TECHNICAL EDUCATION AT UAUIM. ("I.Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism). SEISMIC PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS. Professor Radu PETROVICI ...
AN PERMANENT CHALLENGE IN THE TECHNICAL EDUCATION AT UAUIM ("I.Mincu" University of Architecture and Urbanism)
SEISMIC PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
Professor Radu PETROVICI
1
THE CONTEXT OF THE BEGINNINGS…. 120 YEARS AGO AROUND THE WORLD BUILDINGS
EARTHQUAKES
First “tall” buildings (1891)
Nobi – Japan (1891)
Structural masonry-walled On October 28th, 1891 in a farming "Monadnock Building” with 16 levels region located in the North of (at the first level wall thickness Nagoya city there was an 180cm!) earthquake, with magnitude later estimated, between 8.0 ÷ 8.4. 7273 people were killed, another 142,177 were injured and 142,173 houses were destroyed. The earthquake was felt over an area of one million km2. In towns, the destroyed houses were "modern" – made of masonry according the practice of the Western Europe and the United States. THE FIRST CONFRONTATION OF THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE WITH A DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE
The 20 floors block- CAPITAL– 85.5m height, steel structure with round steel vertical bracing. In the USA there have developed In Japan they started the engineering concerns for the rational design of the seismology and seismic engineering tall buildings (the use of steel). research. There was created Imperial The calculation methods were Earthquake Investigation Committee improved.(spatial calculation) EDUCATION 1897 –The first course on reinforced concrete from Europe at "Ecole nationale des ponts et Chaussées” in Paris - included four lessons! 2
LATER (EARLY XX CENTURY) BUILDINGS
EARTHQUAKES
The rapid development of the tall buildings Destructive earthquakes around the world in the USA (but in the non-seismic areas): The first seismic design regulations • The first building over 100 m (1899) : “Park Row Building” with two twin towers of 118 m - 29 floors
San Francisco - USA (1906)
→ Design regulations for California: Limiting the height to:
Los Angeles: 150 ft = 45 m (13 levels) valid until 1957 The “Woolworth” Tower - 244 m – 60 floors San Francisco: 80 ft = 20 m and/or 100 ft = 31 m valid until 1957 The first building over 200 m (1913):
•
Messina -Italy (1908). Towns destroyed up to 90% . Total of 100,000 deaths.
→ The first modern seismic design Code from Europe •
Great Kanto - Japan (1923)
→ Design Code Limiting the height to 100 ft = 31.0 m valid until 1964
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY, PRACTICE AND REGULATIONS OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE • • • • • • •
Switzerland 1903: Provisional rules for the calculation of the reinforced concrete Germany 1904: The first Prussian circular France 1906: French circular Russia 1908: technical requirements for the reinforced concrete buildings 1911: Rules for the calculation of the reinforced concrete buildings Hungary 1909: Austria 1911
3
120 YEARS AGO IN ROMANIA CONSTRUCTIONS The first monumental buildings
EARTHQUAKES There were no really destructive earthquakes after 1838
Massive masonry buildings built by foreign There has been researches in the field of architects (French) or Romanian who studied seismology (Seismological Observatory in Western Europe. St.C.Hepites) Construction modernization - using cement as a binder. Portland cement in Romania
Links to similar European bodies Annual publications about earthquakes in Romania
Imports • 1880 : 2.574 tons cement + 3.500 tons hydraulic lime • 1884 :16.164 tons cement • 1890 : 46.500 tons cement Own production: • 1886:Azuga: produced in 1902 • 1890: Brăila : produced 10.000 t/year, designed for 37.000 t/year • 1890: Braşov 1892 Gura Honţ –Arad
• 1901 Romania exports cement!
4
EDUCATION
1888
The first "Course of Architecture and Construction" – has no references to earthquakes
LATER (BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY) BUILDINGS The first modern multi-story buildings
EARTHQUAKES There were no really destructive earthquakes after 1838 An earthquake in 1908 with M≅ ≅ 7,0 has been ignored by specialists.
The first reinforced concrete buildings • The Buildings of the Hospitals Eforie (Brâncovenesc Hospital) – prof.ing. EMPERGER (Vienna) – the first work from b.a. known • Patriarchal Palace • Stock Exchange Palace • Constanţa Casino • Athenée Palace Hotel(now HILTON) • Peasant Museum The use of reinforced concrete structures as the main material is expanding.
The research and observation activities continue in the field of seismology. The Warning (IGNORED by constructors and authorities) of St.C. Hepites (1901): The calamities produced by earthquakes could be avoided especially if in the construction of buildings and monuments, our architects, following the advice given by the Seismological Committee of Japan, would keep track of the earthquakes in 1802, 1829 and 1838 which caused considerable damage to the buildings in Romania
5
There are no rules for the design of buildings, for the current vertical load or for earthquake. Structural engineers are mainly trained in countries with no earthquake risk. At the Polytechnic School of Bucharest they do not talk about the earthquake resistance of the buildings.
EDUCATION 1903 – The first course on reinforced concrete in Romania - one lesson!: Calculation method of reinforced concrete by Mathias Koenen prof.ing. ION IONESCU-BIZEŢ 1915 - The first book on reinforced concrete in Romania - has no references to earthquakes
6
The first popularization (information) book about the earthquakes in Romania (in Romanian)
VICTOR ANESTIN Earthquakes. Earthquakes in Romania Câmpina 1916
DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HOUSING (RESIDENTIAL UNITS) BUILT IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY- Statistical data - Without seismic protectionMaterial M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total
Buildings P and P+E Total < 1944 --------217.770 83.789 19.27% 7.48% 483.681 220.305 43.91% 19.67% 95.070 40.881 8.49% 3.65% 325.245 105.327 29.05% 9.41% 1.119.766 450.302 100% 40.21%
THE TYPOLOGY OF THE BUILDINGS BUILT IN THE FIRST PART OF THE XX CENTURY (The little PARIS ?!?) •
The reinforced concrete frame buildings made especially during 1920 - 1940
•
Design: architects and engineers with different levels of expertise: confusing structures, inadequate for seismic areas
•
Low material quality requirements compared to the European standards
•
Enterprises: very different levels of professionalism and honesty/fairness
7
Concrete resistance variation Resistances of cements for concrete depending on the period of construction Low material quality Days
THE FIRST MOMENT OF TRUTH: THE NOVEMBER 10th 1940 EARTHQUAKE • The first world earthquake collapse of a modern building with reinforced concrete structure (CARLTON Building)
CARLTON Building Building height: 47 m Collapsed in 1940
CARLTON Building First level plan & cinema
8
Causes of collapse coll of Carlton building
The defense in the process on Carlton building collapse
THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE Earthquake and buildings (in Romanian) - Post seism investigation
9
THE FIRST DESIGN REGULATION FOR EARTHQUAKE ACTION MLP (Ministry of Public Works) " Provisional instructions to prevent the damage of the buildings due to earthquakes and restoration of the degraded ones" The Official Gazette no.15 from 19 January 1942
Seismic risk map 1942 The instructions include a sample calculation prepared in accordance with current practice
Frame vertical section
Bending moments diagram
THE REGULATION WAS NOT APPLIED !!!
10
AFTER THE WORLD WAR II UNTIL 1963 Buildings built without seismic design regulations In some design institutes there have been taken internal design measures (Bucharest Project, IPCMC) Material M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total
THE SECOND MOMENT OF TRUTH THE MARCH 4th 1977 EARTHQUAKE • 25 buildings collapsed (mostly interwar ones, damaged by 1940 earthquake, without seismic rehabilitation ) • approximately 1500 deaths •
huge material damage
BELVEDERE Builiding
CASATA Building
Building height: 40 m Collapsed in 1977
Collapsed in 1977
14
Earthquake monograph (1982)
15
UAUIM THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN EDUCATION IN
THEORY OF STRUCTURES FOR ARCHITECTS 1962
Monograph devoted to work of Prof. A.Cismigiu
16
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES Courses and publications
FIRST THERE WAS........THE BREVIARY THE STRUCTURE THEORY IN ARCHITECTURE Year V/ sem.1 SPECIAL STRUCTURES 1. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES Prof. Eng. ALEXANDRU CISMIGIU
17
From theory........
.......to design
18
Development of design regulations MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, CONSTRUCTIONS AND TOURISM METHODOLOGY FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION PROPOSALS NECESSARY TO THE STRUCTURES OF THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS BUILDINGS IN THEIR RESTAURATION WORK Indicative M.P. 025-04 Issued by: University of Architecture and Urbanism “Ion Mincu” – Bucharest Rector: PhD. Arch. Emil Barbu POPESCU Authors: Eng. Mircea MIRONESCU PhD. Eng. Radu PETROVICI Project responsible : Lecturer Eng. Dan IONESCU Consultant: Prof. Eng. Alexandru CISMIGIU Collaborator: Eng. Teodor BROTEA Endorsed by: DIRECTION OF BUILDING REGULATIONS – MTCT Director: Eng. Cristian Paul STAMATIADE Project responsible : Eng. V. ARDELEAN
19
RECENTLY.... Seismic Urban Protection Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (Master courses)
Protection of localities against Seismic rehabilitation of buildings natural and anthropic risks Six lessons for architects (2007) (2010) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TO BE CONTINUED...... (the duty of the future generations)
