Studies on Mango Bacterial Canker Disease

BioI. Memoirs.

20 (2) : 95-107.

December.

1994

Studies on Mango Bacterial Canker Disease Om Prakash, A.K. Misra and M.A. Raoof* Central Institute of Horticulture

for Northern Plains,

B-217, Indira Nagar. Lucknow (India) (Received on 31.5.94)

Abstract Canker disease of mango caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Patel et al., 1948 a and b; Robbs et al., 1974) is a serious problem in most of the mango growing states of India and other parts of the world; Loss, however, varies from cultivar to cultivar but its severity is more in polyembryonic cultivars. However, cultivar Olour had the maximum fruit infection incidence (100%) The disease is more severe on fruits in the month of May, whereas, in winter (November to March) it remains dormant. Meteorological observations indicate that frequent rainfall is not essential for building up of inoculum. In host range studies, bacterium was found to be pathogenic on cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). For controlling of disease, trials were conducted in the orchard. Streptocycline (200 ppm) was found superior among all the chemicals tried. The best way of controlling the disease is to prevent it from being introduced to the new areas by imposing strict quarantine measures.

Key-words MBCD, Distribution,

Symptom,

Germplasm, Control.

Introduction The bacterial canker disease of mango is

canker incidence was noticed for the first time

also known as bacterial spot. leaf spot. black

at the Experimental

spot, mango blight and bacterial black spot

mankhera

(Prakash and Raoof. 1985). In India. it was first

Lucknow (Now CIHNP) during the year 1978

observed from Poona and Dharwar as leaf spot

and thereafter. it created an alarming situation

disease (Patel et al., 1948 a and b). Herbarium

in the years 1980. 1982. 1983 and 1988. Its

specimens of the Forest Botanist. Forest Re-

wide spread severity

search Institute. Dehradun collected as early as

mango fruits. Recurrence, intensity and spread

1881 and 1908 from Sabour (Now Bihar) and

of the disease has also been observed gradually

Dehradun (U.P.) respectively were found to be

extending

infected

seriousness of the problem. present investiga-

with similar lesions as described by

Doidge (1915) prevalence

from South Africa.

has been reported

Now. its

from

many

countries of the world. (Prakash and Srivastava.

Research Station.

Central Mango

in newer

Reh-

Research Station.

posed much losses of

areas. Considering

the

tions were undertaken to find out its geographical distribution,

incidence,

symptomatology.

varietal resistance. spread and management.

1987). This disease is posing a great threat to the commercial as well as seedling varieties grown in the country.

In polyembryonic

cultivars

Materials and Methods The symptom and disease development was monitored on naturally infected mono and 95

Present address: Contribution

Department

No.226.

of Plant Pathology.

Directorate

of Oil seeds, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad-560

030. CIHNP

BioI. Memoirs, 20 (2)

polyembryonic

mango

cultivars

grown

in

Trials for the control of MBCD on fruits

various states of India. To collect the first hand

were conducted at the Experimental Research

information on MBCD several field surveys were

Farm, Rehmankhera during the year 1987 and

conducted in nurseries/orchards by the authors.

1988 on polyembryonic cultivars Goa and Myl-

Besides this, samples sent by various agencies

lepilion respectively.

through postal service and otherwise were iden-

tin. (Carbendazim), Blitox (Copper oxychloride),

tified.

Bacterinol-100

We also visited many of the collection

(2-Bromo-2-nitropropane,

sites to observe diseased plants and collected

diol), Streptocycline

specimens for analysis.

and

Pathogen was isolated from leaves, twigs and fruits on Nutrient Agar Medium (NAM).

Five chemicals viz., Bavis-

(Streptomycin

Paushamycin

Oxytetracycline)

sulphate)

+

(Streptomycin

were tried in various con-

centrations. Three sprays were given at 10 days interval. Each treatment

Studies were conducted on young mango

3-

was replicated three

times in CRD. Disease incidence was recorded

grafts of Langra cultivar and cashew nut see-

7 days after last spraying.

dlings. Healthy seedlings were inoculated with

was added at the rate of 1 ml/lit

Surfactant (Teepol) of spray

12 days old culture maintained on NAM. The

mixture. The data were analysed after convert-

leaves were first surface sterilized and washed

ing the percentage values into angular trans-

with sterilized distilled water. The inoculum was

formed values.

smeared at the pricked portions of leaves and wrapped with moist cotton swab. The entire crown portion was covered with a polythene pouch. After 48 hours, the pouch was removed and symptoms were recorded up to 10 days. Healthy seedlings (uninoculated) of the same age served as control.

data i.e.

temperature,

The occurrence of the mango bacterial canker

disease

caused

by Xanthomonas

campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was recorded from the following

places : Dehradun (Har-

rawala, Doiwala)' Saharanpur (Behat), Meerut

To study the period of infection of MBCD, weather

Results and Discussion

maximum

relative humidity,

and minimum wind velocity

(Lasauri, Rasoolpur, Mawana, Rataul, Dholdri), Bijnore

(Baibilpur,

Haldaur),

Bulandshahar

(Siyana, Bugrasi, Unchagaon), Moradabad (Gaj-

and rainfall were correlated with the develop-

raulla, Amroha,

ment of disease severity on fruits during May

Nainital (Pantnagar, Ramnagar), Aligarh (Shas-

and June, when disease developed severely.

ni, Atrauli),

Two hundred twelve cvs. at Rehmankhera experimental

farm were screened for disease

severity during 1988. For each cv. 3 plants were observed and the disease scores were marked as under (0-5). 0: No apparent sign of infection,

1,2,3,4 and 5

=

Approximately

10,

25, 50, 75 and 100 percent fruits infected. Finally the cvs.

were categorized

Mainpuri

Pakhwara,

Garh)'

Agra (Beachpuri, Gwalior road),

(Kirthua),

Farrukhabad

(Kaimganj,

Kamalganj), Shahjanhanpur, Kheri (Bhira), Hardoi (Sandila), Akhtiyarpur,

Sitapur

(Khairabad,

Sidhauli,

Bargadia,

Hargoan),

Bahraich

(Tilakpur, Prayagpur, Srivasti), Etawah (Ajitmal, Heonra,Muradganj)'

Kanpur

pur), Unnao (Purwa,

(Bithoor ,Kalyan-

Nawabganj),

(Rehmankhera, Kursi, Kunwarpur, into

Rampur,

Talab, Itaunja,

Malihabad,

Lucknow Bakshi ka

Rahimabad, Mall,

resistant (0 and 1 score), moderately suscep-

Kakori,

tible (2 and 3) and susceptible (4 and 5 score).

Bhayara, Rudauli, Rasauli, Ganeshpur), Gonda

96

Mohanlalganj),

Barabanki

(Masauli,


(Mankapur,

Hanuman

(Ashothar,

nagar),

Bhithaura,

Fatehpur

Vizaipur,

Khagal,

usually on the lower side but occasionally on both sides.

On young leaves, the halos were

Raibarelly (Nigoha), Sultan pur (Musafirkhana,

larger and distinct, while on older leaves, these

Jagdishpur,

were narrow and could be observed only ag-

Gauriganj,

Gaura),

Faizabad

(Georakot,Kumarganj,

Sohawal),

Gorakhpur

(Sahjanwa),

Deoria

Pratapgarh

(Patti,

garh,

Dhanaura,

Ghazipur,

Varanasi

Basti,

(Sargatia),

Kunda), Azam(Chiraigoan,

Bariyasan) .

the leaves turned

Under severe infections, yellow

and dropped

Canker on leaf stalks, sometimes

off.

progressed

superficially along with mid rib. On branches, twigs and stem freshly developed lesions were

Amongst

the other Indian states MBCD

has been reported from Karnataka (Bangalore), Maharashtra

(Ratnagiri,

Raigarh), West

Nagpur,

Dapoli,

Bengal (Maida), Bihar (Dholi,

Sabour), Goa (Panaji)' Delhi (Pusa Institute and Badarpur),

fainst light (Fig. 1).

Gujarat

(Navsari,

devil,

Andhra

Nadu

(Rameshwaram),

Junagarh,

Pradesh (Sangareddy), Kerala

GanTamil

(Thiruvan-

tapuram), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Port

observed as water soaked and swollen which later on turned dark brown,

raised with lon-

gitudinal fissures exposing the vascular tissues mostly filled with gummy substance that oozes out (Fig. 2). The infection

was deep seated

(black discolouration of underlying tissues) with cracked bark. The disease was not noticed on flowers

although

it has been reported

from

South Africa (Doidge 1932).

Blair), Punjab (Gangian)' Haryana (Faridabad),

Water soaked, dark brown to black colour

Rajasthan (Jaipur), Orissa (Bhubaneshwar) and

lesions were observed on fruits, which gradually

Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur).

developed into cankerous, raised or-flat spots.

The disease is also known to occur in other mango growing regions of the world Asia: India, Port Blair (India) and Pakistan; Far East: Malaysia,

Philippines, Taiwan;

South Africa, Morocco, Somalia; Guiana,

Egypt,

Congo, Tanzania, Gold Coast,

Mozambique, Australia:

Queensland;

Africa:

Central

New

Reunion

New

South

America:

Mexico,

West

Island,

Wales and

Cuba, French Indies;

South

America: Brazil, Paraguay and many other tropical and subtropical countries.

diameter, which covered almost the whole fruit (Fig. 3, 4, 5). These spots often burst, extruding gummy substances containing highly contagious bacterial cells, (Fig. 6). Some times, the exposed flesh in cankerous spots attracts dary micro-organisms

stellate to angular raised lesions, measuring 1-4 were recorded which

were

usually crowded at the apex. The lesions were light yellow in colour initially with yellow halo

which

initiate

rotting.

Fruit dropping was observed to be more when cankers developed near the stalk end (Fig. 7 and 8). It may be mentioned that a typical cankerous was noticed

Masauli (Barabanki,

On leaves, minute water soaked irregular

in-

sects and subsequently gets infected by secon-

growth

Symptomatology

mm in diameter

These spots grew bigger, usually up to 5 mm in

in cv.

Dashehari from

U.P.) for the first

time

during 1978. Severely infected fruits crack and become brown (Fig. 9). In some excessively infected fruits, pulp and stones were also found to be affected (Fig. 10 and 11). Robbs

et at (1974) studied the taxonomy

but enlacged with age to form irregular necrotic

of the bacterium in detail and concluded that

cankerous patches having a dark brown colour

Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae is an albino 97

BioI. Memoirs. 20 (2)

Table 1:

Percent disease incidence of MBCD during 1982-1983 cultivars* -

SI. No.

in mono and polyembryonic

.

Cultivar

Incidence on fruit 1982

1983

1.

Bappakai

46.60

49.22

2.

Goa

89.43

90.00

3.

Moovandan

87.91

83.00

4.

Nakkare

88.65

85.00

5.

Vellai columban

30.00

50.50

6.

Olour

100.00

95.00

7.

Myllipllian

89.53

90.00

8.

Kurukkan

98.41

89.00

9.

Langra (nutritional block)

49.12

23.34

10.

Langra (Root stock block)

88.88

40.62

11.

Langra (Lucknow regions)

48.00

60.00

12.

Lucknow safeda (Lucknow region)

20.50

21.00

13.

Seedling type (Lucknow/Agra region)

18.00

10.00

14.

Pukhraj (Bijnore)

33.00

SI. No. 1 to 8 are polyembryonic cultivars and the rest are mono- embryonic. form

of Xanthomonas

campestris pv. man-

giferaeindicae

of symptoms on fruit was observed when the fruit reached near to maturity whereas, Viljoen (1972)

canker symptcms

have observed

bacterial

during the entire life of the

fruit. The most favourable period for infection (on fruit) is May which becomes more severe in • •

98

week

of June

varieties. However,

In and around Lucknow. the development

and Kotze

the first

in polyembryonic

leaf infection

was more

severe during rains. This observation is similar to the report of Viljoen and Kotze (1972). During May end severity

of the disease on

fruits/leaves varied considerably. The infection on fruits was up to 100 per cent, whereas, leaf infection was 10-25 per cent.


It is interesting to note that during the year

present study, Lucknow safeda showed 20.50

(1988) disease did appear in severe form on

and 21 per cent incidence under natural condi-

fruits before onset of the rains, which is un-

tions.

usual. During the month of May, when disease development took place, there was only one rainy day with rainfall of 0.8 mm only. In April also there were two rainy days with total 0.85 mm rainfall. It is, therefore, inferred that frequent rains do not seem to be essential for the

It is apparent that the polyembryonic cultivars are more prone to MBCD (Table-t). Use of

South

Indian

cultivars

(mostly

polyembryonic) in breeding programmes for incorporating annual bearing in North Indian cultivars (mono embryonic) may be dangerous.

spread of MBCD as reported by earlier workers (Shekhawat and Patel, 1975; Wood, 1975).

During 1988, incidence of bacterial canker

Beside this, higher wind velocity with frequent

was evaluated on 0-5 scale, in 212 cvs. of

storms

may be the reasons for the rapid

mango raised at Rehmankhera experimental

development of disease. Even within the plant,

farm (Lucknow) which were collected from dif-

disease build up is perhaps due to the rubbing

ferent parts of India and classified into four

of the leaves/fruits and in plant to plant spread,

zones i.e. north, south, east and west. The

it is due to leaf/fruit drop and its subsequent

details of varietal reacations are given in Table-

spread to different places. Dust particles may

2.

also have a role to play in disease spread.

Cashew

nut

(Anacardium

occidentale)

Maximum temperature between 30-40oC, rnin-

was inoculated and showed

mum temperature between 17 .3-26°C, morning

under North Indian conditions.

relative humidity 68-100 per cent and evening

(1981) tested twenty host plants belonging to

RH 25-68 per cent and high wind velocity during

different genera and species and found only

the month (May) were found favourable for the

cashew nut to be susceptible.

positive results Ram Kishun

disease build up (Fig. 12). Incidence of MBCD on mango cultivars :

Out of the five chemicals evaluated during During 1982 and 1983, intensive surveys

the years 1987 and 1988, maximum reduction

in Lucknow region, revealed that the disease

of MBCD was obtained by Streptocycline

incidence on fruits in commercial cultivars .

both the years (Fig. 13), although other chemi-

Langra, Lucknow safeda and Seedling type was

cals also significantly checked the disease in-

up to 88.88, 20.50, 18 and 60, 21, 10 per cent

cidence.

respectively during the two years (Table-t),

in

Its

incidence on polyembryonic cultivars was much

Brodrick

(1971)

recommended

+

copper

higher than commercial varieties. Ram Kishun

oxychloride or cuprous oxide

(1981) reported 10-70 per cent incidence on

for the control of MBCD. Spray with fungicides

different

Shekhawat and Patel (1975) reported that com-

viz. Copper containing materials and Agrimycin (Viljoen and Kotze, 1972), Agrimycin + Bavis-

mercial varieties in North India like Dashehari,

tin (100 ppm and 1000 ppm) and injecting

Chausa, Kishan bhog, Bombay green and Luck-

Bavistin (250 ppm) followed

now safeda are unaffected

but susceptible

(Ram Kishun, 1985) and Streptocyclin (Prakash

under artificial inoculations.

However, in the

and Raoof, 1985) have been found effective

varieties

of mango in Karnataka.

liquid spreader

by Plantomycin

99


Table 2: Evaluation of Germplasm against MBCD (on fruits) Scale

Cultivars North Indian

South Indian

East Indian

o.

Alif Laila, Amarpalli, Amin Abdul Bulandbag, Asojia, Deoband, Amin Telsiwala Chausa, Chanchal, Elaichi, Gaurjeet, Gulab Jamun, Hushan-e-ara Shivgarh, Inayat Pasand, Katchcha Meetha, Najuk Badan, Nayab, Ramkela, Rataul, Rehman Pasand, Seerihayat, Safeda, Mulgoa, Surkha Burma.

Allampur Benishan, Amin, Anantpal, Amin Pasand, Arya &amaj, Amlet, Badrul samar, Banglora, Beauti Machline, Banganpalli, Bombay Pedda, Bhoora, Cheru kurasa m, Chennarasam, Dilranjan, Dulbia, Errubathia Banglora, Earkatsamar, Fakirwala, Golabander, Gola-naloor, Harabhara, Himayuddin, Jahangir, Jamadar, Kitcher Kattagola, Kharbooja, Kalankgoa, Khairaspatti, Pearch, Pansera, Papaya Rajugoa, Sonia Maida, Vallam.

Anda, Aswania, Begum Pasand, Bombay, Bombay Green, Bathui, Bathui Katkee, Baramasi Mallika, Fazari, Ganga Sagar, Kumar Pahar, Kala Pahar, Kohinoor, Kishanbhog, Mursidabad, Maida Handle, Mohanbhog, Maida, Mithua Bjor, Prafully, Rangsi, Scipiya, Shardarbhog, Sonia Maida, Zardalu, Zafrani Sahabad.

1.

Anopan, Beenazeer Sandila, Banazeer, Bijnoor, Bhadaya Rampur, ChittoorBadami, Gurumail-theAmb, Gilas, .Jaflirnani. Katakee Farrukbabad, Langra Gora khpur, Latcampoo, Markeara, Makhan, Mithua Pasand, Nisar Pasand, Phasla Mursidabad, S.B. Chausa, Sarbati, Begum Seerohi, Seerdar, Sohrab Shah.

Asadio, Akandaya, Bablipomasa, Badami Model, Bombay Darsh, Bombay Surat, Chembu, Chamediwala, Ellamimoll Thiamandi, Elephant Head, Ginaya, Haider Sahib

B.N. Chatterjee, Bir Fernadis, Pasand, Chatterjee- Gadheymar, Karela, Khas, Kalan, Khasul Sardar Khas, Goothe, GulbKhas, Papiya, Prabhasanker, Rani Pasand, Safed a Calcutta, Sahab Pasand, Surkha Calcutta

100

West Indian Alphanso Black, Goa, Goa Hapus, Hilario, Kala Alphanso, Madrasi, Neelam, Pepal, Pairi, Rajapuri, Rausa.


Table 2 Contd. : Evaluation of Germplasm against MBCD (on fruits) -,

Scale

Cultivars North Indian

South Indian

West Indian

East Indian

2.

Amin Ibrahimpur, Amin Angoori, Brindawani, Barailywala, Bombay Yellow, Dori, Goal Bhadaya, Katkee Bahar, Langra Baramasi, Langra Dudhiya, Langra, Pahilwan, S.B. Rampur, Safed a Lucknow.

Aryavart-insala, -Begum Bhogalash, Pasand, Deorakhia, Heerasawania, Kurukkan, Khader Sukul Pasand, Khader.

Kabari Pau

3.

Amin Abdul Khan, Amin Prince, Baramasi, Agahi Bahar, Dashehri, Hardil Azeez, Hushane-ara, Kesar Basti, Langra Digha, Mallika, Santra, Sadabahar.

Ambalvi, Amarjeo, Him Sagar Banglora Goa, Bankandpouri, Bappakai, Bhoodia, Black Andrew, Gola, Kajalio.

Mauserati Shasti.

4.

Amin Dudhia, Baramasi Ahras, Bhadaiya Sukul.

Benishan, Intimax, Kesington.

Phulgola Darbhanga, Kalipairi, Tazrikalan

Papatio

5.

Amin Dophasla, AminKurad, Bhodia.

Baranasi Apus, Bombay Cherramani, Chandrakaran.

Afeem

Dadamio, Hansraj. Mankurad, Nawabulamdi

against canker pathogen. In the present study

fection

Streptocyclin

measures.

was found superior to Copper

fungicide and Carbendazim.

of farm tools

and chemical

control

In view of the seriousness of disease, it is recommended that spraying of Streptocyclin

The best way of controlling

the disease

is to prevent it from being introduced to new areas by imposing strict quarantine measures, destruction

of infected

plant

materials

by

burning and using proper sanitary measures, use of certified

disease free seedlings, disin-

and adopting proper cultural methods will bring the disease under control. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Director, CIHNP, Lucknow for providing facilities. 101


References: Brodrick, H.T. (1971). Mango disease. Fmg. S. Africa, August, pp.29-32. Doidge, E.M. (1915). A bacterial disease of mango (Bacillus mangiferae n. sp.). Ann. Appl. Bio., 2: 1-45. Doidge, E.M. (19-32). Black spot of mangoes. Farming South Africa, 7: 89-91. Patel, M.K. Kulkarni, Y.S. and Moniz, L. (1948a). Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae pathogenic on mango. Indian Phytopath., 1: 147-152. Patel, M.K., Moniz, L. and Kulkarni, Y.S. (1948b). A new bacterial diseaseof Mangifera indica L. Curr. ScL, 6: 189-190k. Prakash, Om and Raoof, M.A. (1985). Bacterial canker in mango (Abs.). IInd Intern. Symp. on Mango Bangalore, pp. 59. Praksh, Om and Srivastava K.C. (1987). Mango diseases and their management - a world review. In Review of tropical plant diseases,VoI.II, Supp. I. Pub. Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. p. 175. Ram Kishun (1981). Studies on bacterial canker of mango (Abs.). Third Intern. Symp. on PI. Pathol. Nerw Delhi, p.15.

102

Ram Kishun (1985). Stem injection of chemicals for control of bacterial canker of mango (Abs.). Second Intern. Symp. on Mango, Bangalore, 1985, p.60. Rao, A.P., Rao, V.V.R. and Pandit, S.V. (1975). Control of mango canker (Abs.). Indian J. Mycol. and PI. Pathol., 7 (1) 71. Robbs C.F., Ribeiro, R., De, 1.0. and Kimurara, O. (1974). On the texonomic position of Pseudomonas mangiferae indicae Patel et al causing agent of Bacterial Canker of mango (Manifera indica) leaves. Arquivos da Unoiv. Fed. Rural Riode Janeiro, Brazil, 4: 11-14. Shekhawat, G.S. and Patel, P.N. (1975). Studies on bacterial canker of mango. Zeitschrift, Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz, 82: 129· 138. Singh, R.N. (1978). The Mango, ICAR, New Delhi p.91.Viljoen, N.M. and Kotze, J.M. (1972). Bacterial black spot of mango. The Citrus Growers and Subtrop. Fr. J., 462: 5-8. Wood, R. (1975). Rain and mango diseases. Information Bull., Citrus and Subtrop. Fr. Res. Instt. 31: 12-13.

BioI. Memoirs. 20 (2)

Plate 1

M8CD SYMPTOMS:1.0N LEAVES 2. ON TWIG,3 ~4.0N FRUITS. j

103


Plate 2

MBCD 104

EFFECTS:

5. BULK QUALITY LOS$. 6.GUMMY EXUDATION. 7. FRUIT DROP. 8. STALK INFECTION RESULTING DROP


Plate 3

10 MBCD EFFECTS_: 9.FRUIT CRACKING IN DASHEHARI, 10.PULP INFEC TION,11.SEED INFECTION. 105

Bioi. Memoirs, 20 (2)

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