Feb 1, 1973 - has not been previously determined. Methods. For the fast and slow deformation-rate tests, thirty-four knee specimens obtained from seventeen.
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Biomechanics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure: An Analysis of Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Mechanisms of Failure in Primates FRANK R. NOYES, JAMES L. DELUCAS and PETER J. TORVIK J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 56:236-253, 1974.
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Biomechanics
of Anterior
Ligament
Failure:
Cruciate
An Analysis
of
Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Mechanisms of Failure in Primates*t BY FRANK
R. NOYES, AND
M.D4,
PETER
JAMES
WRIGHT-PATTERSON From
the
Aerospace
Medical
AIR
Research
ABSTRACT:
Anterior
cruciate
failed
at a higher
in tension
and
energy, at a fast rate men failure changed rate
to ligament
failure ment
properties of collagen
insertion-site
effects,
conditions
and
Because
at the
and
changes
frequency
Institute
of Technology.
preparations
of wild
elongation,
and
Failure
behaviors, ground-substance
more
major mode of specifractures at the slow
at the from Factors
primates
absorbed
two
deformation
rates
one to all components of important in ligament(2) geometrical effects,
of non-physiological
(4)
arrangeosseous
experimental
loading
in specimens. severity
properties That bone, well known
Force
Base
involving degrees.
and potential
occur at the time of trauma. viscoelastic behavior is now
OHIO
at a slow rate. The of tibial avulsion
rate.
fast
(5) the influence
on the biomechanical
the Air
Force
greater
(1) rate-dependent (3) surrounding
disuse-induced
ofthe
information
and
by a serial mechanism unit to different included: fibers,
BASE,
boneligament-bone
of deformation than from a predominance
disruption
commonly occurred the bone-ligament-bone
Air
load
M.S.,
PH.D.,
FORCE
Laboratory
Wright-Patterson
tested
L. DELUCA5,
J. TORVIK,
ofligament
of ligaments ligaments, 2,8.11.14.15,1
and
injuries,
a need
under
loading
conditions
other
biological Their
719.23.25.33.52.54.56
exists
for
which
tissues exhibit load-extension
behaviors are time-dependent, with the mechanical properties of the tissue dependent on the rate of loading, the rate of elongation, or both. In this regard, the change in failure properties of ligaments and bone at different rates of deformation is of particular interest to the orthopaedist in analyzing mechanisms of injury. In recent years, many studies have been performed to establish the mechanical properties and behavior of tendons and other collagenous structures 2.46,I3,172O.34.47.52,59.6o Prior studies on ligaments have provided important information 16.23.28.31.4042.43.495153.55.61; however, as yet our knowledge of their biomechanical properties is incomplete. The unique anatomical characteristics of individual ligaments, such as the twisting of the cruciates or the intricacy of the medial ligaments of the knee, impose specific structural properties
which
important
cannot
relations
be generalized between
microarchitecture *
Read
in part
The at the Annual
to other macroscopic
mechanical
Meeting
behavior
of the Orthopaedic
ligaments.
In addition,
mechanical of ligaments Research
there
behavior
and
depends
Society,
Las
appear
not only
Vegas,
Nevada,
to be tissue on the February
1, 1973. t This
paper has been identified by the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory as AMRL-TR-73-l 17. The reported herein were conducted according to the “Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and prepared by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council. 1665 Randall Road, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387. Air Force Instituteof Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433.
experiments Care”
§ 236
THE
JOURNAL
Downloaded from www.ejbjs.org on April 5, 2007
OF
BONE
AND
JOINT
SURGERY
BIOMECHANICS
material
properties
collagen
fibrils
stituents,
OF ANTERIOR
of the fibers and
and
fiber
the
CRUCIATE
themselves,
bundles,
the
relatively
but
LIGAMENT
also
on the geometrical
arrangement
of different
of fibrous
proportioning
unknown
237
FAILURE
effect
of
types
the
surrounding
of con-
ground
substance 11,21,27,39,45 As will be shown in this study, the ligament insertion site and the underlying bone are additional parts of the ligament unit which must be considered in evaluating strength properties. In the analysis of ligament properties, it is often difficult to separate the effect ofthese different factors on macroscopic behavior. For these reasons, a great
deal
of caution
is required
ligaments. An alternative
in generalizing
the mechanical
properties
of one ligament
to other
to the approach
of investigating
each
of the components
unit separately is afforded by using a bone-ligament-bone preparation, anterior cruciate-tibia preparation used in this study. The mechanical components of the unit are then studied together in the same relationship
the body,
so that
the combined
interaction
determines
the properties
of a ligament
such as the femurproperties of all that they have in of the structure,
as in
vivo. In the ultimate
first
section
failure
of this
properties
study,
the effect
of anterior
cruciate
termined. particular
In the second section we investigated the failure properties of the bone and
functioning Two
unit. studies
ligament-bone ultimate
were
properties
properties
recently
preparations of
were
various
published
not
determined.
ligaments,
but
rate)
preparations
on the dein the
deformation-rate
were
rate
(strain
the mechanism of specimen failure, ligament components which comprise
not loaded
Other
the
rate
was
on the
As specimens
16.23
of deformation bone-ligament-bone
investigations of deformation
sensitivity to failure
in those
of bonestudies,
have studied the failure often was not controlled or
recorded, and the studies often were performed under slow or quasi-static loading conditions. The slow rate of deformation used in this study was chosen as representative of the strain rates used in many prior studies. The fast rate of deformation was chosen as being more To
our
representative knowledge,
of the physiological loading conditions the effect of the rate of deformation
bone-ligament-bone
preparation
has not been
previously
to which joints on the ultimate
are subjected. properties of a
determined.
Methods
For the from tested
fast
and
slow
deformation-rate
tests,
seventeen male rhesus monkeys (Macaca as right-left pairs at the two strain rates
more statistically accurate comparison alternated during the test series. We left anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone (P
