Still Sci-Fi (e.g., A deepness in the sky from Vernor. Vinge, The diamond age). •
Programming, Debugging, Deployment challenges. • 1000 nodes max.
Sensor Network Applications
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Agenda • Some examples (recall the evolution of the Internet) – Military – Scientific – Commercial
• What are the interesting application characteristics? – System constraints – System taxonomy – Sensor network regimes @ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
DARPA Vision • Multiple target tracking • Dense deployment of a large number of sensor nodes on the ground • Flexible sensor tasking • Multi-modal sensor nodes – Seismic sensor, motion detector, microphone
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/29Palms0103/
A First DARPA Demo (2001)
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
www.sensoria.com/pdf/OpenPlatform.pdf
A Second DARPA Demo (2002)
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
http://www.cast.cse.ohio-state.edu/exscal/
A Third DARPA Demo (2004) Exscal demonstrator
Exscal 2 tier architecture: 1000 sensor nodes and around 200 backbone nodes (802.11b)
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
www.greatduckisland.net
Great Duck Island
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Great Duck Island’s Sensor Network
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005 http://www.greatduckisland.net/
www.ee.princeton.edu/~mrm/zebranet.html
Zebranet – Modelling long-range animal migrations • Sparse connections
– Observing inter-species predator-prey interactions – Analyzing the impact of human development on animal behavior
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
www.hogthrob.dk
Hogthrob
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Wireless Monitoring and Control • • • • • • •
Supply chain management Health care Structure monitoring Entertainment Production automation Surveillance Precision agriculture
www.moniware.dk http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/wireless_sensors.htm @ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Reality Check • Thousands of self-configuring sensor nodes – Still Sci-Fi (e.g., A deepness in the sky from Vernor Vinge, The diamond age)
• • • • •
Programming, Debugging, Deployment challenges 1000 nodes max 50 nodes state-of-the-art Lots of platforms, testbeds More books than actual deployments @ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Application Characteristics • Lifetime
• Environment
– From a few days to a few years, with or without maintenance
• Cost – From a few cents to thousands of euros
• Sensed Data – Low rate (e.g., temp sensors) vs High rate (e.g., imager) – Different accuracy and precision requirements
– From protected (e.g., in a building) to very hostile (outdoors)
• Network topology – From star to mesh topologies – Different densities and scale
• User interaction – Fixed vs. Flexible tasking – Monitoring vs. control
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Formulated by Estrin, Culler, Pister, Sukhatme
System Taxonomy • Scale –Sampling: Function of phenomena and application –Extent: Space covered and lifetime –Density: Density of sensor nodes wrt. input simuli
• Variability
• Autonomy – Modalities: multiple modalities combined – Complexity: data vs. Event delivery (in-network processing) – Configuration: self assembly
–Structure: Ad hoc vs. Engineered system –Task: Single vs. Multiple modes of operation –Space: Mobility of system and phenomena @ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Sensor Network Regimes • Based on Darpa Vision – – – – – – – –
Low frequency sampling 100 m2, months long deployment High density of sensor nodes General purpose sensor network Multiple/flexible tasking Static nodes Multiple modalities In-network processing for event delivery
• Different classes of applications require definition of appropriate regime @ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
Summary • Key application characteristics – Lifetime, cost, data rate, environment, network topology, user interaction – Impacts sensor network design
• Appropriate regime for a given class of application
@ Philippe Bonnet 2004,2005
