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From Satellite Observations to Climate Prediction:

CICS-MD @ NODC

Margarita Conkright Gregg, Ph.D. Director, U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center National Environmental Satellite and Data Information Services DOC/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Data Centers NODC - Understanding Our Coasts and Oceans

NCDC - Understanding Our Climate

NGDC - Understanding Our World

Curators of the Nation’s Environmental Data 2

Mission: To provide scientific stewardship of marine data and information

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NODC CICS-UMD Team Gregg Foti Yongsheng Zhang James Reagan Nisha Kurian Mathew Biddle Liqing Jiang 4

Key Strengths and Current Foci Scientific Data Stewardship • Development of improved satellite data products 

High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST, AVHRR Pathfinder, CEOS SST Virtual Constellation)

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Satellite Altimetry (GEOSAT and the Jason missions)

• Development of improved in situ data products 

World Ocean Database

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Regional Climatologies

 Scientific data management 

Facilitate discovery, ingest, preservation (Ocean carbon, shipboard)

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Stewardship-CICS Activities • Discover, acquire, archive, assess and provide global and regional satellitederived products identified as high priority by users, particularly users within NOAA. If needed products do not exist, partner in their creation. • Operationally extend current version of Pathfinder as a SST Climate Data Record (CDR) . • Achieve an increased role in defining archive requirements for mission data and routine inclusion of NODC in budget for stewardship of large ocean datasets to be created or acquired by NOAA. • Continue in team effort to ensure the leading role in world’s SST community by operating the Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST) Long Term Stewardship and Reanalysis Facility (LTSRF). • Improve NODC's profile/participation in satellite mission stewardship and satellite data exploitation.

Gregg Foti

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Development of the data Quality Monitoring System for Jason-2 altimetry, SMOS and Aquarius • Develop data quality monitoring methods and massive data processing and visualization tools; • Make the results available to public users and data achievers via web interfaces in both graphical and numerical representations. • Monitoring products: OSTM/Jason-2 Geophysical Data Records, SMOS and Aquarius satellites sea surface salinity data, Pathfinder SST, Group for High-Resolution SST (GHRSST) …

Number Density

Monitored the change of calibration when the product was upgraded from version “C” to “D” very recently. Histogram of level-3 sea surface salinity difference between SMOS and Aquarius satellites, April 2012

QA statistical values of sea surface height anomaly in each pass of Jason-2 Interim Geophysical Data Records.

NODC Jason-2 data Quality Monitoring homepage: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/SatelliteData/Jason2/qa.html

Yongsheng Zhang, Ph.D.

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SMOS and Aquarius sea surface salinity products Quality controlled, binned Level-2 products provide NOAA customers with high temporal and spatial resolution SSS product and characterizations of differences between sensors and similar products.

Aquarius SSS: L2 binned

SMOS SSS: L2 binned

L2 binned vs. JPL L3 product Yongsheng Zhang, Ph.D.

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Monitoring the State of the Coast & Global Ocean World Ocean Atlas 2013

World Ocean Database 2013

Number of Profiles

World Ocean Database Probe Type Distribution 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0

GLD APB UOR PFL DRB MRB XBT MBT CTD OSD

WOD98 WOD01 WOD05 WOD09 WOD13 World Ocean Database Release

• WOD13 released October 2013 – Nearly 13,000,000 quality controlled profiles dating back to the late 1700’s – Located at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOD13/ • Updated quarterly – Quarterly updates include updating WOD with Argo profiling floats, data from GTSPP, CCHDO, PMEL, and ICES. – Data is converted to a standard format, quality controlled, and checked for uniqueness before being added to WOD.

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WOA13 full release within the next month – Changes from WOA09 include: • Increased horizontal resolution o Analysis is on both a 1° and 0.25° grid • Increased vertical resolution o From 33 standard depth levels to 102 standard levels between 0m and 5500m. • Annual/Seasonal analyses for 6 individual decades o 1955-1964, ‘65-’74, ‘75-’84, ‘85-’94, ‘95-’04, ‘05-’12 – QC of WOA13 included removing profiles that caused bullseyes in the analyzed fields.

James Reagan

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Salinity

Amplitude of the first harmonic for Aquarius, WOD-derived SSS, and WOA13 SSS products. Aquarius and WOD-derived SSS amplitudes are based on the 2012 calendar year.

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We are focused on understanding differences between Aquarius and WOD-derived (i.e. in situ) products. With the understanding that changes in the global hydrological cycle can be inferred through changes in SSS (Durack et al., 2012), it is of paramount importance that satellite SSS products are thoroughly validated before any conclusions are made regarding SSS variability.

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We also compute monthly salinity anomalies (example to the left) and QC these products. They are currently being used by Pingping Xie (NOAA-CPC) to create a blended satellite/in situ SSS product. They are also used each year when we write the subsurface salinity section in the Oceans chapter of the BAMS State of the Climate report. The monthly salinity anomalies can be found at: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_C ONTENT/ James Reagan

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XBT & MBT bias correction • All the available XBT and MBT depth/ temperature bias corrections are made

available online at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/XBT_BIAS/xbt_bias.html and at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/mbt-bias/ respectively to facilitate intercomparison by the scientific community . • WODselect is updated with all the available XBT and MBT depth/temperature corrections so the oceanographic community can download XBT data with different depth and temperature corrections applied. • The XBT bibliography table which lists all known research papers that deal with accuracy and reliability of data from XBT with references to comparison tests with other instruments, usually Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probes is regularly updated at http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/XBT_BIAS/xbt_bibliography.html .

Nisha Kurian, Ph.D

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Long term temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal • The XBT data collected in the Bay of Bengal during 1990 -2012 is used to examine the variability of the temperature fields. • The role of local and remote forcing in the temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal is being examined using the TOPEX/POSEIDON sea surface height and QuikSCAT wind data

Nisha Kurian, Ph.D

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Regional Climatology  Currently NODC is

producing temperature and salinity climatologies for specific regions.  Gulf of Mexico  Arctic  Greenland, Iceland, and Norwegian Seas (GINS)

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Objective analysis to flag anomalous values.

NEXT STEPS: work with NMFS on NE Climatology to support NOAA’s understanding of climate impacts on ecosystems

Mathew Biddle

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Marine Data Stewardship-CICS Activities Archive Activities: • Develop and manage controlled vocabularies. • Develop and manage Standard Operating Procedures for archiving processes. • Develop and manage NODC archive standard document templates.

Observing Systems: • Establishing communication between data providers and NODC to determine the requirements to acquire and archive data.

– Integrated Ocean Observing System Regional Association (IOOS RA) Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (SECOORA).

• Implemented automated process for archiving all of NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) underway Scientific Computer System (SCS) data

Mathew Biddle

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Scientific Data Management • Ocean Acidification Data Project • Developing metadata standard for OA data, compiled guidelines for documenting OA data and metadata; Ocean Acidification Data Submission Workshop Series • Work with ocean carbon community to assemble and preserve a comprehensive carbon data set (i.e. CDIAC and WHOI BCO-DMO) • Develop requirements and tools to facilitate the submission of data to NODC

Liqing Jiang 15

Presentations/Publications Jiang, L.-Q., W.-J. Cai, Y. Wang, J. E. Bauer. 2013. Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide. Biogeosciences, 10: 839-849, doi:10.5194/bg-10-839-2013. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, O. K. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, C. L. Coleman, H. E. Garcia, A. I. Grodsky, D. R. Johnson, R. A. Locarnini, A. V. Mishonov, J. R. Reagan, C. L. Sazama, D. Seidov, I. Smolyar, E. S. Yarosh, and M. M. Zweng, 2013 : The World Ocean Database In, Special Issue of the Proceedings of the 1st WDS Conference in Kyoto, 3 - 6 September 2011, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Data Science Journal , v.3, 229-234. Boyer, T. P., Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, J. R. Reagan, C. Schmid, and R. Locarnini, 2013: [Subsurface salinity] Global Oceans [in State of the Climate in 2012].Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8) S60-S62. Soon to be published: Boyer, T.P., J.I. Antonov, O.K. Baranova, C. Coleman, H.E. Garcia, A. Grodsky, D.R. Johnson, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, T.D. O'Brien, C.R. Paver, J.R. Reagan, D. Seidov, I.V. Smolyar, M.M. Zweng, 2013, World Ocean Database 2013. Sydney Levitus, Ed.; Alexey Mishonov, Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 72, 209 pp. Zweng, M.M, J.R. Reagan, J.I. Antonov, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, T.P. Boyer, H.E. Garcia, O.K. Baranova, D.R. Johnson, D.Seidov, M.M. Biddle, 2013. World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 2: Salinity. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 74, 39 pp. Locarnini, R. A., A. V. Mishonov, J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, H. E. Garcia, O. K. Baranova, M. M. Zweng, C. R. Paver, J. R. Reagan, D. R. Johnson, M. Hamilton, and D. Seidov, 2013. World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 1: Temperature. S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 73, XXX pp. Zweng, Melissa M, James R. Reagan, John I. Antonov, Ricardo A. Locarnini, Alexey V. Mishonov, Timothy P. Boyer, Hernan E. Garcia, Olga K. Baranova, Daphne R. Johnson, Dan Seidov, Mathew M. Biddle, 2013: World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 2: Salinity. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS XX, XXX pp. Seidov, Dan, J. Antonov, K. Arzayus, O. K. Baranova, M. Biddle, T. P. Boyer, D. R. Johnson, A. V. Mishonov, C. R. Paver, M. M. Zweng, 2014. Oceanography North of 60N from World Ocean Database. Prog. Oceanogr. XX, XXX pp. Presentations: Biddle, M. The National Oceanographic Data Center’s Application of CF Conventions for In-Situ Data. Oral presentation at: 2013 ESIP Winter Meeting. 2013 January 8-10, Renaissance Hotel, Dupont Circle, Washington D.C. Reagan, J., T. Boyer, J. Antonov. Comparison analysis between NODC in situ analyzed sea surface salinity and Aquarius sea surface salinity. Poster session presented at: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; 2012 Dec 3-7; San Francisco, CA. Biddle, M., K. Arzayus, D. Collin, C. Paver, S. Rutz. Archiving Oceanographic Data at NOAA’s National Oceanographic Data Center: A use-case approach”. Poster session presented at: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting; 2012 Dec 3-7; San Francisco, CA.

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End to End Data Stewardship

Increasing Subject Matter Expertise

Lead Community Build CDRs

NODC Levels of Scientific Stewardship

Derive Products Scientific QC, Reprocess, Improve Tailored Access and Rich Inventories Long-Term Preservation and Access Byrne, 2012

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Collaboration between NODC and CICS • Data management through science − To serve as a channel to keep NODC abreast with the needs of the research community in terms of data management. − To deliver help in improving the data management system, e.g., better controlled vocabulary for the AMS, quality control for the WOD, etc.

• Science through data management − Publications taking advantage of two unique things: the vast amounts of data from NODC and our expert knowledge of it, and the research resources and analytical power of U MD.

• Employee training − To provide research/education opportunities, e.g., field work/ship cruises, free online oceanographic courses, etc. − To make all CICS seminars broadcasted over the internet. − To make all scientific workshops open to CICS employees at Silver Spring. 18

Future Activities • Increasing levels of standardization, technical automation and machine-to-machine interoperability allow NODC’s data stewards, trained scientists, to focus on higher levels of stewardship (e.g., quality assessments and information products). • Selectively increasing our scientific capacity with targeted proposals that would add postdoctoral affiliates to our staff: NASA, NOAA Climate Program Office. CICS an integral part of this plan. • Digital Object Identifiers: implementing DOIs to better support the needs of the research community, providing traceability, authorship and provenance for significant datasets 19