Rosenberg and Pace

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Jackson (1985), Rosenberg and Pace (2006), and Rupert and Morgan (2005). Age was the most significant indicator regarding all three dimensions of burnout: ...
Table 2 Summary of Correlations Between the Three Burnout Dimensions and Individual and Work-Related Variables Among the Meta-Analysis Studies Dimension/Variable Emotional Exhaustion Age Gender Education level Work experience Work hours Work setting Depersonalization Age Gender Education level Work experience Work hours Work setting Personal Accomplishment Age Gender Education level Work experience Work hours Work setting

Weighted r Average z

Heterogeneity I 2% a c2

–.29 ~ –.08 –.21 ~ .31 .03 ~ .19 –.26 ~ .14 .02 ~ .29 .03 ~ .16



–.20 .02 .11 –.07 .25 .13

10.45** 0.52 2.33* 1.59 7.58** 4.72**

1.71 1 43.29** 2.67 17.54* 7.42 2.35

31.65 74.59 25.22 60.10 59.56 15.00

3,119 2,555 461 1,533 1,445 1,317



–.29 ~ –.09 –.06 ~ .27 –.07 ~ .10 –.15 ~ .11 –.02 ~ .22 .12 ~ .22



–.18 .11 .00 –.05 .09 .14

10.07** 3.60** 0.05 1.39 2.02* 5.12**

4.03 1 23.67* 2.44 14.20* 8.45 1.30

35.86 53.54 17.92 50.69 52.67 0.00

2,482 3,076 461 1,533 1,329 1,317



.01 ~ .20 –.13 ~ .15 –.01 ~ .25 –.04 ~ .26 –.26 ~ .33 –.20 ~ .01



.09 –.03 .14 .09 .10 –.12



7.85 27.83* 3.97 10.38 25.10** 14.00**

24.57 56.88 49.62 32.53 88.05 85.72

k

Sample N

Range of r

7 12 3 8 4 3

2,482 2,555 461 1,533 1,445 1,317

10 12 3 8 5 3 7 13 3 8 4 3

4.55** 1.22 2.94** 3.70** 1.13 1.57

Note. N = 15 for meta analysis studies. k = number of studies; z = Fisher’s z. a 2 I statistic used the chi square values and degrees of freedom to calculate the percentage of total variation across studies that was due to heterogeneity rather than chance. *p < .05. **p < .01.

Jackson (1985), Rosenberg and Pace (2006), and Rupert and Morgan (2005). Age was the most significant indicator regarding all three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and level of personal accomplishment. Detailed results and correlations between variables and burnout dimensions are discussed in the following sections. Correlations With Emotional Exhaustion The results of the meta-analysis revealed that age, level of education, work hours, and work settings were significant indicators of emotional exhaustion. Some empirical studies (Raquepaw & Miller, 1989; Thornton, 1992) reported that age was an irrelevant factor of burnout. However, our findings revealed a significant negative correlation between age and burnout. This result is consistent with results of other previous studies (Cicone, 2003; Lippert, 2000; Vredenburgh et al., 1999; Rosenberg & Pace, 2006), which indicated that as mental health professionals get older, they are less likely to experience emotional exhaustion. As Rosenberg and Pace explained, this may suggest that mental health professionals are likely to accumulate life experience with emotional maturity that serves as a coping strategy as they get older. The level of education showed a positive, although moderate, correlation with burnout, indicating that mental health professionals with a higher level of education are more likely to feel emotionally exhausted. Although statistical data cannot provide the reasons behind this phenomenon, it is possibly because mental health professionals with doctoral degrees have higher expectations or deal with more complicated and emotionally demanding cases compared with those with master’s degrees. journal of employment counseling

• June 2010 • Volume 47

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