Second Homes in Spain: Socio-Demographic and

JUAN ANTONIO MÓDENES CABRERIZO* JULIÁN LÓPEZ COLÁS**

Second Homes in Spain: Socio-Demographic and Geographical Profiles The steady growth in the number of second homes and the resulting transformations of areas close to cities, coastlines and the most attractive inland areas, such as mountainous regions, are probably among the most interesting demo-geographic processes under way in Spain today. The success of the second home market, especially on the Mediterranean coast, can be partly explained by the growing international appeal of the warm climate, the differentials in standards of living and prices between Spain and northern Europe, and the development of air transport, charter flight services especially. However, the main driver remains domestic demand, which has risen sharply in recent years. The proportion of households with a second home rose from 11.9% in 1991 to approximately 15% in 2001. In other words, one in seven families living in Spain had a second home. This short paper aims to profile households living in Spain who had a second home in 2001, and to identify their demographic and social characteristics. We will also test how primary dwelling characteristics impact the share of households that have a second home in Spain. This entails establishing an empirical relationship between two specific characteristics of the Spanish residential system: the large share of primary dwellings in apartment blocks and the high proportion of households with a second home(1).

* Department of Geography, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics. ** Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics. The authors are researchers on Ministry of Science and Technology I+D project No. BSO2003-03443/ CPSO “Vivienda, Movilidad Espacial y Migraciones”. Translated by Glenn Robertson (1) There is a third characteristic specific to the Spanish residential system which is shared with other southern European countries: the prevalence of primary home-ownership (Allen et al., 2004). This will also be included in the analysis as a possible explanatory factor.

Population-E, 62 (1), 2007,

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J.A. MÓDENES CABRERIZO, J. LÓPEZ COLÁS

Multi-family housing and second homes There is a long-established body of Spanish research into second homes that describes their geographical distribution and local impact (Ortega, 1975; Valenzuela, 1976; Salvà and Socías, 1985; Pallarès and Riera, 1991; Fraguell, 1994; González, 2000). Specific studies have also been conducted on the link between second homes, time use, mobility and dual residence (Mendizábal, 1996; Sabater, 2004), as well as on sociological and demographic aspects (Gaviria, 1970; López Colás, 2003). The topics and approaches in the Spanish literature reflect those of the international literature in this question. The “multiple residence” concept developed in France (Dubost, 1998; Bonnin and Villanova, 1999), which includes second homes in the analysis of residential behaviour, is one of the most recent approaches that ties in with our research. More specifically, this paper studies the link between the type of residential environment of the primary home and the propensity for having a second home. The “compensation” hypothesis introduced by Dijst et al. (2005) correlates the residential context with households’ activities in space and time. For example, a high proportion of households living in multi-family housing may, because of the nature of their immediate environment, show a greater propensity for having second home. Coppock’s benchmark study (1977, p. 9) had already posited this hypothesis, although without naming it, “In highly urbanised communities, where a high proportion of the population lives in flats or apartments rather than in houses with spacious gardens, there might also be a strong incentive to acquire a second home, as open space...”.

Second homes in Spain This short paper refers to the definition used by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE - National Statistical Institute) in the population and housing census, by which a second home is one which “…. is only used for part of the year, seasonally, at regular or irregular intervals, and is not the usual residence of one or more persons. It may, therefore, be a country, seaside, or urban dwelling which is used during holidays, in the summer, at weekends, during temporary building work or at other times” (INE, 1994, p. 35)(2).

This study examines the characteristics not of second homes, but of households with a second home(3). By the 2001 census definition, a household has a second home when a member of the household uses it temporarily (for holidays, weekends, etc.) for at least 15 consecutive days in a year and – (2) “…cuando es utilizada solamente parte del año, de forma estacional, periódica o esporádicamente y no constituye residencia habitual de una o varias personas. Puede ser, por tanto, una casa de campo, playa o ciudad que se emplee en vacaciones, verano, fines de semana, trabajos temporales o en otras ocasiones” (INE, 1994, p. 35). (3) In practice, we use question 8 of the housing questionnaire from the 2001 population and housing census, “Does your household usually use another dwelling (owned, rented, or on loan) during holidays and weekends as a second home…?” “¿Suele usar este hogar otra vivienda (ya sea en propiedad, alquiler o cedida gratis) en vacaciones, fines de semana, como segunda residencia…?”

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SECOND HOMES IN SPAIN

importantly – when it is not the usual residence of any person outside the household(4). However, as the census provides no detailed information on second homes – though such data would be of great interest – it is not possible to identify whether second homes are houses or apartments. Nor do we know the specific use to which they are put, although local and regional studies show that the vast majority are used for recreational purposes. In Spain, second homes are very popular. In 2001, 2,130,000 households – 15% of the total – had a second home. This represents 6,500,000 people, i.e. 15.9% of the enumerated population. Ten years earlier, the 1991 socio-demographic survey (INE, 1995)(5) recorded 11.9% of households with a second home, i.e. 1,382,000 households comprising 4,960,000 people, or just over 12% of the Spanish population. For comparison, and to underscore the Spanish difference, data for other European countries show that in the Netherlands, fewer than 5% of households have a second home, in Great Britain, the proportion is just over 1% and in Germany, below 1% (Dijst et al., 2005)(6). In 1999, French second homes accounted for only 9.2% of the housing stock (López Colás and Módenes, 2004). In 2001, the stock of second homes in Spain comprised 3,360,000 dwellings, or 16% of the total housing stock. The difference between stock size and the total number of second homes of households living in Spain is mainly attributable to non-residents with second homes – a growing and now sizeable population. Discounting the very few households with more than one second home, nonresidents possess more than 1,000,000 second homes in Spain. The urban centres of Spanish metropolitan areas also have very high population densities (Vergara, 2002). Of the 14 European Union countries studied(7), Spain with 1,048 persons per sq. km. has the third highest urban population density(8), behind Ireland and almost equal to France. Spain’s large metropolitan areas are among the most densely-populated in Europe. Three of the ten most densely-populated large urban agglomerations are Spanish. After Paris (3,202 persons per sq. km.), the urban agglomerations with the highest population density are Barcelona (2,604 persons per sq. km.) and Madrid (with 2,349 persons per sq. km.)(9). (4) See: http://atrios.ine.es/censo/en/glosario.html (page consulted 8 September 2005). (5) Prior to publication of the 2001 census results, this was the only source of precise figures on the number of households with a second home and their characteristics for the whole of Spain. (6) The number of second home users is not confined to members of households with a second home. The 2001 European Community Household Panel, which records not only households that own or rent a second home, but also all those that regularly use one (e.g. close relatives), 19.1% of households residing in Spain had permanent access to such housing. This proportion was exceeded only by Finland. The actual number of users is therefore likely to be closer to 8 million in Spain. (7) The study cited covers all countries in the EU-15 except Greece. (8) Urban population in this study refers to populations of municipalities with over 250 persons per sq. km. (9) These rankings depend on local definitions of a metropolitan area and other spatial demarcations, and so are of limited comparability.

mis sans coupure dans ce §

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Person living alone Childless couple Couple with children Lone-parent family Composite households

One person Two people Three people Four people Five people Six people and more

Sedentary Short-distance migrant Long-distance migrant

Household type

Household size

Migration status*

* Of the household reference person. Source: Population and housing census 2001.

Under 35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Category

Age*

Variable

9,322,460 654,140 3,371,980

2,876,540 3,576,560 3,003,320 3,048,080 1,099,640 575,600

2,876,560 2,443,760 5,555,500 1,147,880 2,156,040

2,731,720 3,116,960 2,606,720 2,117,740 3,606,600

All households

1,243,420 117,600 665,940

316,380 525,300 474,880 527,360 192,200 94,220

316,380 374,880 942,360 162,200 334,520

247,600 412,620 516,060 458,780 495,280

13.3 18.0 19.7

11.0 14.7 15.8 17.3 17.5 16.4

11.0 15.3 17.0 14.1 15.5

9.1 13.2 19.8 21.7 13.7

Percentage Households households with with second home second home

69.8 4.9 25.3 100.0

20.3 25.2 21.2 21.5 7.8 4.1 100.0

20.3 17.2 39.2 8.1 15.2 100.0

19.3 22.0 18.4 14.9 25.4 100.0

61.3 5.8 32.9 100.0

14.9 24.7 22.3 24.8 9.0 4.4 100.0

14.9 17.6 44.2 7.6 15.7 100.0

11.6 19.4 24.2 21.5 23.2 100.0

Distribution of Distribution of all households households with second home (%) (%)

Table 1. Number and distribution of households with second homes by demographic characteristics, Spain 2001


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This gives Spain the lowest percentage of single-family dwellings in the European Union. According to Housing Statistics in the European Union 2003(10), at the end of the 1990s, Spain and Italy had the lowest levels of single-family dwellings, with 38.8% and 30.3% of the total, respectively, followed by Finland and Sweden, with just over 40%. In the remaining EU countries, over half of homes are single-family dwellings.

Characteristics available in the 2001 census We use the data from the Spanish Population and Housing Census 2001, the 5% sample of the households and housing microdata file (INE, 2001). A multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression was performed, controlling for different socio-demographic, geographical and residential factors (López Colás, 2003). In the model described, the dependent variable is whether the household has (or does not have) a second home. The independent variables can be classed into four groups: demographic, social, geographical and residential characteristics.

Demographic characteristics Four variables (Table 1) were selected: reference person’s age, household type, household size and reference person’s migration status. The preferred reference person was the woman, whose age is more indicative of the family life cycle stage than the man’s. Migration status compares the household reference person’s provinces of birth and usual residence. Sedentary households are those in which the reference person lives in their province of birth regardless of any intermediate migration, short-distance migrant households are those where the reference person lives in the autonomous community of birth, but in a different province, while long-distance migrant households are those where the reference person lives in a different autonomous community from that of his/her birth.

Social characteristics Four variables were applied (Table 2): the household reference person’s educational level, the household’s socioeconomic category, primary home tenure status, and car ownership. To analyse the role played by socioeconomic category, we applied the census variable(11), grouping it into four categories: upper, upper-middle, lower-middle and lower. Households unclassifiable by socioeconomic criteria were classed as “other category”.

(10) 2004 edition produced and published in Denmark by the National Agency for Enterprise and Housing. (11) This variable was included in the 2001 census microdata file on the basis of work by Carabaña and González (1992), “Clases sociales: estudio comparativo de España y la Comunidad de Madrid 1991”. It is constructed from the characteristics of the occupation, branch of economic activity and level of authority (managerial, supervisory, operative, etc).

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4,283,660 6,820,620 3,075,460

No car

One car

Two or more cars

544,660

Other

1,610,180

Tenant 377,780

1,217,040

Owner by inheritance or donation

Non rent-paying tenant

7,192,000 3,238,080

Other

Mortgage owner

4,323,160

Lower

Owner by purchase

4,131,080 2,416,920

Lower-middle

2,242,660

Upper-middle

Higher 1,023,020

1,762,560

Secondary

Upper

6,536,420 5,880,760

Primary

Category

* Of the household reference person. Source: Population and Housing Census 2001.

Car ownership

Tenure status primary dwelling

Socioeconomic category

Educational level

Variable

All households

681,600

1,055,500

393,240

60,940

54,820

159,160

153,360

395,820

1,306,240

569,660

263,700

573,320

467,160

250,760

412,980

891,780

825,580

Households with second home

22.2

15.5

9.2

11.2

14.5

9.9

12.6

12.2

18.2

13.2

10.9

13.9

20.8

24.5

23.4

15.2

12.6

Percentage of households with second home

61.3

18.5 32.0 100.0

21.7

49.5 100.0

48.1

30.2

2.9 100.0

3.8

2.6

7.5

7.2

18.6

100.0

2.7

11.4

8.6

22.8

50.7

26.8 100.0

30.6

12.4

27.0

22.0

100.0

17.1

29.2

15.9

11.8

100.0

100.0 7.2

19.4

41.9

38.8

12.4

41.5

46.1


Table 2. Number and distribution of households with second homes by social characteristics, Spain 2001


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Geographical characteristics This group of variables comprises the size of the municipality of the primary dwelling, the household’s region of usual residence, and the household reference person’s region of birth (Table 3). These latter two variables comprise the seven regions that contain Spain’s 17 autonomous communities (NUTS 1): NorthWest (Galicia, Asturias and Cantabria), North-East (Basque Country, Navarra, Rioja and Aragon), Centre (Castilla La Mancha, Castilla and León and Estremadura), the Community of Madrid, East (Balearic Islands, Catalonia and the Valencian Community), South (Andalusia, Murcia, Ceuta and Melilla) and the Canaries.

Residential characteristics These comprise three variables that describe the physical characteristics of the household’s usual residence (Table 4): the number of floors in the building of the primary dwelling, the dwelling floor area, and whether the building is equipped with a lift(12). As previously indicated, our key residential variable is the number of floors in the building containing the primary dwelling(13), since it describes the building in which the household lives. At local level, however, it has been shown that this variable approximates the average types of building in the vicinity. The effect of the socio-demographic variables is expected to match the literature findings, i.e. the percentage of households with second homes rises with the age of the household reference person and correlates directly with household income. Furthermore, if the “compensation hypothesis” holds true, having a second home should be directly related to the number of floors in the building where the household lives and the size of the municipality where its primary dwelling is located, as both are indicative of high urban density and, quite probably, a less agreeable living environment.

Variable selection and model specification Let us first consider the fit of the model before looking at how the selected variables predict for second home possession. Where the fit of the model is concerned, the log-likelihood values (Table 5) prompt two conclusions. First, discounting household type and size – excluded from the model as non-explanatory – the other variables are sufficiently statistically significant for inclusion in the fi nal model. Second, a broad combination of factors influence the likelihood of having a second home. The (12) Other residential variables with possible potential for our future research were tested but yielded no significant results: floor on which the primary home is situated, type of building (total number of apartments and presence of commercial premises), year of construction of the primary dwelling, variable measuring the subjective quality of the environment and variable measuring the quality of the primary dwelling. (13) Number of floors above street level.

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1,694,440 1,871,900 4,111,040 2,831,720

Centre

Comm. Madrid

East

South

3,373,980

East

South 773,980

2,679,040

Comm. Madrid

Abroad

1,002,940

Centre

444,680

3,004,460

North-East

Canaries

1,572,460 1,328,200

North-West

552,180

1,474,300

Canaries

1,472,300

North-East

2,572,420

Above 500,000

North-West

3,378,140 3,224,820

100,001 - 500,000

2,757,940

20,001 - 100,000

2,246,420

5,001 - 20,000

All households

Below 5,000

Category

Source: Population and Housing Census 2001.

Region of birth

Region of usual residence

Size of municipality of primary dwelling (population)

Variable

91,360

38,540

424,620

453,460

178,940

513,920

229,040

200,460

48,420

338,260

674,200

410,780

201,400

260,480

169,660

594,880

547,960

465,120

285,920

236,460


11.8

8.7

12.6

16.9

17.8

17.1

17.2

12.7

8.8

11.9

16.4

21.9

11.9

17.7

11.5

23.1

17.0

13.8

10.4

10.5

Percentage households with second home 11.1

8.1

9.4

4.3 100.0

100.0

1.8

19.9

21.3

8.4

24.1

10.8

5.5

3.1

23.8

18.9

7.1

21.2

9.4

11.1

2.3 100.0

100.0

16.1

32.1

19.5

9.6

12.4

3.9

20.2

29.3

13.4

12.1

10.5

10.5

27.9 100.0

18.1

25.7

21.8

13.4

100.0

22.7

23.8

19.4

15.8


Table 3. Number and distribution of households with second homes by geographical characteristics, Spain 2001


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Eight and more

9,161,160

1,764,160

More than 120

4,957,540

3,601,400

91-120

Lift

6,799,380

61-90

No lift

1,910,100

31-60

104,700

3,923,700 2,395,600

Five to seven

Less than 30

1,187,740 1,437,220

Four

Two

Three

2,230,680 3,004,800

One

Category


Lift

Floor area (sq. m.)

Number of floors above street level

Variables

All households total numbers total numbers

1,020,560

1,097,420

394,820

600,120

905,000

222,260

8,140

568,880

675,740

191,300

154,080

329,580

210,760


20.6

12.0

22.4

16.7

13.3

11.6

7.8

23.7

17.2

13.3

13.0

11.0

9.4

Percentage households with second home

100.0

100.0

51.8 48.2

35.1

64.9

18.5 100.0

12.4

28.2

42.5

10.4

100.0

25.4

48.0

13.5

0.38

100.0

100.0 0.74

26.7

31.7

9.0

7.2

15.5

9.9

Distribution of households with second home (%)

16.9

27.7

10.1

8.4

21.2

15.7

Distribution of all households (%)

Table 4. Number and distribution of households with second homes by primary dwelling characteristics, Spain 2001


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log-likelihood value of “–2LL” denotes the quantity of unexplained information and decreases as variables are introduced, indicating that the model is a more accurate predictor of the dependent variable. It can also be inferred that certain variables are markedly stronger determinants in the model. For ease of interpretation, the absolute and relative likelihood gains attributable to the introduction of each variable were included in the same table. The relative gains indicator clearly shows that the variables of building height, car ownership and age of household reference person (as an indicator of life cycle stage), are, in that order, the characteristics most strongly associated with having a second home. These are followed by educational level, size of municipality, floor area and primary dwelling tenure status. The household’s socioeconomic category, region of usual residence and reference person’s birth region are all much less explanatory. Table 5. Characteristics of the regression model of second home possession by socio-demographic and residential characteristics through the likelihood value (– 2LL), Spain 2001 Variables

– 2 LL

Gain

% gain

Number of floors

575,512

12,197

2.08

Car ownership

562,353

13,159

2.29

Age of reference person

551,295

11,058

1.97

Educational level

546,111

5,183

0.94

Size of municipality

543,104

3,007

0.55

Floor area of primary dwelling

539,914

3,190

0.59

Tenure of primary dwelling

536,725

3,189

0.59

Socioeconomic category

535,323

1,402

0.26

Region of usual residence

533,862

1,461

0.27

Region of birth

533,119

743

0.14

Migration status

532,695

424

0.08

Lift in the building

532,649

47

0.01


Following the recommendations of many authors, in particular Menard (1995) and Jovell (1995), the variables of migration status and existence of a lift in the building where the primary dwelling is located were excluded from the final model as being not significantly explanatory – less than 0.1% of the relative gains. Given the general characteristics of the model, the fi nal model below presents the percentage probabilities of a household having a second home (Table 6). The variables incorporated were tested for non-interaction, so each acts as an independent variable in the model. The model baseline situation is the mean observed situation, which is close to the intercept, i.e. 14.4% of households with second homes among all Spanish households.

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Table 6. Estimated probability of having a second home by socio-demographic and residential characteristics (logistic regression model), Spain 2001 Variable Building size of primary dwelling One Two (number of floors) Three Four Five to seven Eight and more Car ownership No car One car Two or more cars Age of Under 35 35-44 reference person 45-54 55-64 65+ Educational level Primary Secondary Higher Size of Up to 5 000 5 001 - 20 000 Municipality of 20 001 - 100 000 usual residence 100 001 - 500 000 (population) Above 500 000 Floor area of Up to 30 31-60 primary dwelling 61-90 (sq. m.) 91-120 More than 120 Primary dwelling Owner by purchase Mortgage owner tenure status Owner by inheritance or donation Tenant Non rent-paying tenant Other Socioeconomic Upper Upper-middle category Lower-to-Middle Lower Other Region North-West North-East of usual Centre residence Comm. Madrid East South Canaries Region North-West North-East of Centre birth Comm. Madrid East South Canaries Abroad Intercept Source: Population and Housing Census 2001. Significance level: * < 0.10 ** < 0.05 *** < 0.01.

Probability (%) 10.8 11.8 14.4 15.3 17.1 18.4 8.4 15.8 21.8 9.1 11.4 16.2 20.1 17.9 11.5 14.0 18.4 12.2 11.6 13.8 16.0 19.7 11.6 12.3 13.2 16.1 20.3 16.5 10.9 16.5 10.9 18.9 14.4 18.0 15.4 12.9 11.9 14.5 14.8 16.6 13.6 17.4 14.5 15.0 12.2 14.8 14.3 16.2 13.7 17.3 13.4 12.5 13.8 14.4

*** *** * *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** *** *** ** ***

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The number of floors is the variable which most strongly influences the probability of having a second home. This finding, along with the importance of municipality size, suggest that a high-density urban environment is a key determinant, which to some extent validates the compensation hypothesis in Spain. The probability of having a second home for a household living in a highrise apartment block (eight floors or more) is 18.4%, compared with 10.8% for a household living in a single-storey building. The second-ranking variable is car ownership. For households with two or more cars, the probability of having a second home is almost three times that of no-car households and for households with one car it is practically double. Finally, there is a lower probability of having a second home among households with a young or very old reference person. In other words, it is more common among households with a reference person in the 45+ age range. Regarding educational levels, the probability of having a second home increases with the educational level of the reference person. The next most significant variables are size of municipality, floor area and primary home tenure status. The probability of having a second home increases with the size of the municipality of usual residence, from 12.2% for households in municipalities of under 5,000 inhabitants, to 19.7% for residents in large urban municipalities of over 500,000 inhabitants. Interestingly, building size (measured here in number of floors) and municipality size are independent, non-interacting variables. Living in an apartment block increases the probability of having a second home regardless of municipality size, but town/city size is important whatever the quality of the immediate living environment. The floor area of the primary dwelling is also a determinant. The probability of having a second home increases with floor area, rising from 11.6% for dwellings with a surface area under 30 sq. m., to 20.3% for households with 120 sq. m. or more of floor area. This outcome appears to contradict the “compensation hypothesis”. But this residential variable reflects a part of household income not controlled for by the educational level and socioeconomic category variables. An alternative explanation, therefore, is that second homes compensate first and foremost for the urban environment, and not the quality of the primary dwelling itself. In other words, this may reflect a strategic search for quality of the primary dwelling supplemented by the possession of a second home in a country where one-family houses as primary dwellings (or indeed as second homes) are scarce. For primary dwelling tenure status, the fi ndings show an interesting distinction between households which pay for their primary dwelling (mortgage repayment or rent) and the more fortunate households with fully paid-off or inherited properties. Tenants and mortgage owners have a low probability of possessing a second home – 10.9 % in both cases. All in all, the probability of

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having a second home is lower for households with regular, heavy expenses to pay on the primary dwelling, as is often the case in Spain, especially for young adults. Finally, the household’s socioeconomic category, region of usual residence, and reference person’s region of birth appear to be the least determinant factors. In terms of region of usual residence, the results show that households in the Community of Madrid and the North-East region (Basque Country, Navarre, Rioja and Aragon) show the strongest propensity to have a second home. The regions of lowest propensity are the Canaries, the Central and Southern regions. This division broadly reflects the relative levels of economic development.

Conclusion From an analysis of the socio-demographic, residential and geographical characteristics of households with a second home in Spain, we were able to establish that, of the wide range of variables available in the 2001 census, the number of floors of the apartment building containing the primary dwelling, car ownership and age are the three factors most closely associated with having a second home. Second homes are most common among car-owning households living in multi-family dwellings in densely-populated urban areas comprising high-rise apartment blocks, aged in the 45-65 range in a relatively high socioeconomic category, with no financial expenditure on the primary dwelling and preferably living in one of Spain’s most developed regions. All this can be summarized as the conjunction of two sets of factors: socio-demographic (acting mainly on an individual level) and residential (acting simultaneously on individual and, probably, community levels). New questions arise which we have as yet been unable to address. More households have a second home in Spain than in the rest of Europe, especially northern Europe. That is an avenue for further exploration through international comparison. Also, the only real way to test the robustness of the compensation hypothesis is by developing more specific primary home environment indicators, in combination with a description of second home characteristics. Finally, another very profitable line of inquiry would be to further explore the dynamics of this rapidly-expanding phenomenon in Spain. Acknowledgements. We wish to thank the Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics for the assistance provided in carrying out this research, and particularly to Pau Miret for his highly valued methodological remarks and comments.

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BONNIN P., VILLANOVA R., 1999. D’une maison l’autre. Parcours et mobilités résidentielles, Grane, Creaphis.

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M ODENES • SECOND H OMES IN S PAIN : S OCIO -D EMOGRAPHIC AND G EOGRAPHICAL PROFILES This short paper profiles households who have a second home in Spain by their socio-demographic, residential and geographical characteristics as extracted from the 2001 census data, and studies the determinants of this residential practice. The authors test the “compensation hypothesis” which postulates an association between the quality of the residential environment of the primary residence and the propensity to have a second home. For households possessing a second home, they establish a positive correlation with car ownership, age of household reference person, size of municipality and characteristics of the primary residence. MODENES • L A RÉSIDENCE SECONDAIRE EN ESPAGNE : PROFILS SOCIO - DÉMOGRAPHIQUES ET TERRITORIAUX

Prenant en compte les caractéristiques socio-démographiques, résidentielles et territoriales des ménages qui disposent d’une résidence secondaire en Espagne, cette note identifie leur profil à partir des données du recensement de 2001 et étudie les déterminants de cette pratique résidentielle. Les auteurs testent « l’hypothèse de compensation » qui postule une relation entre la qualité de l’environnement résidentiel du logement principal et la propension à disposer d’une résidence secondaire. Ils montrent qu’il existe une association positive pour les ménages disposant d’une résidence secondaire, avec la possession de véhicule, l’âge de la personne de référence du ménage, la taille de la commune et les caractéristiques de la résidence principale. MODENES• LA RESIDENCIA SECUNDARIA EN ESPAÑA : PERFILES SOCIODEMOGRÁFICOS Y TERRITORIALES

Tomando en cuenta las características sociodemográficas, residenciales y territoriales de los hogares que disponen de una residencia secundaria en España, se identifica en esta nota su perfil a partir de los datos del censo de 2001 y se estudia los determinantes de esta práctica residencial. Los autores ensayan « la hipótesis de compensación » que postula una relación entre la calidad del entorno residencial de la vivienda principal y la propensión a disponer de una residencia secundaria. Muestran que existe una asociación positiva para los hogares que disponen de una residencia secundaria, con la posesión de un vehículo, la edad de la persona de referencia del hogar, el tamaño del municipio y las características de la residencia principal.

Julián LÓPEZ COLÁS, Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, tel.: +34 93 581 30 60, e-mail: [email protected]

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