RESTRUCTURING OLD INDUSTRIAL AREAS

RESTRUCTURING OLD INDUSTRIAL AREAS: PROBLEMS AND EXAMPLES 1

Professor G. Curdes Aachen University of Technology, Institute of Town and Country Planning. Paper presented to the seminar "Revitalising Cities and Restructuring Industrial Cities·, Lodz, Poland. 18-20 November 1991.

1 CYCLES OF INNOVATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

From around the year 1780 up to the present day the secondary, and to a lesser extent the tertiary, basis of urban development was defined by large industrial and technological innovations. Henckel et. al. (1986) note five large thrusts of innovation: the steam engine; large scale technology from steel such as the railway, the combustion engine; plastics, flight technology; nuclear reactors, microelectronics, optical electrics; space and information technology, biochemistry (Fig.1). Within the national and international labour market each of these leading technologies developed its own clearly differentiated position and, 8t least partly, its own circulation and connection systems. Also on the spatial micro-Ievel, in cities and in regions, characteristic location conditions became clear: large scale industries with high levels of emissions are commonly found in the north east and on the edge of towns, smaller and less offensive industries remain longer in mixed and denser areas of the town. Through time, with the spatial growth of towns and cities, former peripheral sites became encircled by the settelement. Today many of the sites of the first three periods of innovation are to be found within town and regional settlement systems. The resulting disturbance works in both directions and, especially through increasing environmental demands, causes reductions in the conditions necessary for production. This situation overlaps with the time-life cycle of industrial buildings and plant. The very solidly built facilities of the first period have paid for themselves many times over, they no longer satisfy new requirements, the infrastructure of these sites (drainage, sewage-treatment plants, railway sidings etc.) is obsolete. Repair and rennovation can be significantly more expensive than total renewal and, in most cases, this can only be implemented through severe constraints on production. The result of this is that sites are increasingly given up. Industry moves from its old locations, builds under favourable conditions on green fjeld sites and leaves behind a residue wh ich is not always unproblematic. In the last two decades many towns in Western Europe and North America have been increasingly faced with the prospect of sites in the vicinity of the city cent re becoming unexpectedly available. The innovation cycle has a particular effect on these towns which have either a large areal concentration or over dependance on one type of industry which was surprised by the end of its cycle. Examples ofthis are coal and steel areas like the Ruhr, Saarland and the Aachen Region; towns with docks and harbours such as Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Duisburg, Cologne, Ludwigshafen; railway stations, sidings and yards whieh have been affected through the shift of traffie, goods and passenger, to road and air, and through the advent of "just in time" production. Recently the first former chemieal industry (Köln-Kalk) and food provision industry sites have appeared as weil as those from the new high technology firms. Disarmament leads not only to studies of barracks and parade grounds but also to losses in the weapons industry. In Germany this will have an affect in locations like Munich, Ausburg, Nürnberg and Stuttgart. The "Iong wave" theory iIIustrates cyclical

I like to thank Lesly Forsyth for translation

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phenomena which will also appear in the future, even when the theory is not shown so ideally as in Figure 2. Trends clearly illustrate that the numbers employed in the primary and secondary sectors will continue to fall. In contrast the tertiary sector and service industry are expanding further (Fig. 3). This has far reaching consequences for the loctation systems of cities and regions in as far that the expanding sectors will become the next users of the sites vacated by the shrinking sectors. If these movements in space should somehow fall apart, then problems over the use of the sites appear, in particular concerning the high costs for reclamation. In addition to the national and regional political consequences, the closure of industries leads to an abundance of problems and new tasks for which neither politics nor planning were properly prepared.

2 THE TIME FACTOR IN RESTRUCTURING

Regional and town planning in Germany, and in all comparable countries, is poorly prepared for these extremely dynamic changes. The length of time taken by public planning procedures and the weak role of the state and local authorities in comparison to the large industrial concerns leads to a blocking . of decision making in many places. But time is becoming a more and more important factor in the production and planning process. Two years aga one of the first studies of the theme "Time Structures and Urban Development" 1 appeared, from which the essential aspects of land use in Figure 4 are drawn. For the industrial process the time required for changes to locaton or the conditions for production must be met by adequate reaction times from the side of the regions and towns, that is within a few months. This means that the planning guidelines for industrial development or extension must be clear before the demand arises. Authorities must make available an overview of the available sites and their characteristics. They must be able, through adequate preparation, to resolve questions of building and planning permission within six months to one year. If this is not the case then other sites, other districts or marginally legal decision making processes will be selected. There is a wealth of potential blockages under the auspices of local auhthorities.

3 BlOCKAGES AND WEAKNESSES IN lOCAl AUTHORITY INDUSTRIAl POLICY

The authorities in Germany, especially in the middle sized and smaller towns, are often lacking in appropriate personnel. There are no staft with good design ability and knowledge of planning law. New and difticult projects are either pushed into the background, given out to consultants or poorly resolved. Only a small number of towns playa leading role in the development of new procedures and experimenting with planning possibilities. Deficits in mental attitudes and up to date approach es are clearly recognisable among the chief ofticers of many towns. But in recent years a change has been perceptible. An essential factor for the improved layout of industrial estates is sensitive and responsive procedures so that architects and clients can be encouraged to react positively to issues of form and layout. Through competitions, and also through the involvement of schools of architecture and planning, ideas for areas and forms of building can be generated for modest costs. Visits to good quality, existing examples or presentations iIIustrating them can also help. As weil as the existing incentives for improving ecological aspects, planting and insulation, there are programmes with which the local authorities can stimulate design. I am only aware of a few authorities which are active in this sphere. What is more common is the classic repertoire of subsidies and services directed towards the attraction and settlement of new companies. The existing situation is often .neglected. Heuer (1985) investigated aseries of instruments which local authorities have instigated to attract companies: Financial * local authority grant aid * tax incentives

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Planning, property and infrastructure * site seNicing . * local authority land policies * land potential and requirements * site planning and industrial estates

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Publicity, advertising and advice * general economic promotion * specific economic promotion * assistance for incoming businesses

The authorities are also active in the market for investors, offering sites, planning and financial help. In this way they produce, in part, the essential preliminary work in the hope that this can be used in the long term. Nevertheless there are unresolved problems which stand in the way of speedy restructuring. For the most part these are blockages in land availability and in time. Heuer (1985) suggests the following heirarchy of blockages and deficits which prevent a swift process of restructuring. Blockages land reseNes competition among local authorities * protection of the environment * economic structure * geographic location and transport links

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Internal deficits information * coordination * organisation * implementation *

4 THE EXTENT OF RESTRUCTURING The restructuring of former industrial areas is taking place throughout the whole of the western world. Especially weil known are the changes to the large areas of docklands in London, New York, Boston, Liverpool and other ports. With the increasing involvement of east european countries in the dynamic of the industrial process similar circumstances can be expected to appear there. Although in total much more significant, the many small schemes tend to be almost imperceptible in contrast to the spectacular large scale projects. A questionaire in the Federal Republic found that, in 1987, 43% of the towns aSked, which had more than 50,000 inhabitants, had al ready reactivated unused industrial sites and a further 18% had prepared planning proposals 2 • Fig.5 illustrates the spatial distribution showing a clear emphasis in NRW. The states and the central government have developed their own aid programmes for the reuse of industrial areas. The importance of these programmes is shown through the demand for around 1,500 hectars of additional industrial land per year in (west) Germany3. During the next few years in three local authority areas in NRW between 8,000 and 10,000 hectars will fall out of use4 • In 1980 a fund to grant aid sites was set up for the Ruhr Area and in 1984 this was extended to all NRW. At the end of 1988 NRW had applied for assistance with 148 sites with an area of around 1,700 hectars5 • Fig. 6 shows the distribution of these areas. The illustration also includes sites which have not previously been used for building. The map shows that in almost all parts of NRW, with few exceptions, and particularly in the Ruhr Area sites are being prepared for new industries. One very important factor in this process is that most of the sites are of a considerable size and have a consequent effect on the urban features of the town. In addition, new sites are often on the edge of towns and intrude into

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the countryside. A further consequence of these locations is that the entrance to a town is often through industrial estates which makes the layout and form of these areas extremely important.

5 SENSITIVE LOCATION FACTORS: FORM AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION An important factor for successful restructuring is sensitive and flexible site conditions, like for example the form and environmental quality of regions. The weil qualified, young managers of tertiary industries demand more and more specialised requirements from their work pi ace and its surroundings. The world of work, in which we spend the largest part of our professional existence, is confronted more and more with questions of health and aesthetics. Corporate identity requires a positive image, but local auhtorities and politicians have' also discovered the status which can be achieved through modern and weil designed buildings and attractive industrial estates. Next to the requirements of spatial order, the comprehensible logic of such areas, the ecological and aesthetic quality are meaningful components. The urban and regional image is composed of different elements at different times, but human perception tends to read it as a whole. 60th represent symbols of complex conditions, and although the evaluation of these symbols is carried out individually, common scales of measurement and interpretation tend to be relied on. In this context individual impressions are a product of social processes. Kevin Lynch has shown that people are not able to retain all the individual elements of their environment, since the brain prefers to condense and simplify the mass of information. The mental maps which result consist of distinctive landmarks, vertical elements, areas of perceptible changes in the structure, and emotional reactions to positive and negative elements. The perception of a region is not a single process, it is carried out on a macro and micro level. Within this the main components of perception are the transport routes which people use to travel to work, school, shopping or leisure. For outsiders the image will consist not only of the main routes but also by the major centres and the landscape. Within these two aspects the important qualities of building and landscape, which relate to perception, are continuity and separation. The former is the product of the addition of similar elements whereas the latter is the product of an individual setting. As there is an individual face so there is an individual composition of space, symbols, signs and historical elements. This individual impression is best described by the term "genius loci". Continuity is very close to homogenity. Homogeneous structures are a good background for "spatial individuals". With industrial regions the problem is their heterogenity, a product of changes and breaks in the structure which are not readable and give no sense in the urban language. Although these breaks are a normal part of any living town or region, and also signify the moment of change or transformation from past to future, many parts of the urban fringe or industrial areas are only a summation of breaks with no integrated or separated elements. We call individual places "Orte". For the perception of regions "Orte" have the role of the regional hyper-symbol. While it is easy to remember "Orte" because of their visual and emotional dimension, the perception of a region needs a good composition of homogeneous areas and individual areas. However, it is not easy to achieve agreement over a good composition and when densities increase the problems are greater than with the protection of distance. Distance can work as reserve or buffer zones and as a mediator between different architectural and building torms. In contrast to earlier ideas that planning should work very sparingly with building land, the aim of ecological enrichment of industrial areas in recent times has developed a new concept as a way out ot this dilemma.

6 THE PARK AS A NEW PLANNING CONCEPT FOR INDUSTRIAL ESTATES

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We are in need of a better set of instruments and controls for the planning and steering of the development of individual industrial estates and for whole industrial regions. Currently the dominant idea is the concept of the "park". It borders slightly on the idylic expectations of Howard's Garden City but also touches the idea of a stress'-free, almost hOliday, working atmosphere within an area of leisure. In the same way connections vJith landscape and ecological aims allow themselves to be connected with the term "park". At the moment a whole new generation of industrial estates exist under the term "technology park". ' Through the use of a few examples I would like to try to clarity the meaning of the terms designquality, time, planning and environmental law in the management of the restructuring process. In this context the term park serves as a vision holding together a whole series of pertinent aspects.

a Concept for the Aachen-Region This was the first industrialised region in Germany and now a process of 150 years of mineral and coal exploitation has come to an end. North Rhine Westfalia has put together an investment programme for the reconstruction of the Aachen and Ruhr areas called "Future Initiatives for Montan-Regions-ZIM". The Institute of Town and Country Planning contributed to this programme6 , wh ich was commissioned by seven local authorities through the setting up of a board of political and administrative managers' to develop a common regional policy. The renewal of the economic structure is to be carried out by classical methods and the usual promotion techniques. There is a very successful centre for innovation transfer (AGIT). In 1983 the Aachen Technology Centre was founded, and this was followed by a second centre in the neighbouring town of Herzogenrath, in wh ich all the space had been rented a year before its opening. However, the most serious problem involved in the economic restructuring has proved to be the spatial conditions and this was the reason for the Institute's involvement. The study took eight months, finishing in February 1989, and aimed to check the main functional and spatial problems of the region. An analysis of the main sectors of the physical structure revealed a list of some two hundred problems of local and regional importance wh ich have been used in an attempt to integrate local and regional decision makers within a common programme. The following general difficulties were revealed:

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unsatisfactory regional transport system with poor connections between the periphery and the main centre; competition among towns; linear and broken up settlement structure; poor connections to the main airports through the time lost in changing trains in Cologne and Düsseldorf; disrupted images of places and landscape; very little cooperation Iimited size of the region, main and sub-centres; old industries preventing access to vacant industrial land; unsatisfactory level of urban management; deficiences in pOlitics and administration; Iimited flexible finance; little flexibility in the identification of land; problems because of national borders;

The study recommended three levels of organisation: regional, sub-regional and local. Of the two hundred suggestions ninety are of general interest: 35 on the regional level, 20 organisational and planning, 15 investment related; 20 investment related on the sub-regional level; 36 investment and planning related at the local level which are of general interest to the region. Table 1 i1lustrates the range of suggestions at the various levels. Most of the recommendations refer to improvements within settlements, followed by the landscape then industrial areas.

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"Maps 1-8 show some aspects of the work: landscape problems; problems with the regional road axes; deficits in the form and accessibiltiy of industrial areas; proposals for a new regional mass-transitsystem; a proposal for a new regional form. While the work was in progress the actual restructuring beg an, which meant that, although some of the recommendations were used, other decislons were made which conflicted with the recommendations. At present the region is booming. More technology centres and technology parks are being built. The Japanese firm Mitsubishi has decided to locate a part-production plant for Europe in the town of Alsdorf, one of the settlements most seriously affected by the recession in the mining industry. The region had a favourable location in the west-european market before the unification of Germany and with the focus of attention switching towards the east, such achievements would probably no longer be possible. The following is a striking example of this.

b Herzogenrath Technology Park Herzogenrath is a quiet town with a population of around 45,000 bordering on Aachen to the south and the Netherlands to the west. In little more than a year, with the support of NRW and the Aachener Gesellschaft for Technologietransfer, but mainly through its own efforts, the town developed a Technology Centre on the site of a former colliery. This centre has created attention not only through its architecture but also through its positive side eftects. It sets itself up as a new starting point for the functional and architectural change of this area. The space is rented to young businesses wh ich develop products through the use of new technologies and leave the centre after a consolidation period. A second phase is being built and a third is in the planning stage. Meanwhile the town has also been successful in attracting the large research department of a Swedish concern, wh ich will create jobs for around 500 engineers by renovating an old building and developing a new one on the site of the same former colliery as the Technology Centre. This example shows the possibilities which can be realised when local authorities and the private sector work together on the restructuring of problem areas. Since the advent of the Centre in Herzogenrath the six other towns involved in the study have also established technology centres, initiative centres or at least technology parks. The Herzogenrath Technology Centre was built on an former colliery site wh ich was contaminated. The building permission contained the requirement that that the contamination be removed. This could only be achieved in so far that the contaminated areas wh ich were unable to be cleared were secured under a 100m long hill. In consequence further phases of the building must be constructed to avoid ground movement.

c International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscherpark The northern part ofthe Ruhr Area is particularly blighted by industry, fragmented settlements, sewage infrastructure and decimated landscape. Through the decline in heavy industry this region threatened to be the major problem area of NRW. Therefore in 1989 NRW and its local authorities combined to tackle the whole northern zone of the Ruhr Area under the heading "Emscher Landscape Park". An organisation was set up to manage the process of planning and change. At present sixteen sites with an area of some 300 hectars are being redeveloped using the principle "Working in the Park", to ofter around 15,000 jobs. The methods used integrate several weil known strategies in combinations which are implemented at the same time throughout the region:

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NRW buys up industrial sites which are no longer used to form a land reserve; site preparation for new uses including the removal or securing of contamination, and the securing of new uses for old buildings worthy of conservation; integration of areas into the regional green belt concept and clarificaton of their contribution to local development; systematic clarification of possible uses and forms as contributory factors to raising the image of the town and region; acquiring and allocating resources, preparation of competitions; supervision and control of implementation;

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publicising the image of the region nationally and internationally through the dissemination of the results in reports and leaflets and at congresses.

It is all about an ambitious, project, with unusual spatial and thematic dimensions, which has necessitated large financial and personal commitment. The project covers seven topics: landscaped park; rebuilding of the Emscher ecosystem; canals as leisure areas; industrial monuments; working in the park; housing and integrat~d urban development; new social and cultural opportunities (Fig. 7). Only apart of this project relates to research and technology parks, sixteen of which are underway at the moment (Fig. 8). ' d Technology Park Dortmund7 The City of Dortmund commissioned a planning consultant and a research institute to come up with ideas for improving the urban and landscape design in the vicinity of the university, the technology park and the surrounding agricultural areas. The concept included landscape organisation, the creation of landscaped peripheries 'and a clear urban design concept of blocks and linear development wh ich binds together the detached structures of the 1970s and 1980s. In this case industry and the university are on ce more seen as an integral part of the city, industry in particular is understood as a spatial element which contributes to the city's image (Map 9). e Architecture as Image Business has rediscovered the prestige value of architecture and examples of interesting architectural solutions have become more common in recent tim es. Industrial buildings ofter design possibilities wh ich are no longer available in housing. In universities more and more students are choosing this option. A few years aga it was extremely difticult to create a demand for such excercises but this is no longer the case. The forum for architecture and urban design in Berlin organised a design workshop in 1988 in which twenty two invited architecture offices participated. In the publication from the workshop (Kuhnert 1989), a new generation of industrial buildings can be seen with Iighter materials and more elegant construction providing a language appropriate for the time (Fig.9-11).

7 THE ROlE OF THE TECHNICAl UNIVERSITIES Technical universities were just as poorly prepared for the restructuring process as the local authorities. The economic sector was relatively weil prepared and many economic questions have been answered. However, in many architecture and planning schools there are gaps in the teaching of adequate methods for the analysis and planning of old industrial areas. Planning has been too much involved with changing ideas and power and too little with failing industrial sectors and regions. Consequently there was a lack of interest in the increase of sites for industrial uses. The quality of the . architecture of industrial areas and their urban development is the unwelcome product of architecture and planning teaching. As a consequence of this we have developed a project in Aachen, with the Technical University in Dresden, which seeks to improve the theory and methods used in the process of industrial area restructuring. The objective is to introduce the results as teaching elements, and to use them for working with or advising local authorities. The following points originate from the work to date. a ObJectives In order to prepare local authorities and universities to be able to handle such tasks, RWTH Aachen and TU Dresden are to develop a method, suitable for teaching and practice, for the replanning of existing industrial estates and the planning of new estates. The investigation should aim for the following results:

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a typological categorisation for areas, problem types, strategies and approaches to enable individual cases to be compared; ii

methodological compon~nts for practice which support analysis, evaluation, strategies and concepts for controlling the design and use of industrial estates;

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a geographic computer programme for the analysis, evaluation, decision-making process and data-administration of industrial estates. This is to be used when advising local authorities about research into planning methods. It should also support students working with computers on complex planning processes and at the same time evolve a dynamic management process for the changes taking place, by using the results of site investigations as a data base.

I chose to repeat these aims here because we hope to carry out further joint projects outwith Germany. The following paragraphs, band c, are taken from the Interim Report with some omissions and additions. b Area Types

The various different areas should be reduced into specific groups by using a typology of comparable areas, defined by history and structure. The area typology should be aredefinition of that which has existed in practice for so me time but use a broader palette of examples and a refined matrix of characteristics, site and existing conditions. The typology should also serve to precise the terminology and the general categorisation of problems and strategies which are connected with particular locations. The aim is to evolve type-specific groups of strategies and methods. The following typology was established and is to be tested and refined: Small and large mixed industrial areas: mostly within and on the edge of 1920s urban expansion; residential and industrial properties located close together, pollution conflicts, restricted expansion options; some parts with high structural qualities. ii

üld industrial areas: originated as single use industrial zones alongside a town's radial axes and still today there is increasing specialisation into individual sectors; individual development, reuse, small scale business structure, constant change; buildings designed to suit the requirements of production technology; signs of neglect in the surroundings; new uses appearing; parking problems.

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Unused industrial areas: sites which have been given up or are between uses; formerly used or required by large or heavy industries; partly seriously contaminated; often with old buildings wh ich influence the urban surroundings.

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Railway sidings and docks: no longer necessary due to the change in transport methods.

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Post-war industrial areas: predominantly alongside motor-way exits or national highways; large percentage of warehouses and hau lage contractors and more recently dO-it-yourself markets and other businesses with large selling areas.

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Former military baracks and sites.

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New industrial areas: they are categorised into those with traditional layouts and organisation and those under the

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concept of the technology park.

c Analysis of the Existlng Situaton, Problems and Current Stage of Evaluation Methods of data-collection and ways of collating the data will be documented in a matrix showing the most frequently occurring aspects from examples of selected areas. These include the following: Structural and urban function within the city context * historical development of the area * changes of its role within the city and regional context * local and regional links * present and future role in the city and regional context * land use and structure data ii

Location and links with adjacent parts of the city quality of cultural and leisure facilities and the relationship between work and other areas of life quality of the residential accommodation and its availibility * qualitity of the location's transport facilities and urban design * infrastructure * potential of and conflicts with adjacent uses * ecological conflicts, emissions and pOllution * urban form, influence of the periphery, silhouettes, integration into the landscape *

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Use structure actual use map evaluation of the organisation of uses (clarity, diffuseness, single structure, mixed * structure) situation with planning law * characteristics of the unused spaces (mix and development tendencies, areas and * businesses wh ich are increasing and shrinking) disturbance caused by uses, reduction due to NRW laws * qualities and problems of housing within and on the edge of the area * available sites; private, public, reserves for existing business, legality * conflicts within the structure (living-working, transport-industry, open space-industry) *

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Form of the urban profile historical development * image of the built form * evaluation of the urban structure * evaluation of the circulation system * organistaion and evaluation of the industrial uses (plot divisions, functional order) * survey and evaluation of the peripheries * evaluation of the recognition of the entrances to important firms and the ease with which the various parts of the estate and individual businesses can be found

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Ecological profile * links to the open space network and the countryside * landscape, open space, ecological network and islands * survey of the built over areas * evaluation of the actual and potential reserves and flexibility in the light of a favourable use pattern, connection to an ecologically effective framework for future developments , estimate of the potential for wall and roof "greening", reduction in the amount of built * over areas, water savings assessment of the potential for the introduction of decentralised energy generation * and energy saving techniques 9

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estimate of pOllution and contamination (at the preliminary level) assessment of overheated areas· illustration of existing and essential ventilation routes characterisation of areas for large and small scale ecological improvement delineation of ecological niches

Plot and building related analysis * up to date existing situation from an air survey * building type, scale, evaluation of the architectural qualities and deficiences * investigation and evaluation of land and building reserves * assessment of areas' resistance to change * evaluation of the surroundings of working places with regard to their suitablitiy for short term relaxation investigation into necessary design improvements * Development aims for types of areas typical contradictions and groups of problems * programme for the process of change and who should be responsible * development strategies and their potential for combination * definition of sub-areas in which different measures can be taken

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Programme of action for types of areas * organisational and planning standards * public investment * private investment

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Management problems and tasks information about the area, the construction of a dynamic information system * dealing with legal problems * management of measures to remove contamination * land and property problems * grant aid programme and contributions from owners * costs and financing * simultaneous problems of analysis, planning and implemenatation * selection and implementation of suitable planning procedures * minimisation of risks, solutions to problems of liabilty * techniques of control through consultancy, environmental impact assessment, forms of contract

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It is intended that these questions be developed into building blocks for methods. At the present time a few areas are being examined using these criteria.

8 CONCEPTS OTHER THAN A PARK?

The concept of the park is weil suited for the restructuring of areas which are not too densely buHt up and for sites without contamination wh ich must be removed. Whether sensitive or severe concepts for green space and areas, they can easily develop complementary or extendable structures compatible with the existing or planned urban order. They also have the advantage of being relatively good value and being able to link heterogeneous types of buildings. However, the concept of the park does not work in densely built up areas where it is equally important that the industrial uses and forms should fit in with their surroundings. Alongside its advantages the park also contains the possibility of avoiding the difficult· problems of spatial concentrations of buildings and ancillary facilities. In addition it has the tendency to devour land, if the ecological value is not considered necessary or very high.

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In short we cannot avoid addressing the more difficult concept. This means that industrial estates should no langer be handled as "terra incognito" or a grey zone, but as part of the town. Ta mix industry with other uses and connect it with the surroundings so that the network of the city takes on a dominant industrial characteristic in these areas, not the formless picture which we are familiar with. This is an issue which requires increased levels of research. It is in this context that the block is receiving renewed attention. As an element which afters a back and front side it is attractive to businesses which require the clarity of such layouts. Thecity must not be allowed to disintegrate into a system of islands and culs-de-sac, unless we are prepared to give up the idea of the town as a link between use and public space.

9 LITERATURE Afheld, H., Siebei, W., Sieverts, T. (Hrsg.): Gewerbeentwicklung und Gewerbepolitik in der Großstadtregion. Robert Bosch Stiftung. Beiträge zur Stadtforschung 4, GerIingen 1987 Abstandsregelungen in der Bauleitplanung In Nordrheln-Westfalen, 2 Bände - Dortmund, Aachen 1979. Forschungsprojekt im Rahmen der städtebaulichen Forschung des Innenministers von NW, H.J. d'Alieux, H.J. Ahrens, G. Curdes, H. Euler, J. Krause, L. Reiberg und G. Wegener Arbeitsgemeinschaft Stadtplanung, Struktur- und Sozialforschung (AGS): Rahmenplanung, Gewerbegebiet Bornstraße/Dortmund. Empirische Untersuchungen, 0.0., o.J. Baumgart, S.: Private Hamburger Gewerbehöfe. Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Arbeitsbereich Städtebau Forschungsschwerpunkt 6, Hamburg 1987 Brandt, E.: (Hrsg.) Altlasten. Untersuchung, Sanierung, Finanzierung. Taunusstein 1988 Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landeskunde und Raumordnung (Hrsg.): Städtebau und gewerbliche Wirtschaft. Schriftenreihe Seminare-Symposien-Arbeitspapiere Heft 31, Bonn 1989 Bundesminister für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau (Hrsg.): Gewerbeerosion in den Städten. Socialdata, Bearb. P.lblher. Bd. 03.093 1981 Bundesminister für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau (Hrsg.): Baulandbericht 1986. Schriftenreihe 'Städtebauliche Forschung', Band 03.116, Bonn 1986 Bundesminister für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau (Hrsg.): Städtebaulicher Bericht Umwelt und Gewerbe in der Städtebaupolitik. Schriftenreihe 'Städtebauliche Forschung' der Bundesminister für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau, Bonn 1986 Bundesregierung: Raumordnungsbericht 1990, Drucksache 11/7589, 19.7.90 Deutsches Institut für Urbanlstlk (Hrsg.): Gewerbeflächen und neue Produktionsformen. Tendenzen in Industriebau und Gewerbeflächenrecycling. Dokumentation eines Fachgesprächs, difu-Materialien 6/85, Berlin 1985 Dietrich, H. Bodendleck, U., Dletrlch-Buchwald, B., Schlag, S.: Umwldmung brachliegender Gewerbe- und Verkehrsflächen, Bundesministerfür Raumordnung,Bauwesen und Städtebau. Schriftenreihe 'Städtebauliche Forschung", Band 03.112, Bonn 1985 Dittmer, P. Kruse, J.-P. und Lösse, P.M.: Gestaltungsansprüche und ihre Umsetzung bel der Planung neuer Gewerbegebiete. In: Bauwelt, 71. Jg. 1980, H. 12, S. 470 Falk, Bernd, (Hrsg.) Gewerbe-Immobilien, 3. Auflage, LandsbergILech, 1989 Gelfort, P., Müller, H., Wollmann, H.,: Evalulerung städteaulicher Instrumente der Gewervestandortsicherung in Gemengelagen, Schriftenreihe 'Forschung' des Bundesministers für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau, Heft Nr. 459, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1988 Curdes, G.:Reglonale Umstrukturlerung durch welche Standortfaktoren: Konzepte zu einer regionalen Gestaltpolitik am Beispiel der Region Aachen in: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, 9/10 Jahrgang 88/89 S. S.111-133 Curdes,G.: Urban and Regional Restructuring by Soft Location Factors: Proposal for a Regional Policy of Urban and Regional Form. Case: The Aachen Region. Paper presented atthe "Third World Congress of the Regional Science Association', Jerusalem 1989. Kurzberichte aus der Forschung. Institut für Städtebau und Landesplanung, Rheinisch-Westfälische Techniche Hochschule Aachen, 1989 - Curdes, G.:Regionale Umstrukturierung durch weiche Standortfaktoren. Konzepte zu einer regionalen Gestaltpolitik am Beispiel der Region Aachen, in: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 47.Jahrg. Heft 4, 1989, S.230-244 Curdes,G.; Helmer,P., Kranefeld, A., Kummer, H., Westerhelde,R.; unter Mitarbeit von S.Demmer, C.Drescher, M. Jung: Städtebauliches Entwicklungskonzept zur Erneuerung des Aachener Raumes. Pilotstudie. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Institut für Städtebau und Landesplanung der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen und HMS, (Helmer, Meier, Seiler). Aachen 1989. 160 S.23 Karten, 6 Abbildungen, 11 Tabellen, 129 Fotos. Curdes, G.: Stadtmorphologie: Strategien zur Erhaltung oder Wiederherstellung homogener Stadtstrukturen. In: Stadtstruktur, Stabilität und Wandel. Beiträge zur stadtmorphologischen Diskussion. Schriftenreihe Politik und Planung, Band 22, Köln 1989, S.15-24 Heide, Ulrich auf der: Strukturwandel in Wirtschaftsraum als Folge industriewirtschaftlichen Wachstums, Stagnations- und Schrumpfungsprozesse, Frankfurt/M. 1988 Henckel, D., Nopper, E.; Brache und Regionalstruktur. Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik, Berlin 1985 Henckel, D., Nopper, E., Rauch, N.: Informationstechnologie und stadtentwicklung. Schriften des Deutschen Instituts für Urbanistik Bank 71, Stuttgart 1984 Henckel, D., Grabow, B., Knopf, C., Nopper, E., Rauch, N., Regitz, W.: Produktionstechnologien und Raumentwicklung, Schriften des Deutschen Instituts für Urbanlstlk Band 76, Stuttgart 1986 Henckel, D., Grabow, B., Kunert-Schrolh, H., Nopper, E., Rauch, N.: Zeltstrukturen und Stadtentwicklung. Schriften des

11

Deutschen Instituts für Urbanistik, Bd. 81. Stuttgart 1989 Henn, W., Voss, W., Kettner, H.: Untersuchung über die Eignung von Industriebetrieben zur Unterbringung in Geschoßbauten unter Berücksichtigung der Wirtschaftlichkeit, Berlin/Braunschweig/Hannover 1972 Hennlngs, G., Ingenmey, F.-J., Jüngst, S., Lamfrled, F.: Bebauungspläne zur Gewerbe-Standortsicherung in Gemengelagen. Dortmunder Materialien zur Raumplanung Band 12, Dortmund 1986 Hennlngs, G., v.Elnem, E., Kahnert, R., Kunzmann, K.R.: Möglichkeiten und Formen der Berücksichtigung und Eingliederung von gewerbepolitischen Förderstrategien in die Städtebaupolitik und Stadtentwicklung - Fallstudie Dortmund. Schriftenreihe 'Forschung' des Bundesministers für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau Heft Nr. 455, Dortmund 1985 Hennlngs, G. (Hrsg.): Standortsicherung von Betrieben In Gemengelagen. Dortmunder Beiträge zur Raumplanung, Dortmund 1989 Hennlcke, M./Tengler, H.: Industrie- und Gewerbeparks als Instrument der Kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung, Schriften zur Mittelforschung. Nr. 4 NF, Stuttgart 1986 Hesslsches Ministerium des Innern (Hrsg.): Bauland-Reserven mobilisieren. Ein Praxishandbuch, Wiesbaden 1988. Heuer, H.: Instrumente kommunaler Gewerbepolitik - Ergebnisse einer Umfrage - (=Schriften des Deutschen Instituts für Urbanistik, Bd. 73). Berlin 1985. Ingenmey, F.J., Kahnert, R., Kunzmann, K.R.: Tendenzen und Möglichkeiten der Stadtinnenentwicklung für Industrie und Gewerbe. Schriftenreihe 'Forschung" des Bundesministers für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau Nr. 453, Dortmund 1988 Institut für Städtebau und Landesplanung, G.Curdes/Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales (Hrsg.): F.M.Fester, S.Kraft, E.Metzner: Raum für soziales Leben. Eine Arbeitshilfe für die Planungs-und Entwurfspraxis. Karlsruhe 1983 Institut für Raumplanung Universität Dortmund (1988), Ingenmay/Ka/mert/Kunzmann: Tendenzen und Möglichkeiten der Stadtinnenentwicklung für Industrie und Gewerbe. Schriftenreihe Forschung des Bundesministers für Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Städtebau. Heft 453 Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklung NRW: Innovationen in alten Industriegebieten, Dortmund 1988 Kommunalverband Ruhrgebiet (Hrsg.): Umfeldverbesserung Gewerbegebiet Bornstraße Dortmund, Essen o.J. Kommunalverband Ruhrgebiet (Hrsg.): Gestaltungsrahmenplan Gewerbepark Sachsen Hamm, Essen o.J. Loccumer Protokolle 3/89: Umnutzung von Industriebrachen -Initiativen Entwickeln Konzepte. Evangelische Akademie Loccum. 1989 Pfadt, A.: Gewerbeentwicklung, Siedlungsstruktur und Landschaftsverbrauch. Plädoyer für eine ökologische Gemeindeplanung, Beiträge zur städtebaulichen Forschung, Band 4, Hamburg 1990 Pfadt, A.: Ausmaß und Ursachen von Gewerbebrachen in Hamburg, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Arbeitsbereich Städtebau, Forschungsschwerpunkt 6, Hamburg 1985 Planquadrat Dortmund, Stark, K.-D.: Die Gewerbeflächennachfrage in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2000, Beitrag zum Baulandbericht der Bundesregierung, Gutachten, Dortmund 1986 Sieverts, Th. (Hrsg.): Zukunftsaufgaben der Stadtplanung. Düsseldorf 1990 Stark, K.-D.: Wirtschaftsförderungsinstitutionen und Gewerbeflächen als Lenkungsinstrumente zur räumlichen Verteilung von Industrie und Gewerbe. - Dortmund 1980 Stark, K.-D. u.a.: Flächenbedarfsberechnung für Gewervbe- und Industrieansiedlungsbereiche. Dortmund 1981 (Schriftenreihe Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes NRW. Materialien, Bd. 4.029). Sternberg, R.: Technologie und Gründerzentren als Instrument kommunaler Wirtschaftsförderung. Dortmunder Vertrieb für Bauund Planungsllteratur. Dortmund 1988 Szekessy,B.G.: Industrie in der Stadt. Gestaltung und städtebauliche Eingliederung von Industrienlagen in NRW. Schriftenreihe Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Materialien Bd. 4.031. ILS Dortmund 1983 Wuschansky, B.: Regionale Entwicklungsspielräume von Gewerbe- und Industrieflächen. Bestandserhebung und Ansatz für eine methodische Bedarfsermittlung. Institut für Landes und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dortmund 1985. Westerhelde,R., Günther, R., Weindei, K.: Erster Arbeitsbericht zum Forschungsprojekt "Städtebauliche Einordnung und Gestaltung von Gwerbe- und Industriegebieten' im Rahmen des mit der TU-Dresden vereinbarten Forschungsfeldes 'Umstrukturierung von Stadt- und Landschaftsräumen'. Institut für Städtebau und Landesplanung, Aachen 1990

10 REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Henckel, D. et al, 1989. Institut für Raumplanung, Dortmund, 1986, s.23. Landesentwicklungsbericht Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1989, s.79. Landesentwicklungsbericht Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1988, s.80. Landesentwicklungsbericht Nordrheln-Westfalen, 1988, s.262. Curdes, G. et al, 1989. Hennlgs, G. et al, 1985, s.52. Westerheide, R. Günther, W. Weindl, K. Aachen 1990.

12

FIG.l INNOVATIONSSCIIÜßE UND ÖKONOMISCIIE, SOZIALE UND RÄUMLICIIE ENTWICKLUNGSASPEKTE - INNOVATIONS AND ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ASPECTS Source: Henckel et.a!. 1986 p.32 InilOvationen dominieren· dc Industrie· zweige (Wachstums· branchcn)

Rangfolge cl. wichtig· Industriena· ster Ener· tionen/Aus· gieträger gangspunkte wesentlicher

wichtigster Verkehrsträ· fer/Ver. ehrsent· wicklung

soziale und politi· räumliche Ent· sche Situation wicklung und Ereignisse

ökonomischc Aspektc

Innov~tio·

nen

I. Innovations· schub (17851842)

- Wasser· - Dampfma· - Textilverar· - E,nl;'land krall schillc bcitun~ - clnlgc -Illcchan. - Kohlclöl~ - Kohle/ LlIld~tri· Webstuhl derung ehc an der' Dampl~ - großtechni· - Ei.scnge· belg. u. kraft W1l1nung schc Stahl· frz. Wcst· verarbei· küste tung - Dampflo· komotive - Werkzeug· maschinen

- Pferdc· - AuAlebung der wagcn . Leibeigcnschaft (Steigcrung dcr - Bcginn der Mobilität) Umwiil· zung dcs - Bevö Ikeru ngs· schub in EngLandvcr· kehrs land durch Ei· - Notlagc der Handwerkcr ist scnbahnen soziales Haupt· problem - nationale Be· freiungskriege

2. Innova· tions· schub (18421897)

- Stahlform· - Stahlgieße· guß rei/Kohle· abbau - Eisenbahn - chel11. Dün· - Eisenbahn· ger bau - Stromer· - Chemische Industrie 7:~ugung u. Ubertra· gung - Verbren· nungSl11o· tor/Benzin· kraftwagen

-England -USA - Deutsch· land - Frankreich

- Eisenbahn - Fahrrad - Schiff

3. Innova· tions· schub (18971940)

- synthet. Fasern - Rundfunk/ Fernsehen (drahtloses TelefOlN -Motor ug·

-Kohle -USA - Erdöl - Deutsch· land - England - Frankreich (Japan, Skandina· vien und Rußland treten zu den welt· marktbe· stimmcn· den Ländern hinzu)

- Elektro· techno Industrie - Chemische Industrie - Stahlverar· beitung

ze~

- 0 . setdruck

4.Innova· tions· schub (19401995)

- KernreakLor - Automo· - USA, Eu-DüsenAug· bilindu· ropa und zeug/Rake· strie Japan sind tentechnik - Elektro· WclLzen· - Laser techno Intren v. In-Silizium· dustric novation Chip rur - (petro·) und Nach· Mikroelek· chem. U. frage; im· tronik pharma· mer mehr - Gentechno· zeut. Indu· Schwellen· logie strie länder überneh-~ktoelcktn men tradi· tionelle In· dustrie· zweige

5.Innova·

- Weltraum·

tionsschub

technologie

- Illforma·

tiollstcch·

nologiehersteller - c1cktroopt. Industrie - biochemische Indu· strie

* Quelle: Eigene Zusammenstellung.

- razifl~dJCr taUl11, Japan, USA

- Kohle

- Gewerbefreiheit - überwiegender und allg. Gewer· Anteil der Be· völkcrung lebt besteuer in Preu· in ländlichen ßcn -erste int. WirtGemeinden scha ftskrisc - vcrstärkt räumli· (1825-1848) chc Konzentra· tion der Produk· ti on (Manufak· tur, Fabriken)

- Entwicklung dcr - städtischer Be· Nationalstaatcn völkerungsanteil - Bevölkerungswächst SChllb in - Ruhrgcbiet ent· Deutschland steht - soziale Situation der Industricar· beitel' tritt in den Vorder· grund - Gewerkschafts· bildung - deutsche Sozial· gesetzgebung

- Anteil dcr Indu· striearbciter ent· spricht dem der Landwirtschaft - Gründerjahre in Deutschland

- Eisenbahn - verstärkte inter· - städt. Bevölke· nationale Aus· - Beyinn des runysanteil Inc ividual· wäc 1st auf rd. einandersetzun· verkehrs gen um Roh· 60% mit Autos stoff- U. Absatz· - Ruhrgebiet wird -Schiff märkte zum Industrie· - Bcvölkerungsan· revier stie in DeutschIan zw.1871 und 1919 um 58 % auf 65· Mio. - erste Umweltbe· wegungen in den USA

- Einführung des Montagebandes bei Ford (Taylo· risierung) - Zeit der Massen· produktion - Mon~olisie. rung er Industrie

J

- Erdöl -Auto - Kohlc - Flugzeu~ - Atom· -Eisenba In kraft -1973. (er· ster 01schock)

- Fluß7: C11 S

- Bevölkerungs· - in der industriali· - volImechanisierschub in der sierten Welt te Fabrik (Mas· Dritten Welt/ wohnt der Groß· senFtroduktion) Dritte·Welt·Pro· teil der Bevölke- -mu tinationale blematik Konzerne und ru.~1t in Groß· - Bevölkerungs· Märkte sta ten rückgang in der - immer mehr - neue MarktforBundesrepublik Millionenstädtc men (Selbstbe· - Auf- U. Ausbau dienungsladen, (Mel;iapolis) des Sozialstaates - ZersIedelung Abholmärkte - EG·GrÜndung - Sog der hochent· etc.) - Studentcn·/ wickelten'Länder Alternativ· und auf unterentwikÖko bewegung kelte (Landflucht im internationa· len Maßstab)

- Vminl!Qitli· chung des EG· Marktes (Zölle, Steuern etc.)

" Wachötlllll VOll Mittclstädten

~ VOllülltol11l1ti· sche Produktion - Diversifizierung der Märkte - Requalifizierung der Industrie· arbeiter

Fig.6

INDUSTRIAL ARMS PROMOTED BY THE STAATE NRW 1976-1988 GEFÖRDERTE GEWERBLICHE NUTZFLÄCHEN 1976-1988 IN NRW

Nordrhein-Wesllilien - Gemeinden

Zu erschliellcnde FHiche insgesamt

ra:;--

~~~ I LS Dortmund

300 h" 2(XI ""

J'Iiichen:tntcilc vcriiullert

gewerb) ich genul1.!

erschtossen

nichl erschlossen

)00 ""

50 ha 20 ha

5 h"

FIG.7 I)ROJEKTÜßERSICHT DER mA - EMSCHERPARK OVERvmw OF mA - EMSCHERPARK PROJECTS Source: Stadtbauwelt 110/1991 p.1219

Emschcr LUlldschaftspark

I. Emscher Park Leitplan 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Fernwanderwcg Duisburg-Bcrgkamcn Radfcrnwandcrwcg Duisburg-Bcrgkamcn Fahrgastschiffahrt auf dcm Rhcin-Herne-Kanal Wasserwanderweg auf dem Rhcin-Herne-Kanal Emschcr Park Eisenbahn Freizcit-Lanul

SIc..UJlG: WRSllLH ]I tw