Research paper 20 FINAL

5 downloads 0 Views 735KB Size Report
enforcing norms and standards (Boisson de Chazournes, 2015). Furthermore ...... international order, Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, A/HRC/30/44. Van den Putte, L.
                                     

                     

ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13        

Corporate  Social  Responsibility  in  International   Trade  and  Investment  Agreements:  Implications   for  states,  business  and  workers       

Rafael Peels, Elizabeth Echeverria M., Jonas Aissi and Anselm Schneider

       $SULO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2IILFH  

&RS\ULJKW‹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

 7KHGHVLJQDWLRQVHPSOR\HGLQ,/2SXEOLFDWLRQVZKLFKDUHLQFRQIRUPLW\ZLWK8QLWHG1DWLRQVSUDFWLFHDQGWKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI PDWHULDO WKHUHLQ GR QRW LPSO\ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ RI DQ\ RSLQLRQ ZKDWVRHYHU RQ WKH SDUW RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2IILFHFRQFHUQLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRIDQ\FRXQWU\DUHDRUWHUULWRU\RURILWVDXWKRULWLHVRU FRQFHUQLQJWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRILWVIURQWLHUV  7KHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRURSLQLRQVH[SUHVVHGLQVLJQHGDUWLFOHVVWXGLHVDQGRWKHUFRQWULEXWLRQVUHVWVVROHO\ZLWKWKHLU DXWKRUVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQGRHVQRWFRQVWLWXWHDQHQGRUVHPHQWE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2IILFHRIWKHRSLQLRQV H[SUHVVHG LQ WKHP 5HIHUHQFH WR QDPHV RI ILUPV DQG FRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWV DQG SURFHVVHV GRHV QRW LPSO\ WKHLU HQGRUVHPHQWE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2IILFHDQGDQ\IDLOXUHWRPHQWLRQDSDUWLFXODUILUPFRPPHUFLDOSURGXFW RUSURFHVVLVQRWDVLJQRIGLVDSSURYDO  ,/2SXEOLFDWLRQDQGHOHFWURQLFSURGXFWVFDQEHREWDLQHGWKURXJKPDMRUERRNVHOOHUVRU,/2ORFDORIILFHVLQPDQ\ FRXQWULHV RU GLUHFW IURP ,/2 3XEOLFDWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DERXU 2IILFH 32 %R[  &+ *HQHYD  6ZLW]HUODQG &DWDORJXHVRUOLVWVRIQHZSXEOLFDWLRQVDUHDYDLODEOHIUHHRIFKDUJHIURPWKHDERYHDGGUHVVRUE\ HPDLOSXEYHQWH#LORRUJ9LVLWRXUVLWHKWWSZZZLORRUJSXELQV  

                     

Table  of  Contents   $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV $EVWUDFW  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  /LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ  0HWKRGRORJ\ 

$QDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUN



&RUSRUDWH6RFLDO5HVSRQVLELOLW\DVDFRPSRQHQWRI6WDWHSROLFLHV

 &65FODXVHVLQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV 

(YROXWLRQRI&65FODXVHVLQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV



2WKHUW\SHVRIWUDGHDUUDQJHPHQWV%,7VDQG*63



³'RXEOHVRIW´UHIHUHQFHVLQ&65FODXVHV



$VVHVVLQJ³2EOLJDWLRQDQG3UHFLVLRQ´LQ&65FODXVHV



$VVHVVLQJ³'HOHJDWLRQ´LQ&65FODXVHV



,PSOLFDWLRQVRI&65FODXVHVIRUVWDWHVEXVLQHVVDQGZRUNHUV

 3RWHQWLDOUROHRIWKH,/2  &RQFOXVLRQV 5HIHUHQFHV $SSHQGL[6\QWKHVLVRIFRXQWU\DSSURDFKHVDQGHYROXWLRQRI&65FODXVHVLQVHOHFWHGWUDGH DJUHHPHQWV  

 

     



 



                     

A cknowledgements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



A bstract  %XVLQHVVHVLQFUHDVLQJO\HQJDJHLQWKHSURPRWLRQRIODERXUVWDQGDUGVWKURXJKLQLWLDWLYHVRI&RUSRUDWH 6RFLDO5HVSRQVLELOLW\ &65 &65ZDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\UHJDUGHGDVYROXQWDU\DQGSULYDWHKRZHYHULWKDV EHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\³OHJDOL]HG´ZKHUH&65LVVKDSHGE\JRYHUQPHQWDOSROLFLHVDQGLQWHJUDWHVQRQ YROXQWDU\ HOHPHQWV (YHQ WKRXJK WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI VXFK &65 LQLWLDWLYHV LV QRW XQGLVSXWHG LW LV LQFUHDVLQJO\UHJDUGHGDV DQLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWRIJOREDOODERXUJRYHUQDQFH7KLVSDSHU DVVHVVHVWKH UHIHUHQFHWR&65FRPPLWPHQWVLQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWVDQGILQGVWKDW&65ODQJXDJHLV UHODWLYHO\ZHDNLQWHUPVRI obligation precisionDQG delegation:HWKHQGLVFXVVDQGHPSKDVLVHWKH SRWHQWLDOWRXVHWKHPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUHSURYLGHGLQWKHVHDJUHHPHQWVWRDFWLYDWHDQGIROORZXS&65 FRPPLWPHQWVDQGZKDWWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVFRXOGEHIRUVWDWHVEXVLQHVVDQGZRUNHUV7KHSDSHUFRQFOXGHV E\DGGUHVVLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOUROHRIWKH,/2LQWKHLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQVRIWDQGKDUGODERXUUHJXODWLRQV DQGLWVH[SHULHQFHLQWKHIROORZXSRI&65  .H\ZRUGV7UDGHDJUHHPHQWVLQYHVWPHQWWUHDWLHV&RUSRUDWH6RFLDO5HVSRQVLELOLW\WUDGHDQGODERXU OHJDOL]DWLRQSULYDWHJRYHUQDQFHJRYHUQPHQWDOSROLFLHVWULSDUWLVP -(/FODVVLILFDWLRQ))...0**--           

                     8        

ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13      

 

1. Introduction  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¶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³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´RI&65E\ORRNLQJDWWKHLQFOXVLRQRI&65ODQJXDJHLQ WUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV:HWKHQIRFXVRQODERXUUHODWHG&65FODXVHVLQWKHVHDJUHHPHQWV WKDWLVH[SOLFLW&65ODQJXDJHLQFOXGLQJERWKSULQFLSOHVDQGLQVWUXPHQWV ³FRUSRUDWHUHVSRQVLELOLW\´ ³2(&'*XLGHOLQHVIRU0XOWLQDWLRQDO(QWHUSULVHV´ 2(&'*XLGHOLQHV HWF WKDWDUHUHODWHGWRODERXU ULJKWV 7KHVH &65 SURYLVLRQV FDQ EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP WUDGLWLRQDO ODERXU SURYLVLRQV ZKLFK DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ D VWDWHFHQWHUHG GHILQLWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH HVWDEOLVKHV GLUHFW REOLJDWLRQV IRU WKH VWDWHV                                                                                                                       

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³ L DQ\ ODERXUVWDQGDUG ZKLFKHVWDEOLVKHV PLQLPXP ZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQV WHUPVRIHPSOR\PHQWRUZRUNHUV¶ULJKWV LL DQ\QRUPRQWKHSURWHFWLRQSURYLGHGWRZRUNHUVXQGHUQDWLRQDO ODERXUODZDQGLWVHQIRUFHPHQWDVZHOODV LLL DQ\IUDPHZRUNIRUFRRSHUDWLRQLQDQGRUPRQLWRULQJRIWKHVH LVVXHV´ ,,/6S 7KLVGHILQLWLRQLGHQWLILHVDFRPPLWPHQWRIWKHVLJQLQJSDUWLHV VWDWHV WRFRPSO\DQG LPSOHPHQWVWDWHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDWWKHVWDWHOHYHO  )RUH[DPSOHLQVRPHWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVVXFKDVWKRVHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVWKHSDUWLHV shall effectivelyHQIRUFH WKHLUODERXUODZVZKLFKLQGHHGLVDQDFWLYLW\WREHSHUIRUPHGRQO\E\VWDWHVWKURXJKVWDWH¶VLQVWLWXWLRQVVXFKDV

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

9    

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±ZKLOHUHJDUGHGDVSXUHO\YROXQWDU\±LVLQFUHDVLQJO\UHJXODWHGE\QDWLRQVWDWHVLQ RUGHUWRDGYDQFHUHVSRQVLEOHEXVLQHVVFRQGXFW6HFWLRQDGGUHVVHVWKHPHWKRGIROORZHGIRUWKHSXUSRVH RIHQXPHUDWLQJLQVWDQFHVRIODERXUUHODWHGUHIHUHQFHVWR&65LQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV,Q DGGLWLRQLWGHYHORSVDQDQDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUNIRU&65SURYLVLRQVEDVHGRQWKHFRQFHSWRI³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´ DQGWKHVRIWKDUGODZFRQWLQXXPDVGHYHORSHGE\$EERWWHWDO  6HFWLRQSURYLGHVDQDQDO\VLV RI WKH LQFUHDVLQJ LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG HYROXWLRQ RI &65 FODXVHV LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV DQG ILQGV WKDW &65 ODQJXDJH LV UHODWLYHO\ ZHDN LQ WHUPV RI obligation precision DQG delegation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   

2. L iterature review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³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´ FRQFHSWXDOL]HGE\$EERWWHWDO DQGKDVEHFRPHSDUWRI JRYHUQPHQWDOSROLFLHVVKLIWLQJDZD\IURPSXUHO\YROXQWDU\LQVWUXPHQWV /X[HWDO   7KHOLQNDJHEHWZHHQ&65DQGJRYHUQPHQWSROLFLHVKDVSHUPHDWHGLQWRWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWSROLF\  :KLOHWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIVRFLDOLVVXHVLQWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVZDVVWURQJO\GHEDWHGDWWKHPXOWLODWHUDOOHYHO                                                                                                                       ODERXULQVSHFWRUDWHVDQGMXGLFLDULHV6LPLODUO\&65FODXVHVDUHQHJRWLDWHGE\WKHVWDWHVDQGWKH\LQFRUSRUDWHD GLUHFWREOLJDWLRQRIWKHVWDWHVWRSURPRWH&65LQLWLDWLYHVKRZHYHUWKHVHFODXVHVQRWRQO\DGGUHVVDEHKDYLRU IURPWKHVWDWHVEXWDOVRDGGUHVVWKHH[SHFWHGEHKDYLRURISULYDWHEXVLQHVV,QSUDFWLFHWKLVPHDQVWKDWVWDWHVZLOO FRPSO\ZLWKWKHLUREOLJDWLRQVXQGHUWKHWUDGHDJUHHPHQWRULQYHVWPHQWWUHDW\E\HQFRXUDJLQJEXVLQHVVHVWRDGRSW &65LQLWLDWLYHV)RUDQLQGHSWKGLVFXVVLRQRQGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWREOLJDWLRQVRIFRUSRUDWLRQVXQGHULQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZVHH9i]TXH]    ,GHDOO\&65DQGRWKHUW\SHVRISURYLVLRQV ODERXULQYHVWPHQWHQYLURQPHQWDODPRQJRWKHUV FRXOGEHLQFOXGHG LQWKHPXOWLODWHUDOWUDGHDJHQGDDWWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ+RZHYHUQRQHRIWKHVHDUHSDUWRIWKH:72¶V PDQGDWH

 

                     10     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             LQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH:RUOG7UDGH2UJDQL]DWLRQ :72 VLQFHWKH6LQJDSRUH0LQLVWHULDO'HFODUDWLRQ  LWKDVEHHQH[FOXGHGIURPWKH:72DJHQGD'HVSLWHWKLVVRPHJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHPDGHHIIRUWV WROLQN&65ZLWKWUDGHDWWKHPXOWLODWHUDOOHYHOEXWWKHUHH[LVWVDORWRIXQFHUWDLQW\ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH DSSOLFDWLRQRI&65VFKHPHVLQWUDGHDQGWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKLVLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWK:72UHJXODWLRQ IRULQVWDQFHZKHWKHULWFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDWUDGHGLVWRUWLQJPHDVXUH 9LGDO/HyQ$DURQVRQ DQG=LPPHUPDQ$DURQVRQ   ,QLWLDOO\ RQH FRXOG DUJXH WKDW &65 ZRXOG EH EHWWHU SODFHG DGGUHVVLQJ RQO\ LQYHVWRUV¶ EHKDYLRXU LQ %LODWHUDO,QYHVWPHQW7UHDWLHV %,7V DVDPHDQVWRUHEDODQFHWKHLQYHVWRUV¶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³FRPSUHKHQVLYH´LQWKHLUFRQWHQW :DOHVRQ E\LQFOXGLQJLVVXHVQRWRQO\UHODWHGWR WUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWEXWDOVRH[SDQGLQJWRLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVODERXUVWDQGDUGVHQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\DQGSXEOLFSURFXUHPHQWDPRQJRWKHUV+HQFHRQHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWLW ZRXOGEHRQO\ORJLFDOWKDW&65SURYLVLRQVDUHLQFOXGHGLQVXFKDJUHHPHQWV )RRWHU+HSEXUQDQG .XX\D   7KHUHHYDOXDWLRQRUUHRULHQWDWLRQRILQYHVWPHQWUHJLPHVLQVHYHUDOHFRQRPLHVRYHUWKHSDVW\HDUVZLWK UHJDUGWRWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWSROLFLHVDOVRVKRZWKDW³LIWKH\DUHWRKDYHDPHDQLQJIXOIXWXUH´ 0DQQ S WKHQWKHUHLVDQHHGWRVKLIWWRZDUGVD³VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW´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

                                                                                                                      

6HHKWWSVZZZZWRRUJHQJOLVKWZWRBHPLQLVWBHPLQBHZWRGHFBHKWP  7KH WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV WKDW DUH FRYHUHG LQ WKLV DUWLFOH DUH L  ELODWHUDO WUDGH DJUHHPHQWV DOVR NQRZQE\WKH:72DVUHJLRQDOWUDGHDJUHHPHQWV 57$V  LL DQGELODWHUDOLQYHVWPHQWWUHDWLHV %,7 ZKLFKDUH DJUHHPHQWVEHWZHHQWZRFRXQWULHVUHJDUGLQJ WKHSURPRWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQRILQYHVWPHQWVPDGHE\LQYHVWRUV IURPUHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHVLQHDFKRWKHU¶VWHUULWRU\%ULHIUHIHUHQFHLVPDGHWRXQLODWHUDOWUDGHVFKHPHVVXFKDV WKH*HQHUDOL]HG6\VWHPRI3UHIHUHQFHV *63    ³>«@ IRUHLJQ LQYHVWPHQW LV GUDZQ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH OLNH D PRWK WR WKH IODPH DQG >«@ WKLV PXWXDO DWWUDFWLYHQHVVKDVEHFRPHVWURQJHUZLWKWKHSDVVDJHRIWLPH´ )RRWHU  

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

11    

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¶5RXUNH7UHELOFRFN )UDQVHQ   ,QWHUPVRIHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI&65LQLWLDWLYHVUHVXOWVKDYHEHHQPL[HG:KHUHDV&65KDVFRQWULEXWHGWR HQKDQFHGZRUNHUULJKWVFHUWDLQOLPLWDWLRQVKDYHDOVREHHQLGHQWLILHG 9RJHO(JHOV=DQGp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³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´WR XQGHUSLQ WKH EHQHILWV RI &65 DQG DGGUHVVHV VRPH RI WKH PDLQ FKDOOHQJHV RI VHOIUHJXODWLRQ ,Q WKLV UHJDUG.DXIIPDQ  VXJJHVWVWKDW³>«@WKHOHJDOJDSOHIWRSHQE\WKHYROXQWDU\LQVWUXPHQWVFRXOG EHEHVWILOOHGE\WKHVWDWH%\LQFRUSRUDWLQJYROXQWDU\VWDQGDUGVVXFKDVWKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHVDQGWKH ,/27ULSDUWLWH'HFODUDWLRQLQWRGRPHVWLFODZVWDWHVFRXOGSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKHEXLOGLQJRIDQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZRIEXVLQHVVUHVSRQVLELOLW\´ S ,WLVIURPWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWWKHH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUH RQ &65 LQ WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQW LV GLVFXVVHG )RU LQVWDQFH )RRWHU   SURSRVHV WKH LQFRUSRUDWLRQRI&65LQVWUXPHQWVLQ%,7VVRWKDWWKH\³FRXOGEHPDGHWRELWH´ S 6RDFFRUGLQJWR )RRWHUWKHVHVRIWLQVWUXPHQWVZRXOGEHFRPH³KDUGHU´WRWKHH[WHQWWKDWWKHLQYHVWPHQWWUHDW\RUWUDGH DJUHHPHQWLVELQGLQJXSRQWKHSDUWLHVWRLWDQGWKH\DUHREOLJHGWRFRPSO\ZLWKLWVFRQWHQWLQJRRGIDLWK &I:DZU\NS                                                                                                                        

,QWKLVUHJDUGDUHFHQWLQIRUPDWLRQUHSRUWIRUWKH(XURSHDQ(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RPPLWWHH ((6&  KLJKOLJKWV WKDW &65 DSSOLHG WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW ³OHYHU´ IRU PRYLQJ WRZDUGV VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQWFRPSULVLQJDOOWKHFRXQWULHVLQYROYHGLQWUDGHLQYHVWPHQWDQGFRRSHUDWLRQGHYHORSPHQW ((6& S 

 

                     12     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13              9DQGHU=HH  LQKHUVWXG\RQ'XWFKFRPSDQLHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRKRZFHUWDLQ01(V¶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³SURYLGLQJVLJQDOVWRFRPSDQLHVDERXWZKLFKJXLGHOLQHVVWDQGDUGVDQG ODEHOVWRDGRSW´ S :DOHVRQ  DGGUHVVHV&65SULQFLSOHVLQFOXGHGLQ³FRPSUHKHQVLYHWUDGH DJUHHPHQWV´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³DGGHGYDOXH´ RI &65 SURYLVLRQV LV WKDW WKH\ FRPSOHPHQWWKHFRPPLWPHQWVDGRSWHGE\VWDWHVLQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV&65SURYLVLRQV DUH XVHIXO EHFDXVH WKH REOLJDWLRQ RI WKH VWDWH SDUWLHV WR WKH DJUHHPHQW WR HQFRXUDJH &65 LQLWLDWLYHV SURYLGHV FRUSRUDWLRQV ZLWK DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VKRZ WR WKHLU VWDNHKROGHUV DQG FLYLO VRFLHW\ WKHLU WUXH FRPPLWPHQWWRJR³EH\RQGWKHODZ´YROXQWDULO\DQGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHHQFRXUDJHPHQWPDGHE\VWDWHV WREHKDYHUHVSRQVLEO\7KH\DOVRVXJJHVWWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHVHFRPPLWPHQWVWR³FU\VWDOL]H´LQWRKDUG ODZRYHUWLPH  :KHUHDV YDULRXV DXWKRUV KDYH DGGUHVVHG WKH SRWHQWLDO RI &65 ODQJXDJH LQ WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWVWKLVSDSHUDGGVWRWKLVH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUHE\FRQGXFWLQJDV\VWHPDWLFDVVHVVPHQWRI&65 ODQJXDJHE\XVLQJWKHFRQFHSWRI³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´LQERWKWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWVFRYHULQJ PDLQO\&DQDGD()7$WKH(8WKH86DQGDOVRRWKHUVDQGZKDWWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRI&65UHIHUHQFHV LQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWVFRXOGPHDQIRUVWDWHVEXVLQHVVDQGZRUNHUV  

3. M ethodology  )RUWKHSXUSRVHRIHQXPHUDWLQJLQVWDQFHVRIODERXUUHODWHGUHIHUHQFHVWR&65LQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV&65UHIHUHQFHVZHUHVFDQQHGIRULQERWKWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV LQFOXGLQJVLGH                                                                                                                       

7KHDXWKRULQWKLVUHJDUGPHQWLRQDVDQH[DPSOHWKHDJUHHPHQWVRI&DQDGDWREHIXUWKHUDVVHVVHGLQWKLVSDSHU ZKLFKQRUPDOO\RQO\PDNHUHIHUHQFHWR³LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\UHFRJQL]HGVWDQGDUGV´RI&65

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

13    

DJUHHPHQWV  )RUUHDVRQVRIIHDVLELOLW\ VXFKDVDYDLODELOLW\RIWH[WVDQGUHVRXUFHV QRWDOOWUDGHDQG LQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWVWKDWDUHQRWLILHGWRWKH:72RU81&7$'KDYHEHHQVFDQQHG7KHGHVNUHYLHZ KDV IRFXVHG RQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV RU UHJLRQV WKDW WUDGLWLRQDOO\ KDYH LQFRUSRUDWHG EURDGHU VRFLDO RU VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWFRPPLWPHQWVLQWKHLUDJUHHPHQWVWKDWLVW\SLFDOO\&DQDGDWKH(8DQGWKH 86EXWDOVR()7$&KLOH1HZ=HDODQG7XUNH\DQG-DSDQ 

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nalytical framework  &65KDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQXQGHUVWRRGDVDSXUHO\YROXQWDU\HQWHUSULVHGULYHQLQLWLDWLYHWKDWUHIHUVWR DFWLYLWLHVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHUHGQRWRQO\WRFRPSO\EXWWRH[FHHGFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHODZ &DUUROO  ,Q FRQWUDVW WR D FRPSOHWHO\ YROXQWDU\ DQG SULYDWH YLHZ &65 LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ DQ LQFUHDVLQJ ³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´DQGLVEHFRPLQJDQHOHPHQWRIWKHUHJXODWRU\WRROER[RIJRYHUQPHQWV,QWKLVSDSHUWKH SDUWLDO³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´FRQFHSWRI&65LVDVVHVVHGWKURXJKWKHOHQVRIWKHKDUGVRIWODZFRQWLQXXPZKLFK FKDUDFWHUL]HVDFRQWLQXXPRIUHJXODWRU\DSSURDFKHVWKDWUDQJHIURPWKHWUDGLWLRQDOVWDWHFHQWHUHGDQG VDQFWLRQEDVHG³KDUG´ODZWRSXUHO\YROXQWDU\ RU³VRIW´ DQGSULYDWHUHJXODWLRQ$EERWWHWDO   DUJXHWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRI³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´HQWDLOVDFRQWLQXXPEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRLGHDOW\SHVZKLFKFDQ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG EDVHG RQ WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV obligation precision DQG delegation $FFRUGLQJO\ GLIIHUHQW&65LQVWUXPHQWVFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHLUGHJUHHRIVRIWQHVVKDUGQHVVEDVHGRQWKHVH WKUHHGLPHQVLRQVLQVWHDGRIDFOHDUGLFKRWRP\EHWZHHQERWK  7KHILUVWGLPHQVLRQ OHJDO obligationLVFRQFHUQHGZLWK³ELQGLQJQHVV´&RQYHQWLRQVIRULQVWDQFHDUH ELQGLQJ RQ VWDWHV ZKLFK UDWLI\ WKHP ZKLFK LV QRW WKH FDVH IRU UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV GHFODUDWLRQV RU JXLGHOLQHV 7KH VRIW FKDUDFWHU RI &65 OHJLVODWLRQ PD\ UHIHU WR WKH VXEVWDQFH RI WKH QRUP HJ VRIW ODQJXDJHXVH RUWKHLQVWUXPHQWWKDWLVUHVROXWLRQVGHFODUDWLRQVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVFRGHVRIFRQGXFW RULQRXUFDVHWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV                                                                                                                       

&65UHIHUHQFHVDUHXQGHUVWRRGDVDPL[WXUHRIWHUPVLQFOXGLQJSULQFLSOHVDQGLQVWUXPHQWVWKDWDUHDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK &65  µ&65¶ µFRUSRUDWH¶ µYROXQWDU\¶ µVHOIUHJXODWLRQ¶ µ2(&'¶ µJOREDO FRPSDFW¶ µUHVSRQVLELOLW\¶ µ2(&' *XLGHOLQHV IRU 0XOWLQDWLRQDO &RUSRUDWLRQV¶ µ*OREDO 5HSRUWLQJ ,QLWLDWLYH¶ µ*XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV RQ %XVLQHVVDQG+XPDQ5LJKWV¶µ,/201('HFODUDWLRQ¶DQGµ,62¶  7KH:725HJLRQDO7UDGH$JUHHPHQWV'DWDEDVHLVDYDLODEOHDW KWWSZZZZWRRUJHQJOLVKWUDWRSBHUHJLRQBHUHJLRQBHKWP7KH81&7$'¶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

 

                     14     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13              7KHGLPHQVLRQRIobligation FDQDOVREHUHODWHGWRWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHFRPPLWPHQWLQDJLYHQLQVWUXPHQW )RULQVWDQFHLWLVJHQHUDOO\DUJXHGWKDWWKHSUHDPEOHRIWUHDWLHVLVQRWELQGLQJIRUWKHSDUWLHV EXWLW SURYLGHVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHDJUHHPHQW %RXUJHRLVHWDO +RZHYHUJHQHUDOO\SUHDPEOHV FDQEHXVHGDVJXLGHOLQHVIRULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHDJUHHPHQWV $UWLFOHRIWKH9LHQQD&RQYHQWLRQ RQWKH/DZRIWKH7UHDWLHV 9&/7 IRUH[DPSOHLQGLVSXWHVHWWOHPHQW:KHQDSURYLVLRQ LQWKLVFDVH D&65FODXVH LVORFDWHGLQWKHoperative SURYLVLRQVRIWKHDJUHHPHQWPHDQLQJWKHERG\RUFRUHWH[WRI WKH DJUHHPHQW WKLV ZRXOG DOVR KDYH LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI delegation SURYLGLQJ IRU WKH SRVVLELOLW\WRDSSO\WRWKH&65FODXVHVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPVRIWKHDJUHHPHQWVRUWKRVHRI WKHFKDSWHURIWKHDJUHHPHQWVZKHUHWKHFODXVHVDUHLQVHUWHG  %XWZKDWGRHVWKHGLPHQVLRQRI obligation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¶VDFWXDOSUDFWLFHV VHH1RODQ&UHXW]*RQGHWDO   7KHGLPHQVLRQRIprecisionLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKDFOHDUGHILQLWLRQRI³FRPPLWPHQWV´IRULQVWDQFHWKURXJK WKH UHIHUHQFH WRZDUGV H[LVWLQJ &65 LQVWUXPHQWV VXFK DV WKH ,/2 01( 'HFODUDWLRQ WKH 2(&' *XLGHOLQHV RU WKH 81 *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV LQVWHDG RI UHIHUHQFH WRZDUGV JHQHUDO &65 SULQFLSOHV RU XQLODWHUDOO\HVWDEOLVKHG&65LQLWLDWLYHV$KLJKHUOHYHORIprecision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delegation LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKH TXHVWLRQ RI WKLUGSDUW\ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ WR LPSOHPHQWLQWHUSUHWDQGDSSO\UXOHVWRUHVROYHGLVSXWHVRUWRPDNHDGGLWLRQDOUXOHV,QWKHFDVHRIKDUG ODZWKLVFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDVDUXOHRUFRPPLWPHQWEHLQJVXEMHFWWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGRUMXGLFLDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ HJ HQIRUFHPHQW WKURXJK WKH GRPHVWLF MXGLFLDO V\VWHP RU GLVSXWH VHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH FDVH RI WUDGH DJUHHPHQWV  6RIW ODZ RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG LPSOLHV OLPLWHG WKLUGSDUW\                                                                                                                       

7KLVLVWKHJHQHUDODSSURDFK+RZHYHURWKHUDSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQKHOGZLWKUHJDUGVWRWKHELQGLQJQDWXUHRI SUHDPEOHV VHHHJ,/2   2QHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKHH[SHFWDWLRQVIURPVRFLHW\RUFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQLVDWLRQVZLWKUHVSHFWWRUHVSRQVLEOH EXVLQHVVEHKDYLRXULQFUHDVHWKH PRUDORUSXEOLF REOLJDWLRQRIFRPSDQLHVWRFRQGXFW&65EHKDYLRXU  $QH[DPSOHRIWKLVLVWKH³8QIDLU&RPPHUFLDO3UDFWLFHV'LUHFWLYH´ 'LUHFWLYH(&RIWKH(3DQGRIWKH &RXQFLORI0D\FRQFHUQLQJXQIDLUEXVLQHVVWRFRQVXPHUFRPPHUFLDOSUDFWLFHVLQWKHLQWHUQDOPDUNHW DQGDPHQGLQJ&RXQFLO'LUHFWLYH((&'LUHFWLYHV(&(&DQG(&RIWKH(XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO DQG 5HJXODWLRQ (&  1R  RI WKH (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO 

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

15    

GHOHJDWLRQ +RZHYHU D ZKROH VSHFWUXP RI FRPSOLDQFH PHFKDQLVPV RWKHU WKDQ OHJDO HQIRUFHPHQW H[LVWV 7KHVH UDQJH IURP QRQELQGLQJ DUELWUDWLRQ FRQFLOLDWLRQPHGLDWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ WKURXJK VWDNHKROGHULQYROYHPHQWIRUH[DPSOH WRSXEOLFUHSRUWLQJ $EERWWHWDO $OORIWKHVHLQYROYHWR DFHUWDLQH[WHQWWKLUGSDUW\DXWKRUL]DWLRQ.  

 3.2 Corporate Social Responsibility as a component of State policies 7KHFRQFHSWRI³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´DQGLWVWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVLVKHOSIXOFRQVLGHULQJWKDW&65LVLQFUHDVLQJO\ GLVFXVVHGDVDQHOHPHQWRIVWDWHSROLFLHVOHDGLQJWRDQHPHUJHQFHRID³SROLF\K\EULG´ VHHHJ6WHXUHU $DURQVRQ $FFRUGLQJWR:DUG S ³WKH&65DJHQGDDVDZKROHPD\QRZKDYH UHDFKHGDWXUQLQJSRLQWLQZKLFKWKHSXEOLFVHFWRULVUHSRVLWLRQHGDVDFHQWUDOO\LPSRUWDQWDFWRU´7KLV LVDOVRWUXHLQWKHILHOGRIWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWZKHUHJRYHUQPHQWVLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPPLWWR&65LVVXHV WKURXJKWKHLUWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWSROLFLHV  %\PHDQVRILOOXVWUDWLRQWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWFDOOHGIRUWKHV\VWHPDWLFLQWHJUDWLRQRI&65FODXVHV LQ DOO IXWXUH LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW  (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW $OVRWKHQHZ(87UDGH3ROLF\FOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHVWKDW³(8¶VWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQW SROLF\PXVWUHVSRQGWRFRQVXPHUV¶FRQFHUQVE\UHLQIRUFLQJFRUSRUDWHVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQLWLDWLYHV DQGGXHGLOLJHQFHDFURVVWKHSURGXFWLRQFKDLQV´ (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ   ,QDVLPLODUYHLQ&DQDGDGHYHORSHGDVWUDWHJ\WRVWUHQJWKHQLQSDUWLFXODUWKHH[WUDFWLYHVHFWRUDEURDG DQGFDOOVIRU³WKHLQFOXVLRQRIYROXQWDU\SURYLVLRQVIRU&65LQDOO)RUHLJQDQG,QYHVWPHQW3URPRWLRQ DQG3URWHFWLRQ$JUHHPHQWVDQG)UHH7UDGH$JUHHPHQWVVLJQHGVLQFH´ZKHUHWKHSDUWLHVWRWKH DJUHHPHQW HQFRXUDJH FRUSRUDWLRQV ZLWK RSHUDWLRQV LQ WKHLU WHUULWRULHV WR ³YROXQWDULO\ LQFRUSRUDWH LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\UHFRJQL]HG&65VWDQGDUGVLQWRWKHLUSUDFWLFHVDQGLQWHUQDOSROLFLHV´DQGLVDSSOLFDEOHWR GLIIHUHQWDUHDVLQFOXGLQJODERXU *RYHUQPHQWRI&DQDGD   

4. CSR clauses in trade and investment agreements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                                                                                                                      

7KHWUDGH3DUWLHVWR733DUH$XVWUDOLD&DQDGD-DSDQ0DOD\VLD0H[LFR3HUX8QLWHG6WDWHV9LHWQDP&KLOH %UXQHL6LQJDSRUHDQG1HZ=HDODQG  $OORIWKHVHDJUHHPHQWVDUHFRQFOXGHGEXWQRW\HWLQIRUFH2QO\733 )HEUXDU\ DQG&DQDGD%XUNLQD )DVR),3$ $SULO KDYHEHHQVLJQHG6HHQWKHSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFLPSRUWDQFHRIERWKFRXQWULHVUHJLRQV LQYROYHG (8DQG86 WKH7UDQVDWODQWLF7UDGHDQG,QYHVWPHQW3DUWQHUVKLS 77,3 LVDQLPSRUWDQWDJUHHPHQWWR ORRNDW+RZHYHUDVLWLVVWLOOXQGHUQHJRWLDWLRQLWLVH[FOXGHGIURPWKLVVWXG\

 

                     16     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             FODXVHVSRLQWVWRDQLQFUHDVLQJ³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´$SSHQGL[SUHVHQWVPRUHGHWDLOHGDVVHVVPHQWRI&65 ODQJXDJHLQWKHDJUHHPHQWVRI&DQDGD()7$WKH(8DQGWKH86    Figure  1:  CSR  clauses  in  trade  and  investment  agreements 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Trade  agreements

BITs

  1RWH6LQFHWKH%,7VWUHQGKDVEHHQPDLQO\GULYHQE\&DQDGDZLWKILYH%,7VVLJQHGRULQIRUFHLQ DQGIRXULQ 6RXUFH81&7$',QYHVWPHQW3ROLF\+XEDQG:7257$'DWDEDVH

 4.1 Evolution of CSR clauses in trade and investment agreements  $PRQJ WKH ILUVW DJUHHPHQWV WKDW LQFOXGH &65 DUH WKH -RLQW 'HFODUDWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ *XLGHOLQHV WR ,QYHVWRUV GHYHORSHG SDUDOOHO WR WKH (8&KLOH $VVRFLDWLRQ $JUHHPHQW   WKH 86&KLOH 7UDGH $JUHHPHQW 7$   WKH(8&DULIRUXP(FRQRPLF3DUWQHUVKLS$JUHHPHQW  DQGWKH&DQDGD 3HUX  7$2YHUWLPH&65FODXVHVKDYHEHFRPHPRUHHODERUDWHGLQWHUPVRIobligation, precision DQG delegation,Q()7$DJUHHPHQWV&65UHIHUHQFHVZHUHWUDGLWLRQDOO\IRXQGPDLQO\LQSUHDPEOHV RI DJUHHPHQWV 0RUHRYHU DQ LQFUHDVHG OHYHO RI precision RYHU WLPH FDQ EH REVHUYHG  LQFUHDVLQJ UHIHUHQFHVDUHPDGHWR&65LQVWUXPHQWVVXFKDVWKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHVIRU0XOWLQDWLRQDO(QWHUSULVHV WKH2(&'3ULQFLSOHVRI&RUSRUDWH*RYHUQDQFHDQGWKH81*OREDO&RPSDFW,QWKHDJUHHPHQW ZLWK&HQWUDO$PHULFD()7$H[SDQGHGWKLVDSSURDFKWRWKHLQFOXVLRQRI&65ODQJXDJHLQWKHFRUHWH[W RIWKHDJUHHPHQWWKDWLVWKH&KDSWHURQ7UDGHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW,WDOVRFRQWDLQVVWURQJHU FRPPLWPHQWV LQ WHUPV RI obligation DQG delegation $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH DJUHHPHQW WKH SDUWLHV shall encourage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                                                                                                                      

6HH$QQH[IRUDGHWDLOHGRYHUYLHZRIWKHGLIIHUHQWFRXQWU\DSSURDFKHVDQGHYROXWLRQRYHUWLPH )RUH[DPSOH()7$DJUHHPHQWVZLWK$OEDQLD  6HUELD  8NUDLQH  DQG+RQJ.RQJ    )RUH[DPSOH()7$7$VZLWK&RORPELD  3HUX  DQG0RQWHQHJUR   

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

17    

SURPRWLQJ&65&DQDGLDQDJUHHPHQWVGRQRWH[SOLFLWO\UHIHUWRVSHFLILF&65LQVWUXPHQWVEXWUDWKHU PDNHJHQHUDOUHIHUHQFHVWRZDUGV internationally recognized corporate social responsibility standards and principles DQGRUstatements of principle that have been endorsed or are supported by the Parties 0RUHUHFHQWDJUHHPHQWVSDUWLFXODUO\733LQFRUSRUDWH&65UHIHUHQFHVLQWRWKHFKDSWHUVRILQYHVWPHQW DQGODERXUZKLOHSURYLGLQJIRUKLJKHUOHYHOVRI obligation KRZHYHUWKHREOLJDWLRQVDUHVWLOORIDVRIW FKDUDFWHU WKDWLVDQHYROXWLRQIURP³VKRXOGHQFRXUDJH´WR³VKDOOHQGHDYRXUWRHQFRXUDJH´HQWHUSULVHV RSHUDWLQJ ZLWKLQWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHSDUWLHVRUVXEMHFWWKHLUMXULVGLFWLRQWR voluntarily LQFRUSRUDWH&65 RQ ODERXU LVVXHV 7KLV DOVR KDV LPSOLFDWLRQV LQ WHUPV RI delegation DV WKH VSHFLILF LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPVRIWKHDJUHHPHQWDSSO\WRWKH&65FODXVH  7XUQLQJWR(8DJUHHPHQWVLQFUHDVHGOHYHOVRI³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´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obligationIRUVWDWHV,WHVWDEOLVKHVWKDWWKHSDUWLHV shall encourageWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ&65VFKHPHVEXWDOVR agreeWRSURPRWH&65 7KHOHYHORI precisionHYROYHGIURPJHQHUDOUHIHUHQFHVWRZDUGVLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\DJUHHGJXLGHOLQHVIDLU DQGHWKLFDOWUDGHSULYDWHDQGSXEOLFFHUWLILFDWLRQDQGODEHOOLQJVFKHPHVWRH[SOLFLWUHIHUHQFHWR&65 LQVWUXPHQWVVXFKDVWKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHVIRU0XOWLQDWLRQDO(QWHUSULVHVWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV*OREDO &RPSDFWDQGWKH,/201('HFODUDWLRQ,QWHUPVRIdelegationWKHPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUHSURYLGHGLQ WKH 7UDGH DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW &KDSWHU HJ PRQLWRULQJ FRRSHUDWLRQ DPRQJ RWKHUV  DOVR DSSO\WRWKH&65FODXVH  7KH86DSSURDFKKDVDOVRREVHUYHGLPSRUWDQWFKDQJHVRYHUWLPH$QHYROXWLRQFDQEHREVHUYHGLQWKH ORFDWLRQRIWKH&65SURYLVLRQVIURPHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDSWHUVRUDQQH[HVRIODERXUFRRSHUDWLRQREVHUYHG LQWKHWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVZLWK&KLOH  3HUX  DQG&RORPELD  WRZDUGVWKHSUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHGDSSURDFKRI733WKDWLQWHJUDWHV&65ODQJXDJHLQWRWKHODERXUFKDSWHUZKLOHSURYLGLQJIRU KLJKHUOHYHOVRIobligationDQGdelegation

 4.2 Other types of trade arrangements: B I Ts and GSP  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³HDFK &RQWUDFWLQJ 3DUW\ should                                                                                                                       

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

 

                     18     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             encourage HQWHUSULVHV RSHUDWLQJ within its territory or subject to its jurisdiction WR YROXQWDULO\ LQFRUSRUDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\UHFRJQL]HGVWDQGDUGVLQWKHLUSUDFWLFHVDQGLQWHUQDOSROLFLHV´WKDWDGGUHVV LVVXHVVXFKDVODERXUDQGRWKHUV $UW$UW   7KLVSURYLVLRQLVUHSHDWHGLQRWKHU&DQDGLDQ),3$VVXFKDVWKRVHZLWK&DPHURRQ1LJHULD6HQHJDO 0DOL QRWLQIRUFH DQG6HUELD  ,QWKHWUHDW\ZLWK&{WHG ,YRLUH  WKHGLPHQVLRQRI obligationHYROYHVPDQGDWLQJWKDWWKHSDUWLHV³shall encourage´ WKHDGRSWLRQRI&65SROLFLHV&OHDUO\ WKHODQJXDJHLVVWLOOVRIWEXWKLJKHUOHYHORIFRPPLWPHQWLVREVHUYHGWUDQVLWLRQLQJIURPDQDFWLRQWKDW WKH SDUWLHV WR WKH WUHDW\ should SHUIRUP WR DQ REOLJDWLRQ DQG FRPPLWPHQW WR HQFRXUDJH HQWHUSULVHV WRZDUGVWKHDGRSWLRQRI&65$OVRWKH&RORPELD)UDQFH%,7 VLJQHGLQQRWLQIRUFH HVWDEOLVKHV DQREOLJDWLRQRIWKHSDUWLHVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHHQWHUSULVHVLQWKHLUWHUULWRULHVWRSURPRWH&65VWDQGDUGV DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI precision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³FRUH SULQFLSOH IRU VXVWDLQDEOH LQYHVWPHQW´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                                                                                                                      

7KLVKDVEHHQFKDQJLQJPRUHUHFHQWO\RZLQJPDLQO\WRWKHQXPHURXVFODLPVXQGHUWKHLQYHVWRUVWDWHGLVSXWH VHWWOHPHQW ,6'6 PHFKDQLVPVZLWKUHJDUGWRVWDWHV¶UHJXODWLRQLQWKHDUHDVRIODERXUHQYLURQPHQWKHDOWKHWF  2QO\WKH86DQG(8*63¶VKDYHEHHQORRNHGDWDVWKHVHDUHWKHRQO\RQHVWKDWLQFOXGHDODERXUSURYLVLRQ  +RZHYHUXQLODWHUDOVFKHPHVIURPWKH86DQGWKH(8GRPDNHUHIHUHQFHWRODERXUSURYLVLRQVLQJHQHUDOZLWKRXW LQFOXGLQJ&65DVSHFWV   $V FRPPLWPHQWV PDGH LQ RQH DJUHHPHQW GLPLQLVKHV WKH WKUHVKROG WR FRPPLW WR VLPLODU HQJDJHPHQWV LQ DJUHHPHQWVZLWKRWKHUFRXQWULHV7KLVVSLOORYHUKDVEHHQREVHUYHGDWOHDVWLQWKHFDVHRIODERXUSURYLVLRQV)RU H[DPSOH&RORPELDLQLWVDJUHHPHQWVZLWKWKH86(8DQG&DQDGDKDVODERXUSURYLVLRQVDQGD³OLJKWHU´YHUVLRQ RIVXFKSURYLVLRQVKDVEHHQUHSHDWHGLQ&RORPELD¶VUHFHQW%,7VZLWK7XUNH\ $UWLFOH DQG)UDQFH $UWLFOH   VLJQHGEXWQRW\HWLQIRUFH   ,WRQO\GRHVQRWLQFOXGHDUHPLQGHUWRWKHSDUWLHVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHFRPSDQLHVWRDGRSWFHUWDLQ&65SULQFLSOHV LQWKHLULQWHUQDOSROLFLHV

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

19    

4.3 ³ Double soft´ references in CSR clauses :KHQ KDYLQJ D FORVHU ORRN DW WKHVH &65 FODXVHV WKH VLJQLQJ SDUWLHV  VWDWHV  W\SLFDOO\ FRPPLW WR FRRSHUDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVRQ&65 cooperation WRHQFRXUDJHHQWHUSULVHVWRYROXQWDULO\LQFRUSRUDWH&65 PHFKDQLVPV HQWHUSULVHV¶DGRSWLRQRI&65LQVWUXPHQWV RUWRIDFLOLWDWHDQGSURPRWHWUDGHLQJRRGVWKDW DUHVXEMHFWWR&65VFKHPHV C SR trade LQFOXGLQJODEHOOLQJVFKHPHVDQGHWKLFDOWUDGH 7KHVHDUHPDLQO\ µGRXEOHVRIW¶UHIHUHQFHV VHH3ULVODQDQG=DQGYOLHW XQGHUVWRRGDV L VRIWODQJXDJHLQWHUPVRI VWDWHV¶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³>«@ regional cooperation activities on labor issues, may include, but need not be li mited t R«GLVVHPLQDWLRQ of information and promotion of best labor practices, including corporate social responsibility, that HQKDQFHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVDQGZRUNHUZHOIDUH´ $QQH[$UWLFOH R   6HFRQGO\WKHSDUWLHVPD\HQFRXUDJHHQWHUSULVHVWRYROXQWDULO\LQFRUSRUDWHREVHUYH&65PHFKDQLVPV )RULQVWDQFHWKH()7$0RQWHQHJURDJUHHPHQW  DFNQRZOHGJHVLQWKHSUHDPEOHWKH³LPSRUWDQFH of good corporate governance and corporate social responsibility for sustainable development, and affirming their ai m to encourage enterprises to observe internationally recognized guidelines and principles in this respect, such as the O E C D Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the O E C D 3ULQFLSOHVRI&RUSRUDWH*RYHUQDQFHDQGWKH81*OREDO&RPSDFW´  7KLUG&65FODXVHVPD\IDFLOLWDWHDQGSURPRWHWUDGHLQJRRGVWKDWDUHWKHVXEMHFWRI&65VFKHPHV7KH (85HSXEOLFRI.RUHD  WUDGHDJUHHPHQWIRULQVWDQFHGHDOVZLWK&65XQGHUWKHFKDSWHURIWUDGH DQGVXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQWDVIROORZLQJ³WKH3DUWLHVVKDOOVWULYHWRIDFLO itate and promote trade in goods that contribute to sustainable development, including goods that are the subject of schemes such DV IDLU DQG HWKLFDO WUDGH DQG WKRVH LQYROYLQJ FRUSRUDWH VRFLDO UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG DFFRXQWDELOLW\´ $UWLFOH    )RXUWKWKHSURYLVLRQVJHQHUDOO\GRQRWFODULI\ZKHUHVWDWHVshouldRUshall HQFRXUDJH RUHYHQDVRIWHU FRPPLWPHQWWR³PDNHDQHIIRUW´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                                                                                                                      

7KHVH³H[WUDWHUULWRULDO´LPSOLFDWLRQVVKRXOGEHH[DPLQHGZLWKFDXWLRQDVGLIIHUHQWLVVXHVUHJDUGLQJWKHOHJDO SHUVRQDOLW\ RI FRUSRUDWLRQV QDWLRQDOLW\ DQG MXULVGLFWLRQ GLIILFXOWLHV WR HIIHFWLYHO\ VXSHUYLVH DEURDG DPRQJ RWKHUVDULVH VHHLQWKLVUHJDUGHJ6LPPRQV0F&RUTXRGDOH.HQGDO±+XPDQ5LJKWV&RQVXOWLQJ 0F&RUTXRGDOH 7KLVDQDO\VLVKRZHYHULVQRWZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRIWKLVSDSHU

 

                     20     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             4.4 Assessing ³2EOLJDWLRQDQG3UHFLVLRQ´LQ&65FODXVHV  :KHQZHDVVHVV&65FODXVHVLQWHUPVRIWKHVRIWKDUGODZFRQWLQXXPDVUHIHUUHGWRLQWKHFRQFHSWRI ³OHJDOL]DWLRQ´DOWKRXJKGLIIHUHQFHVH[LVWDPRQJDJUHHPHQWVDQLPSRUWDQWILQGLQJLVWKDW&65FODXVHV DUHJHQHUDOO\VRIWERWKLQWHUPVRIobligationDQGprecision:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHGLPHQVLRQRIobligation, WKHDGRSWLRQRI&65LQLWLDWLYHVIRUHQWHUSULVHVLVYROXQWDU\DQGDFFRUGLQJO\WKHOHJDOREOLJDWLRQVWKHVH FODXVHV HQWDLO DUH OLPLWHG IRU FRUSRUDWLRQV $OVR LQ WHUPV RI precision WKH H[DPLQHG DJUHHPHQWV W\SLFDOO\ UHIHU WRZDUGV WKH RYHUDOO LGHD RI &65 ZLWKRXW GHILQLQJ LW UHIHUULQJ WR ³LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ UHFRJQL]HG&65JXLGHOLQHVDQGVWDQGDUGV´RUIXUWKHUVSHFLI\LQJH[LVWLQJ&65LQVWUXPHQWVVXFKDVWKH ,/2 01( 'HFODUDWLRQ WKH 81 *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV RQ %XVLQHVV DQG +XPDQ 5LJKWV RU WKH 2(&' *XLGHOLQHV  )RU H[DPSOH WKH WUDGH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW FKDSWHU RI WKH (85HSXEOLF RI .RUHD WUDGH DJUHHPHQW  PHQWLRQVWKDW³the Parties shall strive to facilitate and promote trade in goods that contribute to sustainable development, including goods that are the subject of schemes such as fair and ethical trade and those involving corporate social reVSRQVLELOLW\DQGDFFRXQWDELOLW\´ $UWLFOH   ,QWHUPVRIOHJDOREOLJDWLRQWKLVFRPPLWPHQWLVSDUWRIDOHJDOO\ELQGLQJWUDGHDJUHHPHQWKRZHYHU XVLQJVRIWODQJXDJHLVDQREOLJDWLRQRIHIIRUW ³VKDOOVWULYHWRIDFLOLWDWHDQGSURPRWH´ )XUWKHUPRUHLW LVWKHVLJQLQJSDUWLHVVWDWHVWKDWPDNHFHUWDLQFRPPLWPHQWVQRWEXVLQHVVHV3DUWLHVLQWKLVDJUHHPHQW GRQRWHVWDEOLVKZKHUHWKH\DUHPHDQWWRSURPRWHWKHVHLQLWLDWLYHVLQFRQVHTXHQFHWKHREOLJDWLRQPLJKW FRPSULVH WKHLU WHUULWRULHV DQG DEURDG $OVR precision LV OLPLWHG DV QR UHIHUHQFH LV PDGH WR VSHFLILF LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\UHFRJQL]HG&65LQVWUXPHQWV  +RZHYHURWKHUWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVRULQYHVWPHQWWUHDWLHVGRKDYHDQLQFUHDVHGOHYHORIprecisionOLNHWKH 1HWKHUODQGV8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHV%,7 VLJQHGLQ H[SOLFLWO\UHIHUVWRWKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHVE\ VWUHVVLQJWKH3DUWLHV¶REOLJDWLRQVWRSURPRWHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVH$OVRWKHGUDIW1RUZD\PRGHO %,7H[SOLFLWO\UHIHUVWRDQDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLHVWRHQFRXUDJHLQYHVWRUVWRFRPSO\ZLWKWKH 2(&'*XLGHOLQHVWKH81*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ%XVLQHVVDQG+XPDQ5LJKWVDQGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKH 81*OREDO&RPSDFW  7KLVLVDOVRWUXHIRUWKH()7$0RQWHQHJUR$JUHHPHQW  ZKHUHWKHSUHDPEOHDIILUPVWKHSDUWLHV¶ DLP³to encourage enterprises to observe internationally recognized guidelines and principles in this respect, such as the O EC D Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the O E C D Principles of Corporate Governance and WKH81*OREDO&RPSDFW´)URPDQ,/2SHUVSHFWLYHUHFHQW(8DJUHHPHQWV HJ(88NUDLQH(80ROGRYD DUHLPSRUWDQWLQWKLVUHJDUGDVWKH,/201('HFODUDWLRQ LVH[SOLFLWO\UHIHUUHGWR)RULQVWDQFH(88NUDLQH  HVWDEOLVKHVWKDW³the parties shall promote corporate social responsibility and accountability and encourage responsible business practices, such as those promoted by the UN Global Compact of 2000, the International Labour Organization (ILO) Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy of 1977                                                                                                                       

'LUHFWREOLJDWLRQVIRULQYHVWRUVDUHUDUHLQ%,7VRUWUDGHDJUHHPHQWVZKLFKLVORJLFDODVWKHVHDJUHHPHQWVDUH EHWZHHQVWDWHV2QHSDUWLFXODUH[DPSOHRIGLUHFWREOLJDWLRQVIRULQYHVWRUVLVIRXQGLQWKH 6$'&0RGHO%,7 ZKLFKGHILQHVWKHFRQWHQWRILQYHVWRUV¶REOLJDWLRQVELQGLQJWKHPWRDFWLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKFRUHODERXUVWDQGDUGV DVUHTXLUHGLQWKH,/2'HFODUDWLRQDQGWRRSHUDWHFRQVLVWHQWO\ZLWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWDOODERXU DQGKXPDQULJKWVREOLJDWLRQVLQWKHKRVWVRUWKHKRPH6WDWHVZKLFKHYHUWKHREOLJDWLRQVDUHKLJKHU,QWHUPVRI delegationWKH0RGHOSURYLGHVIRUDPHDQVWRHQIRUFHLQYHVWRUVREOLJDWLRQVSURYLGLQJWKHKRVWVWDWHZLWKWKH ULJKWWRLQLWLDWHDFODLPDJDLQVWWKHLQYHVWRULQYHVWPHQWLQGRPHVWLFFRXUWVEDVHGRQWKHEUHDFKRIWKHDJUHHPHQW $UWLFOH 

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

21    

as amended in 2006, and the O E C D Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises of 1976 as amended in 200´ $UWLFOH  4.5 Assessing ³'HOHJDWLRQ´LQ&65FODXVHV 6WDWHVFRPPLWWRFRRSHUDWLRQHQFRXUDJHPHQWIDFLOLWDWLRQRUSURPRWLRQRI&65DQGWKHVHDUHHLWKHU QRQELQGLQJRUELQGLQJFRPPLWPHQWVHYHQWKRXJKWKH\DUHJHQHUDOO\VRIW'HVSLWHWKHOLPLWHGOHYHOVRI obligationWKHVHFRPPLWPHQWVDUHLQFOXGHGLQDELQGLQJWUHDW\DQGWKHSDUWLHVPXVWSHUIRUPLWLQJRRG IDLWK $UWLFOH9&/7 7KLVPHDQVWKDWVWDWHVFDQEHKHOG³DFFRXQWDEOH´ZLWKUHJDUGWRZKHWKHU PHDVXUHV KDYH EHHQ WDNHQ WR FRPSO\ %DVHG RQ WKLV 'XSOHVVLV   DUJXHV WKDW GHVSLWH WKH VRIW FKDUDFWHURIWKHVHSURYLVLRQVDWKLUGSDUW\FRXOGLIQHFHVVDU\LQSUDFWLFHGHWHUPLQHZKDWLVDUHDVRQDEOH EHKDYLRXULQWKLVUHJDUG IRULQVWDQFHWRFODULI\DFRPPLWPHQWRIHIIRUW   7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHDJUHHPHQWVSURYLGHIRUYDULRXVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPHFKDQLVPVWKDW inter alia KDYH WKH PDQGDWH WR GHDO ZLWK &65 SURYLVLRQV $OO RI WKHVH LQFOXGH GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI WKLUGSDUW\ DXWKRUL]DWLRQVXFKDVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIPL[HGFRPPLWWHHV EHWZHHQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVPLQLVWULHV RIERWKSDUWLHV WKDWKDYHWKHPDQGDWHWRPRQLWRUDQGFRRSHUDWHLQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHSURYLVLRQV LQWKHDJUHHPHQWVDQGFLYLOVRFLHW\DGYLVRU\FRPPLWWHHVWKDWPRQLWRUWKHPDNLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RIWKHVHDJUHHPHQWV6RPHDJUHHPHQWVDOVRLQFOXGHYDULRXVOHYHOVRIFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQLQFOXGLQJ JRYHUQPHQWFRQVXOWDWLRQVDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDSDQHORIH[SHUWVWRH[DPLQHDSDUWLFXODULVVXHDQG LQ VRPH FDVHV DUELWUDWLRQ WKURXJK IRUPDO GLVSXWH VHWWOHPHQW LQFOXGLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI HFRQRPLF VDQFWLRQV+RZHYHUHYHQLIWKLVLVIHDVLEOHZLWK&65FODXVHVKLJKHUOHYHOVRIdelegationDOPRVWQHYHU FRLQFLGHZLWKORZHUOHYHOVRI obligation $EERWWHWDO &RQVHTXHQWO\LWLVYHU\XQOLNHO\WKDWD &65FODXVHZRXOGEHEURXJKWWRGLVSXWHVHWWOHPHQW LIQRWH[SUHVVO\H[FOXGHGIURPLW LQWKHIUDPHZRUN RIDWUDGHDJUHHPHQW  ([DPSOHVRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHGLPHQVLRQRIdelegation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

                                                                                                                     

7KLVLVWKHSULQFLSOHRIpacta sunt servanda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

 

                     22     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             $PRUHGHYHORSHGH[DPSOHLVIRXQGLQWKH(85HSXEOLFRI.RUHDDJUHHPHQWZKLFKSURYLGHVIRUWKH HVWDEOLVKPHQWRID&RPPLWWHHRQ7UDGHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW &76' D'RPHVWLF$GYLVRU\ *URXS '$* LQWKHUHVSHFWLYHFRXQWULHVDQGDMRLQW&LYLO6RFLHW\)RUXP &6) ,QSUDFWLFHGLVFXVVLRQV LQDOOWKHVHIRUDKDYHLQFOXGHG&65DVSRWHQWLDODUHDIRUWHFKQLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHMRLQWVXUYHLOODQFH RIPXOWLQDWLRQDOHQWHUSULVHVRSHUDWLQJLQWKH(8DQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDRQWKHLUFRPSOLDQFHZLWK WKHSULQFLSOHVRIWKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHVWKH81*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ%XVLQHVVDQG+XPDQ5LJKWVWKH 81*OREDO&RPSDFWDQG,62 &6)   $W WKH &6)  6HSWHPEHU   WKH '$* RI ERWK FRXQWULHV HPSKDVL]HG WKHQHHG WRSURPRWH DQG LPSOHPHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDO&65LQVWUXPHQWVLHWKURXJKWKHH[FKDQJHRIEHVWSUDFWLFHVDQGE\JHWWLQJ IDPLOLDUL]HGZLWKWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIWKH2(&'1DWLRQDO&RQWDFW3RLQWV 1&3V $OVRWKH&6)FDOOHGIRU D IXWXUH GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 1DWLRQDO $FWLRQ 3ODQV WR LPSOHPHQW WKH 81 *XLGLQJ 3ULQFLSOHVWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIZRUNVKRSVSDUDOOHOWRWKHQH[W&6)LQDQGHQFRXUDJHG(XURSHDQ DQG.RUHDQHQWHUSULVHVWRLQFUHDVLQJO\DSSO\WKH2(&'*XLGHOLQHV LQFOXGLQJUHSRUWLQJRQVRFLDODQG JRYHUQDQFHDVSHFWVWUDFHDELOLW\LQVXSSO\FKDLQVODERXUVWDQGDUGVKXPDQULJKWVDPRQJRWKHUV  &6)  )XUWKHUPRUHWKH&6)QRWRQO\VWUHVVHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISURPRWLQJ&65LQWKH(8DQG WKH5HSXEOLFRI.RUHDE\(XURSHDQFRPSDQLHVRSHUDWLQJLQ.RUHDDQGYLFHYHUVDEXWZKLOHGLVFXVVLQJ (8 LQLWLDWLYHV LQ WKH 5HDG\0DGH*DUPHQW VHFWRU LQ %DQJODGHVK DOVR HQFRXUDJHG WKH .RUHDQ FRPSDQLHVZLWKRSHUDWLRQVLQ%DQJODGHVKWRHYDOXDWHDSRVVLEOHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ&65LQLWLDWLYHVUHODWHG WRLPSURYLQJZRUNHUV¶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mplications of CSR clauses for states, business and workers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                                                                                                                      

7KLVSURMHFWZRXOGEHXQGHUWKH(83DUWQHUVKLS,QVWUXPHQWZKLFKLVFRQWDLQHGLQ5HJXODWLRQ (8 1R RI WKH (XURSHDQ 3DUOLDPHQW DQG RI WKH &RXQFLO  0DUFK   HVWDEOLVKLQJ D 3DUWQHUVKLS ,QVWUXPHQW IRU FRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKLUGFRXQWULHV  6HHIRUH[DPSOHWKH-RLQW6WDWHPHQWRIWKH6XE&RPPLWWHHRQ7UDGHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQWXQGHUWKH (83HUXDQG&RORPELD7UDGH$JUHHPHQW )HEUXDU\ DQGWKH6XPPDU\RIWKHGLVFXVVLRQKHOGGXULQJ WKHMRLQWPHHWLQJRIWKH(XURSHDQDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFDQFLYLOVRFLHW\DGYLVRU\JURXSV 0D\ 

 

 

                                                                                                                                 CSR  in  International  Trade  and  Investment  Agreements    

23    

PRUHRYHU WKH WULSDUWLWH FRQVWLWXHQWV RI WKH ,/2 $V PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU WKH QHJRWLDWLRQ DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHSURYLVLRQVLVMXVWVWDUWLQJ  Implications for states7KURXJKWKHVXSSRUWRI&65LQLWLDWLYHVLQWUDGHDQGLQYHVWPHQWDJUHHPHQWV VWDWHV FRXOG SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ VKDSLQJ WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU UHVSRQVLEOH EXVLQHVV EHKDYLRXU ZRUOGZLGHDQGHQKDQFHFRKHUHQFH$VH[DPLQHGEHIRUHVWDWHVFRPPLWWKHPVHOYHVLQGLIIHUHQWZD\V IRUH[DPSOHWKURXJKDQREOLJDWLRQRIHIIRUWWRSURPRWH&65 e.g. shall strive to, should promote) RUD GLUHFW REOLJDWLRQ WR SURPRWH WKHVH LQLWLDWLYHV shall promote) ZLWK WKH HQWHUSULVHV WKDW DUH LQ WKHLU WHUULWRULHV RU DUH VXEMHFW WR WKHLU MXULVGLFWLRQ DV PDQGDWHG LQ WKH FDVH RI &DQDGLDQ DJUHHPHQWV  1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHUHODWLYHO\VRIWFKDUDFWHURIWKHVHFRPPLWPHQWVWKHVHFRPPLWPHQWVDUHLQFOXGHGLQ ELQGLQJ DJUHHPHQWV DQG VWDWHV FDQ LQ SULQFLSOH EH KHOG ³DFFRXQWDEOH´ WKURXJK WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPVSURYLGHGLQWKHDJUHHPHQWV+RZHYHUWKHOHYHOVRIFRPSOLDQFHDUHOHIWWRWKHVWDWHVDQG GLIILFXOWLHV PD\ DULVH WR GHWHUPLQH ³KRZ PXFK WKH VWDWH LV SURPRWLQJ RU WU\LQJ WR SURPRWH WKHVH LQLWLDWLYHV´7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIPRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGLQYROYHPHQWRIVWDNHKROGHUVWKURXJKWKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO PHFKDQLVPV SURYLGHG LQ WKHVH DJUHHPHQWV VHH GHOHJDWLRQ  VKRXOG EH DVVHVVHG RQ WKHLU SRWHQWLDOIRUKROGLQJVWDWHVDFFRXQWDEOHRQWKHLU&65FRPPLWPHQWV  Implications for business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¶ &65 FRPPLWPHQWV 7KH DGRSWLRQ RI &65 FRPPLWPHQWV PD\ DOVR SHUPHDWH LQWR *OREDO 6XSSO\ &KDLQV *6&V  WKURXJK WKH SUDFWLFHV RI OHDG ILUPV DQG VXEVLGLDULHV DQG YDULRXV DJUHHPHQWV SURYLGHIRUFRRSHUDWLRQRQDZDUHQHVVUDLVLQJDQGFDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJRQ&65  Implications for workers $V GLVFXVVHG HDUOLHU WKH QHJRWLDWLRQ DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHSURYLVLRQVLVDWDQDVFHQWVWDJH7KHUHIRUHWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHVHSURYLVLRQV DQG LWV DFWXDO LPSDFWV DUH ODUJHO\ XQNQRZQ +RZHYHU WKHUH LV D SRWHQWLDO LQ WKH DFWLYDWLRQ RI WKHVH FODXVHV LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU SURYLVLRQV LQ WUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV VXFK DV ODERXU SURYLVLRQV WRKDYHDSRVLWLYHLPSDFWLQZRUNHUV¶DQGEURDGHUKXPDQULJKWV:RUNHUV¶RUJDQLVDWLRQV KDYHEHHQLQYROYHGLQWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOPHFKDQLVPVSURYLGHGLQWKHDJUHHPHQWV)RUH[DPSOHLQWKH FURVVERUGHU FLYLO VRFLHW\ PHHWLQJV WKHVH KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR DGYRFDWH IRU LQFUHDVHG FRRSHUDWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV RU FORVH PRQLWRULQJ RI &65 EHKDYLRXU RI 01(V DQG WR FRRSHUDWH ZLWK JRYHUQPHQWV DQG EXVLQHVVHVLQWKLVPDWWHU  

5. Potential role of the I L O  7KHGHEDWHZLWKUHVSHFWWRZKHWKHUWKH,/2KDVDUROHWRSOD\LQWKHLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQVRIWDQGKDUG ODERXUUHJXODWLRQLQYROYLQJSXEOLFDVZHOODVSULYDWHDFWRUVLVQRWQHZ VHH'XSOHVVLV $UHFHQW UHSRUW RI WKH 'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO PHQWLRQV WKDW &65 KDV EHHQ UHTXLUHG WR EHFRPH PRUH ULJRURXV DQG KLJKOLJKWV WKH QHHG RI JRYHUQPHQWDO DQG WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\¶V JXLGDQFH WR GHILQH ZKDW LV

 

                     24     ILO  Research  Paper  No.  13             H[SHFWHGIURPFRUSRUDWLRQV,WDOVRPDNHVLPSOLFLWUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFRQFHSWRIOHJDOL]DWLRQE\VWDWLQJ WKDW³7KHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVWULFWO\OHJDODQGWKHSXUHO\YROXQWDU\VHHPVWREHJHWWLQJEOXUUHG not least as accountability and reporting meFKDQLVPVDUHWLJKWHQHG´ ,/2DS  7KHVDPHLV WUXHIRUWKHGLVFXVVLRQZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHUROHRIWKH,/2LQWKHJRYHUQDQFHRIODERXUFRQFHUQVLQWUDGH DQG LQYHVWPHQW DJUHHPHQWV VHH $JXVWt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