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Statistical Quality Control Sixth Edition
Eugene L. Grant
Professor of Economics of Engineering, Emeritus Stanford University
Richard S. Leavenworth Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Florida
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Contents List of Examples Preface
1
xv
Introduction
Part One
xiii
1
Statistical Process Control
29
2
Why the Control Chart Works; Some Statistical Concepts frequency distributions; averages and measures of dispersion; statistics and parameters; normal curve; estimating parameters 31
3
Why the Control Chart Works; Some Examples control-chart limit factors; Shewhart's normal bowl; lack of control; interpreting patterns of variation 74
4
Directions for Simple X and R Charts control-chart objectives; subgrouping; recording measurements; plotting control charts; drawing conclusions; revising control limits; use of computer software 115
5
Rational Subgrouping; Analyzing Process Capability sources of variation; isolating variation sources; using control charts to analyze variation; process capability indexes; other statistical techniques 154
6
Some Fundamentals of the Theory of Probability definitions and concepts; basic theorems; hypergeometric, binomial, and Poisson distributions; normal distribution and Central Limit Theorem; estimating parameters; extreme runs; computer programs 181
7
The Control Chart for Fraction Rejected p chart; trial limits; standard
X
Contents
values; revising control limits; steps for control-chart setup; np chart; interpretation of lack of control 239 8
The Control Chart for Nonconformities с chart; и chart; probability limits; Pareto Analysis; Cause and Effect Analysis; weighting nonconformities 274
9
Some Special Process Control Procedures variations on the standard Shewhart chart; charts for medians; homogeneity tests; probability limits; charts for moving averages; linear trend charts; narrow limit gauging; reject limits; acceptance control charts 302
10
Cumulative Sum Control Charts X chart and mask construction; Average Run Length; R chart mask construction 348
11
Some Aspects of Specifications and Tolerances setting design specifications; interpreting pilot runs; combinations of tolerances; measurement error 361
Part Two
Acceptance Sampling
391
12
Some Fundamental Concepts in Acceptance Sampling operating characteristic curves; distribution assumptions; indexing systems of acceptance plans; single-, double-, and multi-level plans 393
13
The Dodge-Romig System for Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling by Attributes indexing plans by Lot Tolerance Percent Defective and Average Outgoing Quality Limit; calculation of AOQ; Average Fraction Inspected; plan operation; minimizing total inspection 426
14
An AQL System for Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling by Attributes (ABC-STD-105) indexing by Acceptable Quality Level (AQL); operation of a system of plans; plan ОС curves vs. system ОС curves; Average Sample Number (ASN); classification of defects; Limiting Quality (LQ); ANSI standard Z 1.4 450
15
Certain Other Plans for Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling by Attributes custom sampling plans; sequential sampling; Philips Standard Sampling System; a simplified AQL system; chain sampling 492
16
Acceptance Inspection for Continuous Production continuous sampling plans CSP-1, CSP-2, and CSP-3; multilevel continuous sampling; skip-lot sampling Plans SkSP-1 and SkSP-2 520
17
Acceptance Sampling by Variables Lot Plot method; ОС curves for known o- variables sampling plans; MIL-STD-414 system of plans, known and unknown о-; ANSI standard Z1.9; proof testing 537
18
Some Aspects of Life Testing and Reliability relationship of life testing to acceptance sampling; constant failure rate assumption; ОС curves;
Contents
estimating mean life; government publications; reliability functions other than negative exponential 580
Part Three
Some Related Topics
613
19
Some Economic Aspects of Quality Decisions
20
Demonstrating the Operation of Systems of Chance Causes
21
The Widespread Usefulness of Control Charts and Acceptance Sampling Procedures 640
Appendixes
2 Bibliography
A В С D E F G H J К L M N О P Q
635
646
1 Glossary of Symbols
3 Tables
615
646
656
665
Area under the normal curve 666 Right tail area of the \2 distribution 668 Factors for estimating a from R, J, orCTRMSand aR from R . _669 Factors for determining from R the 3-sigma control limits for X and R charts 670 Factors for determining from J and crRMs the 3-sigma control limits for X and s or aRMS charts 671 Factors for determining from a the 3-sigma control limits for X, R, and л or