Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Type 2

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

Manjula Shantaram, Anusha M.S, Chethana.

Serum Adenosine Deaminase

Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(03): 246-248.

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Original Article

Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Manjula Shantaram1,2,*, Anusha M.S.3, Chethana3 Affiliation:1 Professor of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, PG Centre, Chikka Aluvara, 571232, Kodagu, Karnataka, India 2

Professor of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India 3 Post Graduate Students, Department of Biochemistry, St. Aloysius College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed:

1. Mangalore University, PG Centre, Chikka Aluvara, 571232, Kodagu, Karnataka, India 2. Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India 3. Department of Biochemistry, St. Aloysius College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

*To whom it corresponds:Dr. Manjula Shantaram. Professor of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, PG Centre, Chikka Aluvara, 571232, Kodagu, Karnataka, India

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a major worldwide health problem leading to markedly increased mortality and serious morbidity. Literature demonstrates increased adenosine deaminase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus than in non- diabetics. Adenosine deaminase

(ADA) is an enzyme that has been suggested to be important for modulating the bioactivity of insulin. It is a metalloenzyme which catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine and has an important role in regulating adenosine concentration. This study aims to correlate the association of adenosine deaminase with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The subjects included in this study consisted of 20 normal healthy individuals who served as controls with no history of DM and 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus both males and females in the age group of 25-50 years on oral hypoglycemic drugs. In our study, the activity of serum ADA was measured according to the method of Giusti. ADA was estimated in all the subjects under study. ADA level was found to be decreased in the patients of type 2 DM as compared to controls. Moreover, the patients were the confirmed diabetes cases and were undergoing treatment for their disease. It is possible that the decrease in ADA levels may be due to the depressed cell mediated immunity in the patients due to the intake of medicines to control their blood sugar. Results suggest that reduced serum ADA activity reflects decrease in ADA 2 activity.

Keywords:

Diabetes Mellitus (DM); Adenosine deaminase(ADA); Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Serum.

Manjula Shantaram, Anusha M.S, Chethana. Serum Adenosine Deaminase activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 04(03): 246-248. Available at www.jpbms.info.

INTRODUCTION

A

denosine deaminase (ADA) is a polymorphic enzyme that catalyses the irreversible deamination of adenosine to inosine and has an important role in regulating adenosine concentration. Inosine and 2’-

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deoxyinosine are converted to hypoxanthine, xanthine and finally, to uric acid1. ADA is considered as a good marker of the cell mediated immunity2. ADA is suggested to be an important enzyme for modulating the bioactivity of insulin1



but its clinical significance in diabetes mellitus(DM) has not yet been proven. In cases of oxidative stress and cell membrane damage, serum ADA is increased3. Adenosine is a suppressant of inflammation; effectively inhibit T-cell activation and proliferation. Increased level of ADA decreases adenosine concentration. Increased ADA indicates increased inflammatory state of a cell. Adenosine deaminase plays a crucial role in lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and shows its highest activity in T-lymphocytes. The high plasma adenosine deaminase activity might be due to abnormal T-lymphocyte response or proliferation; may point towards a mechanism that involves its release into circulation4. The ADA activity in hyperglycemic serum was higher than normoglycemic serum and ADA activity was higher when the blood glucose level was more elevated5,6. The decrease in total ADA activity was accompanied by the decrease in lymphocyte count in a study of normal pregnant women. These results suggest that reduced serum total ADA activity reflects decrease in ADA 2 activity, which may be in part associated with depressed cellmediated immunity during normal pregnancy7. Recent in vitro studies implicated that in type 2 DM, inappropriate immune responses may result from the defects in the action of insulin that is required for the function of T-lumphocytes3. The objective of the study was to know the activity of adenosine deaminase in type 2 DM. Forty blood samples were collected from the hospital over a period of two months. Twenty patients with type 2 DM between 25-50 years of age formed the case material for this study. Twenty normal age and sex matched controls were studied for comparison. Blood samples were collected by veni-puncture from the patients and age and sex matched volunteers. The serum was separated, centrifuged and refrigerated at –20 °C. Considered Type 2 DM patients were under insulin treatment. Subjects with other systemic diseases were not included in the study. The activity of adenosine deaminase in type 2 DM was estimated by the method of Giusti8. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student’s ‘t’ test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which a person has a high blood sugar (glucose) level. Type 2 DM

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is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance with an insulin- secretory defect that varies in severity. ADA is an ectoenzyme expressed in higher level in lymphoid tissue. Since the enzyme catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine to inosine, it has an important role in regulating adenosine concentration. There is a significant increase in ADA levels in type 2 DM as per the findings of Kaur et al.9. In our study, ADA levels were significantly decreased when compared to the controls (Table 1). Moreover, the patients were the confirmed diabetic cases and were undergoing treatment for their disease. It is possible that the decrease in ADA levels may be due to the depressed cell mediated immunity in the patients due to the treatment for diabetes. Results suggest that reduced serum ADA activity reflects decrease in ADA 2 activity. Table 1. Adenosine deaminase activity in controls and Type 2 DM (Mean ±SD) Groups

ADA U/L

Controls (n=20)

6.47±4.54

Type 2 DM (n=20)

4.80±2.28

a Significant

a

decrease

REFERENCES: 1.Hoshino T, Yamada K, Masuoka K, Tsubaoi I, Itoh K, Nonaka K, et al. Elevated adenosine deaminase activity in the serum of patients with DM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994; 25: 97-102. 2.Sullivan JL, Oxborne WRA, Wedgewood RJ. Adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes. Br J Haematol. 1977; 37: 157-158. 3.Franco R, Valenzuela A, Lluis C and Blanco J. Enzymatic and extra enzymatic role of ecto-adenosine in lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 1998; 161: 27-42. 4.Shiva Prakash M, Chennaiah S, Murthy YSR, Anjaiah E, Rao Ananda S, Suresh C. Altered adenosine deaminase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. JIACM, 2006;7(2):114-117. 5.Bopp A, De Bona KS, Belle LP, Moresco RN, Moretto MB. Syzygium cumini inhibits adenosine deaminase activity and reduce levels in hyperglycemic patients. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 2009; 23(4): 501-507. 6.Kurtul N, Pence S, Akarsu E, Kocoglu H, Aksoy Y, Aksoy H. Adenosine deaminase activity in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Medica, 2004:47(1), 3335. 7.Yoneyama Y, Sawa R, Suzuki S, Ishino H, Miura A, Kuwabara Y, et al. Regulation of plasma adenosine levels in normal pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2002; 53:71-74.



8.Giusti G. Methods of enzymatic analysis. In: Bergmeyer HU editor. 2nd Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press Inc.; 1974, Adenosine deaminase; pp1092—1099. 9.Amandeep Kaur, Sahiba Kukreja, Naresh Malhotra, Neha. Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Its

Correlation with Glycated Haemoglobin Levels in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2012;6(2): 252-256.

Source of support: None Competing interest / Conflict of interest The author(s) have no competing interests for financial support, publication of this research, patents and royalties through this collaborative research. All authors were equally involved in discussed research work. There is no financial conflict with the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.

Copyright © 2014 Manjula Shantaram, Anusha M.S, Chethana. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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