Veterinary Practitioner Vol. 16 No. 2
December 2015
SERUM SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS STATUS IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE SUFFERED DOGS# Ankita Sharma1, Anil Ahuja, A. P. Singh and J.P. Kachhawa Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence College of Veterinary and Animal Science Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken in 24 dogs suffering from CRF on record of elevated serum creatinin e (>2.0mg/ dl) and blood urea nitrogen level (>30mg/dl). These dogs were further subdivided according to IRIS, 2013 on basis of serum creatinine level. The dogs with CRF showed significant difference in serum sodium, calcium and phosphorus levels and non-significant change for serum potassium as compare to control. The values of all four parameters showed non significant changes in stage II of CRF, stage III and stage IV CRF dogs showed significant changes in serum calcium, sodium and phosphorus levels and non-significant change in serum potassium levels. Key words: Chronic renal failure, hypernatremia, hyperphosphataemia, hypercalcaemia
Introduction In small animal veterinary medicine we can recognize different diseases associated with kidney out of which CRF is one of the most common disease encounterd (Patil, 2011) with a prevalence of 2-5% in dog population (Lund et al., 1999). Renal failure causes alteration in body fluid and electrolyte balance in dogs (Cowgill and Kallet 1986). Present study reports alterations in serum sodium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium levels in dogs suffering from chronic renal failure. Materials and Methods Present study was carried out at canine outdoor of clinical medicine, TVCC, CVAS, Bikaner. Total 10 apparently healthy dogs of different breeds and either sex were used as control group and 24 dogs of either sex, breed and age were identified as suffering from chronic renal failure (CRF) on account of clinical signs and elevated serum creatinine (>1.4 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen (>30mg/dl) levels (Grauer 2009; IRIS, 2013). These CRF suffered dogs were further subdivided according to IRIS recommendations in which 4 dogs with serum creatinine 1.4- 2.0 mg/dL and mild renal azotaemia were considered to be of stage II, 10 dogs with serum creatinine 2.1- 5.0 mg/dL and moderate renal azotaemia were considered to be of stage III and 10 dogs with serum creatinine > 5 mg/dL and severe renal azotaemia were considered to be of stage IV of CRF. Five ml of blood was collected from the cephalic vein of dogs and serum was separated. Serum sodium (mmol/L), potassium (mmol/L), phosphorus (mg/dL) and calcium (mg/ dL) were estimated colorimetrically using the standard kits. All the data were statistically analyzed using method suggest by Snedecor and Cochron (1994). Results and Discussion Serum sodium (mmol/L), potassium (mmol/L), phosphorus (mg/dL) and calcium (mg/dl ) analysis in healthy
and CRF dogs were carried out and results are shown in Table 1. Hyperphosphataemia was evident in 75% of presented dogs and in rest of the dogs phosphorus levels were within the normal range (Table 2). Twenty five per cent of stage II, 70% of stage III and 100% dogs of stage IV of CRF showed hyperphosphataemia, which is in accordance with Cortadellas et al. (2009; 2010), who reported hyperphosphataemia (P>5.5 mg/dL) in 68.5% dogs with CKD, and whose prevalence escalate with advancing stage viz. 50%,76.9% and 100% at stages II, III and IV, respectively and Puri et al. (2015), who reported hyperphosphataemia in 50% dogs in their study. Findings of present study correlate well with Patil (2011) and Puri et al. (2015) who reported mean±SE of phosphorus (mg/dL) 10.51±1.26 and 11.8±1.17, respectively in CRF. Non significant rise in serum phosphorus concentration in CKD stage II (5.76±0.60) and significant and highly significant rise in serum phosphorus concentration in CKD stage III (5.92±0.39) and IV (10.90±0.05) dogs, respectively has been reported by Kumar (2013). Suggestive reason of non-significant rise in serum phosphorus concentration in stage II was compensatory decrease in phosphorus reabsorption in the surviving nephrons, when GFR decline below 20% of normal, this adaptive effect reaches its limit and hyperphosphataemia ensues. In CRF, serum phosphorus concentrations typically parallel serum urea nitrogen concentrations and it correlated significantly with the severity of disease. Thus, hyperphosphataemia is common in azotaemia, but not in nonazotaemic renal disease (Polzin, 2010). Finding of hyperphosphataemia in stage III and IV of CRF was due to the progressive decrease in GFR and filtered load of phosphate decreased as GFR decreased which results in hyperphosphataemia (Vaden et al., 1997). Other reason include excessive intake of dietary phosphate which contribute to the progression of CRF due to the development of nephrocalcinosis or other effects of hyperphosphataemia,
#1
Par t of M.V.Sc . T hes is of f irs t aut hor, Prs ent addr es s :TA Depart ment of Clin ic al Med ic in e, c orres pon ding aut hor Email:
[email protected] 207
Veterinary Practitioner Vol. 16 No. 2
December 2015
Table 1: Mean±SE values of haemato-biochemical parameters of control and CRF dogs
S. Parameters No. 1 Sodium (mmol/L) 2 Potassium (mmol/L) 3 Phosphorus (mg/dL) 4 Calcium (mg/dL)
Control (N=10)
CRF (N= 24)
Stage II (N= 4)
146.05±0.62 141.39±1.59** 144.17±2.73 4.84±0.16
5.06±0.13
NS
4.93±0.03
4.73±0.10
7.64±0.50**
5.08± 0.17
10.38±0.24
8.94±0.40**
9.90±0.12
NS
NS
Stage III (N= 10)
Stage IV (N= 10)
141.70±1.98*
139.9±3.18**
5.0±.11
NS
5.17±0.29
NS
NS
6.11±0.27*
10.19±0.47**
NS
8.82±0.33**
8.67±0.90**
**Highly significant (P
