophis auratus, i n w h i c h he just said it w a s f r o m Suriname, that it h a d a bronze colour, a n d that it w a s exceedingly s l i m . H o o g m o e d (1982) p o i n t e d o u t that this species effectively h a d disappeared f r o m the herpetological literature after Schlegel (1858) h a d m e n t i o n e d it for the last time, u n t i l Keiser (1974) m e n t i o n e d it again. N e i t h e r G r a y (1849), G u n t h e r (1858) or Boulenger (1893,1894,1896), treating the snakes i n the collect i o n of the B r i t i s h M u s e u m ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ) , m e n t i o n e d Schlegel's Dendrophis aurata again, apparently because it w a s not represented i n the B M N H collections. Jan & Sord e l l i (1860-66; 1866-70; 1870-1881) d i d n o t s h o w it i n their iconographie. W e r n e r (1923; 1925; 1928) also d i d n o t refer to it. A m a r a l (1930) d i d n o t m e n t i o n it i n his checklist of N e o t r o p i c a l snakes, a n d neither d i d Peters & Donoso-Barros (1970). R o m e r (1956) placed the genus Cercophis i n the s y n o n y m y of Oxybelis w i t h o u t c o m m e n t i n g o n this decision. I n short, the names Dendrophis aurata a n d Cercophis inexplicably disappeared f r o m the literature since 1857, respectively 1854. Keiser (1974), as m e n t i o n e d above, w a s the first to m e n t i o n Dendrophis aurata Schlegel again. H e stated that "Several subsequent w o r k e r s h a v e m i s t a k e n l y c o n s i d ered Dendrophis aurata Schlegel to be a j u n i o r s y n o n y m of Bell's Dryinus auratus". U n f o r t u n a t e l y Keiser d i d n o t indicate w h i c h w o r k e r s h e w a s referring to. Keiser (1974) d i d not place Dendrophis aurata i n the s y n o n y m y of Oxybelis aeneus. Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837) Dendrophis aurata Schlegel, 1837a: 157; 1837b: 227; Keiser, 1974: 6. Cercophis aurata: Fitzinger, 1843: 26. Dendrophis auratus Schlegel, 1858: 46. Cercophis auratus: Hoogmoed, 1982: 225; Vanzolini, 1986: 5; Vanzolini in Peters & Donoso-Barros, 1986: 5. Material.— Suriname: 1 S, R M N H 813 (holotype), leg. H . H . Dieperink, 1831. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Real: 2 9 9 , R M N H 27672-73, leg. M.F. Hardy du Dreneuf, 1890.

D i a g n o s i s . — A s for the genus. D e s c r i p t i o n . — B o d y c y l i n d r i c a l (belly convex), w i t h o u t lateral keels o n the v e n trals, l o n g a n d slender, p a s s i n g g r a d u a l l y into a n extremely l o n g tail, 71-81% of the snout-vent length i n females, 96% i n the single male h o l o t y p e . T h u s , the tail makes u p 41-44% of the total l e n g t h i n females, 49% i n the male. T h i s is a n extremely h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of the total length, suggesting a n arboreal w a y of life. There is a slight tendency of the tail to become flattened v e n t r a l l y (figs. 1-3). H e a d l o n g a n d slender, about twice as l o n g as w i d e (1.9-2.1 times i n females, 1.8


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Fig. 3. General view of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 27673 from Porto Real, Brazil. Length of label 23 mm. Photo A . 't Hooft.

times i n the male), w i d e r than deep. H e a d d i s t i n c t l y w i d e r t h a n the neck. H e a d v e r y flattened w i t h large eyes that cause the supraoculars to be d o m e d . Snout truncate i n d o r s a l v i e w , r o u n d e d i n lateral v i e w , projecting over the m o u t h . Snout i n lateral v i e w separated f r o m the m o r e posterior part of the h e a d b y a distinct change i n slope i n the ocular r e g i o n . R o s t r a l v i s i b l e f r o m above. Internasals triangular, smaller t h a n the prefrontals. F r o n t a l pentagonal, longer t h a n b r o a d , anteriorly w i d e s t w i t h n e a r l y p a r allel, posteriorly s l i g h t l y c o n v e r g i n g , sides; as l o n g as its distance to the t i p of the snout o r s l i g h t l y longer; n a r r o w e r t h a n the supraoculars; convex f r o m anteriorly to posteriorly. Parietals large, longer t h a n frontal, as w i d e as frontal p l u s one s u p r a o c u lar. Supraoculars narrowest anteriorly, w i d e s t posteriorly, d o m e d i n a antero-posterior d i r e c t i o n ; as l o n g as, o r s l i g h t l y longer than, the frontal. N o s t r i l large, t r a p e z o i d , w i t h a n extended posteroventral corner; i n a large, u n d i v i d e d nasal. O n e elongate loreal, twice as l o n g as deep, i n R M N H 813 a n d 27673 (fig. 4); t w o s m a l l loreals b e h i n d each other (first larger t h a n second) i n R M N H 27672 (fig. 5). O n e large preocu l a r that reaches the top of the h e a d , b u t does not contact the frontal. T w o p o s t o c u lars, the u p p e r one q u a d r a n g u l a r to rectangular, larger t h a n the l o w e r one w h i c h i s lozenge s h a p e d to pentagonal. Basic pattern of temporals 1+2+3, b u t i n R M N H 27672 the anterior t e m p o r a l o n b o t h sides is b r o k e n u p a n d the postoculars are f o l l o w e d b y t w o differently s h a p e d s m a l l scales above each other, f o l l o w e d b y a large scale (fig. 5). I n R M N H 813 the anterior t e m p o r a l o n the right h a n d side i s d i v i d e d o b l i q u e l y

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( H o o g m o e d , 1982: 226) a n d at its posterior e n d there is a n a d d i t i o n a l s m a l l scute. Supralabials eight, w i t h f o u r t h a n d fifth b o r d e r i n g the eye, except i n R M N H 27673, w h i c h o n the left side has n i n e supralabials, w i t h the fifth a n d s i x t h b o r d e r i n g the eye (fig. 4). O f t e n d o r s a l a n d lateral h e a d scales are not juxtaposed, b u t separated b y some interstitial tissue. E y e large, w i t h r o u n d p u p i l , p l a c e d laterally, b r i l l e p r o t r u d i n g a n d v i s i b l e f r o m b e l o w a n d above. Infralabials 10, the first p a i r i n contact between m e n t a l and first p a i r of chinshields, five b o r d e r i n g the first p a i r of chinshields. First p a i r of chinshields as l o n g as the second p a i r , b u t distinctly w i d e r . D o r s a l scales i n 15-15-11 o b l i q u e r o w s ; the vertebral r o w a n d the r o w s b o r d e r i n g the ventrals distinctly w i d e r t h a n the rest t h r o u g h o u t the b o d y ; i n anterior part of b o d y six lateral r o w s (rows 2-7) of l o n g a n d n a r r o w scales; i n the m i d d l e of the b o d y the paravertebral r o w s are enlarged as w e l l a n d there o n l y r e m a i n five (rows 2-6) lateral r o w s of l o n g a n d v e r y n a r r o w scales (fig. 6), posteriorly m o r e lozenge-shaped. Scales s m o o t h , w i t h o u t pits. N o supra-anal ridges. Scales o n tail just after the cloaca a b r u p t l y different f r o m the scales o n the b o d y , r h o m b o i d a l , larger, w i d e r a n d shorter, i n four r o w s o n l y . V e n t r a l s 146-149 i n females, 140 i n the male. A n a l d i v i d e d (fig. 7). Subcaudals p a i r e d , 129-157 i n females, 163 i n the male. In R M N H 27672 the t i p of the tail m a y have been regenerated a n d the o r i g i n a l n u m b e r of subcaudals c o u l d be m a r g i n a l l y h i g h e r than the 129 n o w counted. In R M N H 27673 the t i p of the tail is d a m aged, b u t the o n l y part that seems to be m i s s i n g is the t e r m i n a l scale. R M N H 813 has the tail u n d a m a g e d , e n d i n g i n a s h a r p - t i p p e d t e r m i n a l scale. The general colour of the t w o females is bronze, caused b y the scales h a v i n g a v e r y pale (cream) b a c k g r o u n d w i t h i r r e g u l a r l y placed w a v y b r o w n lines a n d spots. R M N H 27672 has w i d e l y spaced, i l l - d e f i n e d black-edged triangular spots o n the sides, w i t h the apex p o i n t i n g t o w a r d s the vertebral line. The spots are m o r e or less arranged i n pairs, 15 o n the b o d y , 15 o n the tail. B e l l y anteriorly w i t h a m i d - v e n t r a l line of black spots, further posteriorly black spots m o r e or less f o r m i n g t w o indistinct l o n g i t u d i n a l stripes. S u b c a u d a l scales b o r d e r i n g the cloaca w i t h black spots, causing a n a r r o w black area directly posterior of the cloaca, w i d e s t laterally. A transverse d a r k b a n d o n supraoculars a n d frontal, snout i n front distinctly lighter t h a n rest of h e a d . Parietals w i t h t w o l o n g i t u d i n a l lines of black spots. A n i n d i c a t i o n of a light vertebral line b o r d e r e d b y b l a c k / b r o w n spots starting o n the parietals a n d c o n t i n u e d for some distance o n the neck. Large cream spot u n d e r the eye, w i t h a d a r k spot i n it s t r a d d l i n g the suture between the supralabials b o r d e r i n g the eye, c o n t i n u e d posteriorly o n the anteroventral part of the f o l l o w i n g supralabial. L i g h t a n d d a r k part of supralabial 6 or 7 separated b y a n a r r o w line of s m a l l black spots. A l l b r o n z e parts of the scales o n the h e a d are caused b y s m a l l b r o w n areas containing b r o w n points o n a light b a c k g r o u n d . Infralabials 1 to 4 have d a r k spots t o w a r d s the commissure of the m o u t h . In R M N H 27673 there are n o d a r k triangles o n the back. A n t e r i o r l y there are some i l l - d e f i n e d a n d indistinct, b l a c k - e d g e d spots o n the paravertebral area. F u r t h e r poster i o r l y there are isolated black spots. It o n l y has three indistinct black spots o n the central part of the posterior c h i n area a n d o n the first t w o ventrals, w i t h some indistinct spots at the v e r y lateral e n d of some ventrals. S u b c a u d a l scales b o r d e r i n g the cloaca w i t h black spots, larger t h a n i n R M N H 27672, f o r m i n g t w o m o r e or less triangular spots laterally (fig. 7). D a r k b a n d b e t w e e n the eyes o n supraoculars a n d frontal m o r e distinct (fig. 4). A d a r k spot o n each prefrontal near the m i d l i n e . The l i g h t area u n d e r


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Fig. 4. Head of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 27673 from Porto Real, Brazil in right lateral, dorsal and ventral view. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Fig. 5. Head of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), from Porto Real, Brazil: upper two figures R M N H 27672 in left and right lateral view, showing the division of the loreal and the first supratemporal; lower figure R M N H 27673 in left lateral view. Scale bar 1 mm.

the eye of b o t h sides i s connected b y a l i g h t b a n d o n the preocular, o n the anterior part of the frontal a n d supraoculars a n d o n the adjacent posterior part of the p r e f r o n tals. I n the l i g h t subocular area there i s a d a r k e r spot s t r a d d l i n g the suture b e t w e e n the scales b o r d e r i n g the eye v e n t r a l l y . Parietals w i t h i l l - d e f i n e d d a r k e r central area consisting of d a r k e r b r o w n a n d black spots. Infralabials 1 to 4 w i t h s m a l l d a r k e r areas


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Fig. 6. Dorsal scales of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 27672 from Porto Real, Brazil, at midbody, right hand side. The numbers indicate the different rows, with 1 being the row bordering on the ventrals, 7 the paravertebral row and 8 the vertebral row. V = ventral. Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 7. Cloacal region of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837), R M N H 27673 from Porto Real, Brazil, showing the black postcloacal spot. Scale bar 1 mm.

t o w a r d s the c o m m i s s u r e of the m o u t h . There is a n i n d i c a t i o n of a l i g h t vertebral stripe starting o n the parietals a n d c o n t i n u i n g for a short distance o n the neck (fig. 4). The l o w e r t w o - t h i r d s of the eye are d a r k g o l d e n b r o w n , the u p p e r t h i r d is light. D i s t r i b u t i o n . — O n l y k n o w n f r o m the type-locality " S u r i n a m e " , w h e r e i t w a s p r o b a b l y collected i n the coastal area near P a r a m a r i b o , a n d f r o m P o r t o R e a l , R i o d e Janeiro, B r a z i l (fig. 8). These localities are r o u g h l y 3300 k m apart. T h i s , of course, is a considerable distance, b u t as m a n y species present i n S u r i n a m e also reach S E B r a z i l , i t is not s u r p r i s i n g . The species m a y w e l l have been o v e r l o o k e d i n the i n t e r v e n i n g area because of a possible c o n f u s i o n w i t h snakes s u c h as Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler,1824), w h i c h is s u p e r f i c i a l l y s i m i l a r . H a b i t a t . — N o data a c c o m p a n y the material. H o w e v e r , based o n the shape a n d the d i m e n s i o n s of this snake a n arboreal w a y of life seems v e r y l i k e l y . W h e t h e r this w o u l d be i n forest or i n m o r e o p e n vegetation remains to be d i s c o v e r e d .


. 8. Map showing the known localities of Cercophis auratus (Schlegel, 1837). 1 = Paramaribo, Surine; 2 = Porto Real, RJ, Brazil.


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O t h e r s n a k e s i n the P o r t o R e a l c o l l e c t i o n COLUBRIDAE Chironius bicarinatus ( W i e d , 1820): 9 ex., R M N H 27704-12. Chironius laevicollis ( W i e d , 1824): 1 ex., R M N H 27713. Chironius quadricarinatus (Boie, 1827): 8 ex., R M N H 27714-21. A l l Chironius w e r e i d e n t i f i e d u s i n g the recent m o n o g r a p h of this genus b y D i x o n et al., 1993. Elapomorphus quinquelineatus ( R a d d i , 1820): 5 ex., R M N H 27679-83. Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Linnaeus, 1766): 4 ex., R M N H 27663-65,27723. Helicops c. carinicaudus ( W i e d , 1825): 1 ex., R M N H 27689. Liophis jaegeri (Gunther, 1858): 1 ex., R M N H 27688. The s p e c i m e n w a s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h keys p r o v i d e d b y D i x o n (1987, 1989) a n d b y c h e c k i n g some descriptions. A l t h o u g h the c o m b i n a t i o n of most characters i n d i cates this to be L . jaegeri, some characters d o not entirely fit the d e s c r i p t i o n , s u c h as the v e r y l o w n u m b e r of subcaudals (48), just outside the range (52-71, x = 60.4) g i v e n b y D i x o n (1987), b u t w i t h i n the range (40-49, x = 44.4) of L. typhlus brachyurus (Cope, 1887), w h i c h occurs i n the same general area. T h e n u m b e r of d o r s a l scales (17-17-15), a l t h o u g h rare i n L . jaegeri, does n o t agree w i t h that of L . t. brachyurus, because a l l L . typhlus d o have a d o r s a l scale f o r m u l a of 19-19-15. T h e n u m ber of ventrals is 149 w h i c h is w i t h i n the range (146-169, x = 157.5) of L . jaegeri g i v e n b y D i x o n (1987), b u t just outside the range (151-171, x = 162.2) of L . t. brachyurus. A l l characters of headscales agree w i t h the d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y D i x o n (1987). T h u s , despite the m i n o r discrepancies, the s p e c i m e n w a s i d e n t i f i e d as L . jaegeri. Liophis miliaris orinus ( G r i f f i n , 1916): 4 juvs., R M N H 27684-87. D i x o n (1983) p r o v i d e d a m a p w i t h the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the seven subspecies of Liophis miliaris. It m a y be n o t e d here that i n the m a p p r o v i d e d b y D i x o n (1989) for Liophis miliaris a n d L . melanotus the s y m b o l s for the d i s t r i b u t i o n areas h a v e been s w i t c h e d . T h u s , the species o c c u r r i n g i n n o r t h w e s t e r n S o u t h A m e r i c a is L. melanotus a n d the one o c c u r r i n g i n the G u i a n a s , the A m a z o n area a n d eastern B r a z i l s o u t h to A r g e n t i n a is L. miliaris. M o r e o v e r it is n o t e w o r t h y that i n this m a p ( D i x o n , 1989) the r e g i o n of the R i o M a d e i r a a n d that b e t w e e n the R i o X i n g u a n d R i o A r a g u a i a h a v e been i n d i c a t e d as d i s t r i b u t i o n area for L. miliaris, whereas i n D i x o n (1983: f i g . 1) these areas w e r e not considered as part of the d i s t r i b u t i o n area, b u t o n the contrary the area b e t w e e n the M a d e i r a a n d X i n g u w a s considered as such. T h e text i n D i x o n (1989: 18) still agrees w i t h the d i s t r i b u t i o n area g i v e n b y D i x o n (1983) a n d actually refers to the m a p i n that p u b l i c a t i o n for the d i s t r i b u t i o n areas of the subspecies. W h a t caused this discrepancy b e t w e e n the t w o p u b l i cations remains unclear. T h e specimens present the t y p i c a l juvenile pattern as described b y G a n s (1964) a n d d e p i c t e d b y D i x o n (1983). Liophis poecilogyrus ( W i e d , 1825): 30 ex., R M N H 27729-27758. D i x o n (1989) stated that he d i d " n o t recognise subspecies of this t a x o n because of the mosaic nature of the v a r i a t i o n e x a m i n e d thus f a r . " H e also i n d i c a t e d that there p o s s i b l y m i g h t be n i n e subspecies.

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D i x o n & M a r k e z i c h (1992) r e c o g n i z e d f o u r subspecies, of w h i c h the n o m i n a t e one occurs i n the area of P o r t o R e a l . T h e y m e n t i o n e d that a 'Targe series" ( B M 92.11.22.7, 87.12.29.9-17) f r o m P o r t o R e a l suggests i n t e r g r a d a t i o n b e t w e e n L. p. poecilogyrus a n d L. p. schotti (Schlegel, 1837). H o w e v e r , o n w h i c h characters they exactly based this statement is not clear, a l t h o u g h they m e n t i o n e d a m i x i n g of pattern elements of b o t h taxa, w i t h three specimens l a c k i n g transverse b o d y b a n d s at m i d b o d y a n d cephalic plate e d g i n g , h a v i n g a posterior l i g h t stripe a n d one l a c k i n g a posterior [light] b o d y stripe: " A l l others h a v e posterior b o d y stripes w i t h anterior transverse b a n d s a n d cephalic plate e d g i n g , a n d a m i x t u r e of characters d e f i n i n g b o t h races" ( D i x o n & M a r k e z i c h , 1992:151). A p p a r e n t l y they are referring to the m a t e r i a l that B o u l e n g e r (1894) listed as h a v i n g been collected b y M . F . H a r d y d u Dreneuf. T h u s , I checked o u r m o r e extensive series f r o m the same locality a n d collector to see h o w the pattern of these specimens v a r i e d . O f 30 speci m e n s 17 h a d l i g h t posterior dorsolateral stripes, i n R M N H 27753 the l i g h t stripes already start o n the anterior part of the b o d y , i n R M N H 27733, 27738, 27741 a n d 27757 the l i g h t stripes start at m i d b o d y , i n R M N H 27743 the stripes are v a g u e a n d i n seven specimens they are l a c k i n g altogether. I n tree specimens ( R M N H 27730, 27737 a n d 27738) there are n o transverse d a r k b o d y bands, i n 6 specimens these are v a g u e , i n R M N H 27729 a f e w posterior b a n d s can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d , a n d i n the r e m a i n i n g 20 there are distinct transverse bands, w h i c h posteriorly are b r o k e n into spots b y the l i g h t stripes. C e p h a l i c b l a c k e d g i n g is absent o n l y i n t w o ( R M N H 27735, 27736) specimens, present i n 28, w i t h h e a v y e d g i n g i n six a n d v a g u e e d g i n g i n another six specimens. A l l specimens h a v e black patches o n the ventrals, o n l y i n R M N H 27729 a n d 27737 there are a f e w spots o n l y . I n nearly a l l specimens there is a characteristic p a i r of b l a c k spots o n the throat o n the m e d i a n tip of the sixth i n f r a l a b i a l . These f i n d i n g s seem to corroborate those b y D i x o n & M a r k e z i c h (1992) a n d because of the possible i n t e r g r a d a t i o n of t w o subspecies, I refrain f r o m a p p l y i n g a subspecific n a m e to these specimens. Echinantera undulata ( W i e d , 1824): 1 ex., R M N H 27728. T h e n u m b e r of subcaudals (55/55 +1) is l o w e r t h a n m e n t i o n e d i n the k e y b y D i B e r n a r d o (1992), b u t a l l other characters (scales 17-17-17, V 143, a n a l d i v i d e d , p r e d i a s t e m a l teeth 22, a p a i r of s m a l l , l i g h t parietal spots, t w o large postoccipital light spots, d o r s a l pattern) seem to agree w i t h this taxon. D i x o n (1980) c o n s i d e r e d Coluber undulatus W i e d , 1824, as a t a x o n of u n k n o w n generic allocation, a n d d i d not treat it further i n h i s series of papers o n species of Liophis. M y e r s (1974: 22) i n his t h o r o u g h r e v i s i o n of Rhadinaea s a i d about this taxon: " A l s o i n this category is "Liophis" undulatus a n d its several relatives, w h i c h c o m p r i s e a n u n d e s c r i b e d genus a c c o r d i n g to Joseph R. B a i l e y (personal c o m m u n . ) , w h o has data o n the g r o u p . " . T h e t a x o n is not further dealt w i t h i n the r e v i s i o n . D i - B e r n a r d o (1992) r e v a l i d a t e d the genus Echinanthera C o p e , 1894, a n d a m p l i f i e d its concept b y i n c l u d i n g several species of Liophis, Lygophis a n d Rhadinaea. D i - B e r n a r d o (1992) i n c l u d e d "Liophis undulatus ( W i e d ) " i n this genus. It is at h i s a u t h o r i t y that I use this c o m b i n a t i o n . M y e r s & C a d l e (1994) c r i t i c i z e d D i - B e r n a r d o (1992) a n d r e m o v e d the "Rhadinaea" brevirostris g r o u p f r o m Echinanthera C o p e , 1894, as interpreted b y D i - B e r n a r d o , 1992, a n d resurrected Taeniophallus C o p e , 1895, to accomm o d a t e that g r o u p . T h e y m a i n t a i n e d Echinanthera undulata.


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Mastigodryas bifossatus ( R a d d i , 1820): 4 ex., R M N H 27724-27. Philodryas patagoniensis ( G i r a r d , 1857): 8 ex. ( j u v s , ads), R M N H 27691-98. The juveniles have the t y p i c a l pattern of black blotches o n a grey-green backg r o u n d . The adults have a l l d o r s a l scales w i t h a l i g h t central area. Sibynomorphus mikanii neuwiedi Ihering, 1910:4 ex., R M N H 27690, 27769-71. The specimens agree w e l l w i t h the d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y Peters (1960). L e m a (1994) is of the o p i n i o n that the r e c o g n i t i o n of subspecies w i t h i n S. mikanii is premature because of the large geographical d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d its large v a r i a t i o n . H e treated S. m. neuwiedi as a species a n d i n d i c a t e d that it is b e i n g s t u d i e d b y Francisco L u i s Franco. A s far as I a m aware the results of this s t u d y have not been p u b l i s h e d to date. Therefore I stay w i t h the current o p i n i o n that consideres neuwiedi a subspecies of S. mikanii. T h i s seems to be the o p p o r t u n i t y to correct a mistake o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m Peters (1960), concerning the type s p e c i m e n of Sibynomorphus mikanii (Schlegel, 1837a, b). Peters (1960) a s s u m e d that the type series w o u l d be i n the V i e n n a m u s e u m a n d he selected the s p e c i m e n m e n t i o n e d b y Schlegel (1837a, b) to have 167 ventrals a n d 46 subcaudals as lectotype. H o w e v e r , Schlegel (1837b: 277) o n l y s a i d that the L e i d e n M u s e u m h a d received (in the context of that p u b l i c a t i o n w i t h this w o r d i n g he a l w a y s meant as a d o n a t i o n or as a n exchange) u n d e r the n a m e Dipsas Mikanii f r o m the V i e n n a M u s e u m one of the specimens collected b y Natterer i n B r a z i l . T h u s , one of the specimens he described is part of the R M N H collection, the other s p e c i m e n he described w a s part of the Paris collection. The other specimens i n V i e n n a collected b y Natterer were not e x a m i n e d b y Schlegel a n d are n o syntypes. W h a t h a p p e n e d w a s that Schlegel (inadvertently) v a l i d a t e d a labelname p r o p o s e d b y Natterer, b u t never p u b l i s h e d b y that author. R M N H 999 agrees w e l l w i t h the d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n b y Schlegel (1837 b : 277-278) a n d has 166 ventrals, a n u n d i v i d e d anal, 43 p a i r e d subcaudals a n d 15-15-15 scales. The differences observed b e t w e e n the actual n u m b e r s a n d Schlegel's counts are w e l l w i t h i n the m a r g i n of error a n d completely acceptable i n v i e w of different c o u n t i n g techniques a n d o p t i c a l i n s t r u ments u s e d . T h u s , R M N H 999 is the lectotype of Dipsas Mikanii Schlegel, 1837. The other s p e c i m e n e x a m i n e d b y Schlegel a n d collected b y Menestier a u t o m a t i cally becomes the paralectotype. A c c o r d i n g to G u i b e & Roux-Esteve (1972) this s p e c i m e n is i n the Paris m u s e u m ( M N H N P 7305). These authors m a k e the same mistake as Peters (1960) b y s a y i n g that the other syntypes are i n the V i e n n a M u s e u m . A s e x p l a i n e d above, this is not the case, Schlegel's d e s c r i p t i o n w a s o n l y based o n t w o specimens (one i n L e i d e n , one i n Paris), a n d n o V i e n n a material w a s i n v o l v e d . The lectotype is w e l l preserved, b u t has been subject to r o u g h a n a t o m i cal research, w i t h l o w e r jaws a n d one u p p e r j a w m i s s i n g , the m o u t h h a v i n g been cut o p e n t i l l w e l l into the neck r e g i o n . Further there are t w o l o n g slits i n the b e l l y . P o s s i b l y the s p e c i m e n w a s u s e d b y B r o n g e r s m a (1958) for his anatomical research, as this is the o n l y s p e c i m e n i n the registered R M N H collection. H e p r o b a b l y d i d not realise this w a s the type-specimen, because u n t i l n o w it h a d not been i n d i c a t e d as such. It s h o u l d be m e n t i o n e d there is a discrepancy i n the d e s c r i p t i o n of this t a x o n between Schlegel (1837a:162), w h e r e i n the s u m m a r y of the m o r e extensive d e s c r i p t i o n i n the second part of his b o o k he mentions 170+58 as scale count,

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whereas Schlegel (1837b: 278) i n the extensive d e s c r i p t i o n itself mentions 170+71 and 167+46. A p p a r e n t l y 58 is the average of the t w o s u b c a u d a l values. It is n o t clear w h y Schlegel d i d n o t d o the same for the ventrals, m a y b e because the values are so close together he d i d not bother about it. Thamnodynastes strigatus (Gunther, 1858): 3 ex., R M N H 27699-701. I a m aware that several taxa w i t h i n Thamnodynastes are still a w a i t i n g d e s c r i p t i o n ( R . A . T h o m a s , pers. comm.), b u t p e n d i n g this these specimens w e r e i d e n t i f i e d as T. strigatus. Xenodon neuwiedii (Gunther, 1863): 1 juv., 1 a d . , R M N H 27702-03. ELAPIDAE Micrurus corallinus ( M e r r e m , 1820): 7 ex., R M N H 27666-71, 27722. VIPERIDAE Bothrops jararaca ( W i e d , 1820): 6 ex., R M N H 27662, 27674-78. R M N H 26675 just before b e i n g p r e s e r v e d s w a l l o w e d a s m a l l m o u s e (Oryzomys s p e c ) . SAURIA POLYCHROTIDAE Polychrus marmoratus (Linnaeus, 1758): 1 juv., R M N H 27580. A c c o r d i n g to the m a p p r o v i d e d b y V a n z o l i n i (1983: 126) w h i c h s h o w s the d i s t r i b u t i o n of P . marmoratus a n d P . acutirostris S p i x , 1825, the area of Porto R e a l seems to be s l i g h t l y west of the localities for P . marmoratus i n R i o d e Janeiro i n d i c a t e d i n that m a p . T h e Porto Real area seems to be completely o c c u p i e d b y P . acutirostris. A c c o r d i n g to V a n z o l i n i (1983) P . marmoratus is a strict inhabitant of closed f o r m a tions, a l t h o u g h m y o w n observations i n the G u i a n a s a n d A m a z o n i a suggest that this species is m o r e a n inhabitant of the forest edge w h e r e it borders o p e n areas (savannas, rivers, p o n d s ) a n d i n p e r i a n t h r o p i c situations of gardens ( H o o g m o e d , 1973, 1975; A v i l a Pires, 1995). W h e t h e r the present s p e c i m e n indicates that the species has d i s a p p e a r e d f r o m the P o r t o R e a l area since 1890 d u e to deforestation, or w h e t h e r it still exists there remains a matter of interest. Enyalius perditus Jackson, 1978: 3 3 6, R M N H 21062-64 (Paratypes). These specimens are listed (Jackson, 1978: 41) u n d e r specimens e x a m i n e d as " R M N H w i t h o u t n u m b e r s " f r o m Porto R e a l . Jackson (1978: 24) w h e n d e s c r i b i n g this species listed the h o l o t y p e , a n u m b e r of specimens as paratypes a n d at the e n d of the text of the article i n a n a p p e n d i x "specimens e x a m i n e d " . A s h e u s e d data of a l l specimens i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n a n d analysis, a n d d i d n o t expressly exclude a n y specimens, u n d e r the rules of the International C o d e of Z o o l o g i c a l N o m e n c l a t u r e v a l i d at that time (2nd edition), a l l specimens m e n t i o n e d b y h i m s h o u l d be regarded as paratypes.


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AMPHIBIA ANURA BUFONIDAE Bufo crucifer W i e d , 1821:13 ex., R M N H 27540-52. Bufo ictericus Spix, 1824: 28 ex., R M N H 27512-39. HYLIDAE Hyla albopunctata Spix, 1824:1 ex., R M N H 27643. Hyla circumdata (Cope, 1867): 1 ex., R M N H 27579. Hyla elegans W i e d , 1824: 23 ex., R M N H 27553-75. C o c h r a n (1954) a n d L u t z (1973) still treat this species u n d e r the n a m e H. leucophyllata (Beireis, 1783), a l t h o u g h L u t z (1973) r e c o g n i z e d a " s o u t h e r n f o r m " , w h i c h she equaled w i t h H. elegans. Frost (1985) n o t e d that C a r a m a s c h i & J i m (1985, C i e n c . C u l t . , S u p l . 7: 848; p u b l i c a t i o n not seen b y m e a n d n o t m e n t i o n e d i n the Z o o l o g i c a l Record), r e m o v e d H elegans f r o m the s y n o n y m y of H leucophyllata. T h e c o l o u r pattern of this species differs distinctly f r o m that of H leucophyllata a n d consists of a single, l o n g , m o r e or less rectangular d a r k spot o n the m i d d l e of the back, w i t h o u t a d a r k line e x t e n d i n g posteriorly f r o m each of the posterior corners to the g r o i n , enclosing a n o v a l sacral w h i t e spot, as i n most G u i a n a n a n d A m a z o n i a n specimens of H. leucophyllata seen b y m e . I accept the t a x o n o m y p r o p o s e d b y C a r a m a s c h i & J i m (1985). Hyla faberWied, 1821: 26 ex., R M N H 27612-29, 27651-58. Hyla geographica Spix, 1824: 23 ex., R M N H 27594-610, R M N H 27645-50. Osteocephalus langsdorfii ( D u m e r i l & B i b r o n , 1841): 1 ex., R M N H 27644. Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882:11 ex., R M N H 27583-93. Phyllomedusa hypocondrialis ( D a u d i n , 1802): 1 ex., R M N H 27582. T h i s species w a s n o t reported for S E B r a z i l b y C o c h r a n (1954) i n her m o n o g r a p h of the frogs of this area, whereas F u n k h o u s e r (1957) ( w h o w a s far f r o m complete) o n l y m e n t i o n e d it f r o m the G u i a n a s , coastal B a h i a n localities, a n d f r o m the far western interior of B r a z i l a n d B o l i v i a . Frost (1985) gives as its d i s t r i b u t i o n " S o u t h A m e r i c a east of the A n d e s f r o m B o l i v i a , C o l o m b i a , a n d the G u i a n a s s o u t h w a r d to A r g e n t i n a , Paraguay, a n d southeastern B r a z i l . There are n o h a r d data p r o v i n g the existence of the species i n the Porto Real area. Therefore I a m n o t c o n v i n c e d the R M N H s p e c i m e n of this species really comes f r o m Porto R e a l , it m a y w e l l have been collected elsewhere. Phyllomedusa rohdei Mertens, 1925: 3 ex., R M N H 27576-78. Scinax x-signata Spix, 1824: R M N H 27661. LEPTODACTYLIDAE Eleutherodactylus binotatus Spix, 1824:1 ex., R M N H 2 7 6 5 9 . Leptodactylus fuscus Schneider, 1799:1 ex., R M N H 27611. Leptodactylus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758): 8 ex., R M N H 27630-37.

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Leptodactylus poecilochilus C o p e , 1862: 3 ex., R M N H 27436-38. Leptodactylus podicipinus C o p e , 1862: 5 ex., R M N H 27638-42. Physalaemus cuvieri F i t z i n g e r , 1826:1 ex., R M N H 27581. MICROHYLIDAE Elachistocleis ovalis (Schneider, 1799): 1 ex., R M N H 27660. T h i s s p e c i m e n has a u n i f o r m l y w h i t e (probably y e l l o w i n life) b e l l y . Discussion A l t h o u g h the area of P o r t o R e a l is situated i n one of the m o r e p o p u l o u s a n d relatively w e l l k n o w n areas of B r a z i l , little seems to be k n o w n of total herpetofaunas i n the r e g i o n . The exhaustive i n v e n t o r y of the frogs of the "Estagao B i o l o g i c a de B o r a c e i a " (Heyer et al., 1990), t h o u g h relatively closeby, is left out of consideration here, because it concerns a " c o a s t a l " Serra d o M a r locality w i t h A t l a n t i c forest e n d e m ics. O n e s i m i l a r interior locality w h e r e a n i n v e n t o r y has been m a d e is the Serra d o Japi i n S E Sao P a u l o (Morellato, 1992). T h i s area is located N W of the city of Sao P a u l o at a n elevation of about 800-1100 m . P o r t o R e a l is located at a n altitude b e t w e e n 200 and 500 m , close to the m o u n t a i n range Serra de M a n t i q u e i r a , w h i c h i n that r e g i o n reaches about 1500 m , whereas a peak i n the P a r q u e N a c i o n a l de Itatiaia s l i g h t l y f u r ther west reaches to a n altitude of 2787 m . J u d g i n g b y the material i n the collection I have the i m p r e s s i o n that a l l m a t e r i a l i n d e e d w a s collected i n the i m m e d i a t e surr o u n d i n g s of P o r t o R e a l itself at relatively l o w altitudes a n d i n h u m a n i n f l u e n c e d habitat. H a d d a d & S a z i m a (1992) treated the frogs of a n area of the Serra d o Japi, collected at a n altitude of 870 m . F r o m their p a p e r it is clear that they expect at least 10 m o r e species f r o m the area. T h e y m e n t i o n a total of 24 species i n the o r i g i n a l vegetation, w i t h three m o r e species k n o w n f r o m h u m a n i n f l u e n c e d areas, thus a total of 27 ( k n o w n ) species. S a z i m a & H a d d a d (1992) d i s c u s s e d the reptiles of the Serra d o Japi. T h e y reported a total of 14 species of snakes b u t the species listed suggest their i n v e n tory is far f r o m complete, because quite a n u m b e r of species that c o u l d be expected i n the area are absent f r o m the collection. W e have to keep i n m i n d that the w o r k i n Serra d o Japi w a s m a i n l y ecologically oriented a n d the authors c o n c l u d e that a t h o r o u g h i n v e n t o r y is necessary. The P o r t o R e a l collection here discussed contains 19 species of frogs a n d 18 of snakes. W h e n c o m p a r i n g the t w o areas it can be n o t e d that there are relatively f e w species i n c o m m o n : 8 frogs a n d 7 snakes. The o n l y c o n c l u sions that can be d r a w n f r o m these observations are: 1, the collecting of frogs i n Serra d o Japi w a s done b y professionals w h o searched certain habitats, whereas the collect i o n f r o m Porto R e a l contains m a n y p e r i a n t h r o p i c generalists, apparently collected b y a non-specialist; 2, b o t h areas have been undercollected a n d i n order to m a k e a u s e f u l c o m p a r i s o n , m u c h m o r e m a t e r i a l s h o u l d become available; a n d 3, the collection m a d e i n 1890 i n P o r t o R e a l , a l t h o u g h far f r o m complete, is interesting for c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the present d a y situation.


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Received: 11.ii. 1997 Accepted: 5.iii.l996 Edited: J.C. den Hartog