SCIENCE'S
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lasers looked at experimentally(e - 0.2) depends on the local curvature of the boundaryat the locations of the bow-tie bounce-points,ratherthan on the global parameterization.Furthermore,because the bow-tie destabilizesonly gradually,a strongeffect on the experimentalfindings at high deformationis neither expected norobserved.
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genotype, phenotype, and selection. Simpson and Newell wielded new quantitative techniques to disprove it (10, 14). Simpson blasted out a rewriting of horse evolution, undermining Schindewolf's best example (15). Other papers followed (16). The epithet "Cope's Rule" was coined during this flurry by Rensch (11), who cited Evolution of the Vertebrata,Progressive and Retrogressive (7), notable for its antiClaire Gmachl Bell Labs,LucentTechnologies,600 MountainView trends stance. Rensch apparently did not Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA. E-mail: read Cope's work himself, but copied his
[email protected] information from sometime orthogenist References Charles Dep6ret, who had lionized Cope to 1. C. Gmachletal., Science 280, 1556 (1998). discredit his fellow countryman Albert Gaudry (17). Then Newell copied Rensch, Cope's Rule others copied Newell, and the idea that VicCope's Rule that famous 19th-century torians unanimously embraced "Cope's notionthatthereis a generaltendencyto- Rule" had been invented. After being enward size increasein evolution(J. Alroy, shrined in Raup and Stanley's popular textReports, 1 May, p. 731) has become a book (18), the mismanaged synthesis strawfixture of debatesabout patternand pro- man grew into a scientific urbanlegend. cess in paleobiology.Many recentstudies What is interesting is that there were have concluded that trends toward in- only a few advocates of Cope's Rule becreased size are illusory, although some fore the late 20th century: Eimer in the confirmedthem in specific groups(1-4). late 19th, Deperet in the early 20th, and Otherpapershave commentedon possible Schindewolf at mid-century (19). But mechanismsexplainingCope'sRule:some there have been an increasing number of arguedfor co-adaptation,some for species supporters in the past two decades, maksorting, and some for context-dependent ing the rule anything but a 19th-century statisticalfactors(5, 6). All used new data phenomenon (1, 4, 6). Among them, Alor new logic to evaluateCope'slong-held roy is arguably the most sophisticated adtruism,which has arguablydominatedour vocate, having presented broad, well-anaperception of the fossil record for more lyzed data apparently demonstrating an thana century. across-lineage trend toward increased But has it really?The diligentreaderof body mass. Cope's Rule might be better Cope's1300-pluspublicationsmaybe puz- named "Alroy'sAxiom."
zled to find little about body size. Cope wrote about sharks' hearts, women's waists, and men's minds, but not about body mass (7). One rare statementabout A complete commercially available system size was quotedby Stanley(2): "Itis true, forretroviral gene transferandexpression. as observedby Marsh,thatthe lines of deRetro-XSystem #K1060-1 scentof Mammaliahaveoriginatedor been RetroPackPT67CellLUne #11060-D continuedthroughformsof smallsize"(8). pLNCX Retroviral Vector #K1060-C But this was an anomaly,occurringonly in pLXSNReoiral Vector #1060-B pLAPSNRetrbviral Vector #1060-A the final versionof Cope's"Doctrineof the #1(100F pLNCX SeqIPCRPrimers Unspecialized"(which, restated,says that #1060E Primers. pLXSN:SeqIPR0 ancestors are less derived than their descendants).AutogenictrendswereantithetCallad ord ta ical to the neo-Lamarckian thesisthatindividual striving causes variation (9, 10). Cope'sRule is neitherexplicitnor implicit in Cope'swork. If not from Cope, from where does CLONT ECU Cope'sRule come? Size was a hot topic in NOW YOU CAMP~~~~~~~~ the post-war synthesis: Its stimulus was Schindewolf'sresurrectionof Eimer'sorthogenesis (11). Simpson's review (12) and Rensch'sEnglish-languagetirade(13) alertedAnglo-Americansynthesizersto a Germanicsitting duck on whom to train theirsites. The idea thatdirectedvariation could drive lineages to extinction was a perfect target for the new weaponry of 2 OCTOBER 1998
VOL282
Paul D. Polly Department of Anatomy, St. Bartholomew's,and Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London El 4NS, United Kingdom, and Department of Palaeontology,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London References and Notes 1. S. M.Stanley,Evolution27, 1 (1973). 2. M. T. Alberdi, E. Ortiz-Jaureguizar, J. L. Prado, J Paleon-
tot. 72, 371 (1998); D. Jablonski, Nature 385, 250 (1997); in EvolutionaryPaleobiology, D. Jablonski,D. Envin,J. Lipps,Eds.(Univ. of Chicago Press,Chicago, 1997), pp. 256-289; A. J. Arnold, D. C. Kelly,W. C. Parker,Jf PaleontoL 69, 203 (1995); P. D. Gingerich, Ann.Rev. EarthPlanet.Sci. 8, 407 (1980); 3. A. Hallam,Nature 258, 493 (1975). 4. S. J. Gould, ibid. 385, 199 (1997); J. Damuth, ibid., 365, 748 (1993).
5. R.Dawkinsand J. Krebs,Proc R.Soc Lond.B 205,489 (1979).
6. E. D. Cope, Proc Phil.Acad. Sci. 20, 242 (1868); Am. Nat. 25, 717 (1891); Penn Month. Mag. 8, 435 (1877). 7. ., PrimaryFactors of Evolution (Open Court, 8.
Chicago, 1896). , Am. Nat. 19,140 341.
(1885); ibid.,p. 234; ibid.,p.
9. P. J. Bowler, Life's Splendid Drama (Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, 1996); The Eclipse of Darwinism (JohnsHopkinsUniv. Press,Baltimore,MD,1983). 10. 0. H. SchindewolftArb. Ungarisch.BloLForsch. Inst 16, 104 (1945).
11. G.G. Simpson,Evolution3, 178 (1949). 12. B. Rensch, ibid. 2, 218 (1948).
SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
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SCIENCE'S 13. N. D. Newell, ibid.3, 103 (1949). 14. G. G. Simpson,Horses: The Story of the Horse Family(Oxford Univ.Press.New York,1951). 15. , Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Columbia Univ.Press,New York,1944); B. Rensch,EurereProbleme der Abstamungslehre:Die TrasspezifischeEvolution (FerdinandEnke,Stuttgart, 1947); G. LJepsen, E. Mayr,G. G. Simpson, Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1949); H. F. Blum, Time's Arrow and Evolution (PrincetonUniv. Press, Princeton,NJ, 1951); D. M. S. Watson, Paleontology and Modern Biology (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT, 1951); G. G. Simpson, Major Features of Evolution (Columbia Univ. Press, NewYork,1953). 17. In his paper,Renschcuriously bastardizedCope's title as "Progressiveand regressive evolution among vertebrates"(the correct title is "Onthe evolution of the Vertebrata,progressive and retrogressive")and did not provide an exact citation for the work. Not coincidentally, Rensch'sversion is identical to that given in the Engishversion of Deperet's The Transformationsof the Animal World(KeganPaul,Trench, Trubner,London,1909). 18. D. M. Raupand S. M. Stanley, Principlesof Paleontology (Freeman,San Francisco,1971). 19. T. Eimer,Die Entstehung der Arten auf Grund von VererbungErworbenerEigenschaften(Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1888); C. Deperet, Les Transformationsdu Monde Animal (Bibliotheque de Philosophie Scientifique, Paris,1907); 0. H. Schindewolf,Grundfragen der Palaontologie(N3gele, Stuttgart,1950).
COMPASS
may not havebeen a focus of anyone'sresearchin the late 19thcentury,butpaleontological interest in evolutionarytrends duringthe currentcenturycertainlyhas its roots in the debate between Darwinians and progressionist neo-Lamarckians. Cope, a mediastarin his own day,was the most productive of the American neoLamarckians andcasts a longershadowon paleontologythanotherfigureslike Eimer and Hyatt. Painful as it is, I must admit that replacing"Cope'sRule"with a term like "Alroy'sAxiom" would only cause confusionand rob one of my discipline's foundersof some well-deservedpublicity.
Reduce Hazardous Waste!
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John Alroy Departmentof Paleobiology,SmithsonianInstitution, Washington,DC20560-0121, USA References 1. D.J.Jablonski,in EvolutionaryPalebiology,D.Jablonski, D. H. Erwin,J. H. Lipps,Eds.(Univ.of Chicago Press, Chicago,1996), pp.256-289. 2. P J. Bowler,TheEclipseof Darwinism(John Hopkins Univ.Press,Baltimore,1983).
3. Thepurifieaeluat I
Polly's comments on the term "Cope's Rule"are a positive contribution.It is refreshingto see open discussionof the fact thatscientistsoftenview theirdistantintellectualancestorsthrougha lens dirtiedby decadesof mud-throwing. However,several pointsdeservefurtherclarification. First, my report was concerned with empiricalissues, not terminology,and it avoided even the simplerproblemof explaining exactly what modern authors meanby the term"Cope'sRule"[Jablonski (1) has dealt with this matterin detail]. Regardlessof historicalquestions,my use of the term was necessitatedby the fact thatno alternativewas available. Second,Polly ignores the fact that regardless of what Cope himself thought aboutbody mass, both he and his intellectual allies did indeed hold progressionist, andoften explicitlyorthogeneticist,views. Cope'sdiscipleHenryFairfieldOsbornis an example, as is his contemporaryand fellow American Naturalist editor Alpheus
Hyatt.All of these workerstendedto deny adaptationand to hypothesizelinear,progressive trendsthat run in parallelacross numerousclosely relatedlineages(2). AlthoughPolly correctlypoints out that the nonadaptive,teleologicalunderpinnings of orthogenesis are logically incompatible with neo-Lamarckism,this contradiction seems not to have botheredmembersof Cope'sschool. Finally,use of the term "Cope'sRule" can be seen as a deservedtributeto Cope's influence,even if the exact historicaldetails fail to justify it. Body mass per se www.sciencemag.org
MarciaBarinaga'sarticle "Graduateadmissions down for minorities" (News of the Week, 18 Sept., p. 1778) quoted an erroneous numberfrom the AAASreport on minority graduate admissions. Hispanicenrollment in science and engineering graduate programswas down 16% in 1997, not 18%.
inanylaboratory sink
dye fr-omii bufter-solutions /
Pallava Bagla's article about new rules for animal experimentation in India (News of the Week, 18 Sept., p. 1777) incorrectlydescribed the status of the National Institute of CommunicableDiseases in New Delhi. It reports to the Ministryof Health and Family Welfare, not to the Indian Council of MedicalResearch.
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(Science's Compass, 11 Sept., p. 1617), three
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incorrect metric conversions were introduced during editing. In the first full paragraph on page 1618, 50 gg/ft2 should have been converted to 536 jg/m2; 40 jg/ft2 should have been converted to 428 jg/m2; and 10 jg/ft2 should have been converted to 107 jg/m2. Also, the EnvironmentalProtection Agency's rule on lead-based paint in federally owned residential property, referred to in the same paragraph,was proposed on 3 June 1998, not 1 June. Inthe Perspective"Talestold in lead"by J.0. Nriagu (Science's Compass, 11 Sept., p. 1622), in line 25 of the second paragraph, the estimated annual production of lead should have read "160, 900, 11,000, 32,000, and 6000 metric tons ...."Therewas a space missing after the first number.
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